得失情境下他人参照点及心理距离对自我-他人利益权衡的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.00633

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以福利权衡率(WTR)为利他程度的指标, 通过3个实验逐步深入地考察了得失情境下他人参照点及心理距离对自我-他人利益权衡的影响。实验1的结果表明, 得失情境并未改变被试的WTR。实验2引入他人底线、现状和目标三个参照点变量, 发现被试获益情境下的WTR高于损失情境, 且WTR从高到低依次为他人临近底线、目标和现状; 他人临近底线时, 被试在获益情境下的WTR高于损失情境, 而他人临近现状和目标时, 个体在得失情境下的WTR无显著差异。实验3进一步引入心理距离变量, 发现心理距离较近他人的WTR高于较远他人, 且与得失情境和参照点发生了复杂的交互效应, 得失情境的主效应消失了, 但总体上并未改变实验2发现的参照点效应。这些结果对于更深入地理解得失不对称效应、三参照点理论及社会折扣和自我-他人决策差异研究的相关发现具有一定的启示意义。

关键词: 利他, 福利权衡率, 得失情境, 他人参照点, 心理距离

Abstract:

Previous studies on self-other welfare tradeoff focus more on the gain situations than the loss situations. Numerous studies have explored the influence of social distance on the tradeoff but ignored the complex interactions among gain and loss situations, others’ reference points, and psychological distance.
This study investigated the influences of others’ reference points and psychological distance on self-other welfare tradeoff in gain and loss situations by using welfare tradeoff rate (WTR) as an index of altruistic degree in self-other welfare tradeoff. In Experiment 1, the effect of WTR on the gain and loss situations and its mechanism were explored. In Experiment 2, others’ reference points were added as another factor to examine their influence on WTR and interaction with the gain and loss situations. In Experiment 3, the psychological distance variable was further introduced to investigate its influence on WTR and interaction with the gain and loss situations and others’ reference points.
Results of Experiment 1 showed no significant difference in WTR between gain and loss situations. In Experiment 2, WTR in the gain situation was found to be significantly higher than that in the loss situation, and WTR was reduced when others approached the bottom line, goal, and status quo. Further analyses showed that the WTR under the gain situation was significantly higher than that under the loss situation when others approached the bottom line. Meanwhile, no significant difference was observed in the WTR under the gain and loss situations when others approached the status quo and goal. In Experiment 3, the WTR of close psychological distance was found to be higher than that of far psychological distance, and the main effect of gain and loss situations disappeared. Psychological distance had complex interaction effects with gain and loss situations and others’ reference points.
These findings contribute to a deep understanding of the asymmetric effects of gain and loss situations, tri-reference-point theory, and related findings from studies on social discounting and self-other decision- making differences. They also have certain practical implications for individuals, organizations, and countries in understanding and dealing with the relationships between ones’ selves and others.

Key words: altruism, welfare tradeoff ratio, gains and losses, reference points, psychological distance

中图分类号:

B849:C91

高娟, 王鹏, 王晓田, 孙倩, 刘永芳. (2020). 得失情境下他人参照点及心理距离对自我-他人利益权衡的影响. 心理学报, 52(5), 633-644.

GAO Juan, WANG Peng, Xiao Tian WANG, SUN Qian, LIU Yongfang. (2020). Effects of others’ reference points and psychological distance on self-other welfare tradeoff in gain and loss situations. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 52(5), 633-644.

图/表 5

图1 三个参照点和四个结果功能区(Wang & Johnson, 2012; 王晓田, 王鹏, 2013)

表1 得失情境下每道题目的设置及其WTR

题号	选项	自我加分 (减分)	他人加分 (减分)	自我-他人利益比	WTR
1	A	15	0	1.50	1.60
	B	0	10	1.50	1.60
2	A	12	0	1.20	1.35
	B	0	10	1.20	1.35
3	A	10	0	1.00	1.10
	B	0	10	1.00	1.10
4	A	8	0	0.80	0.90
	B	0	10	0.80	0.90
5	A	6	0	0.60	0.70
	B	0	10	0.60	0.70
6	A	4	0	0.40	0.50
	B	0	10	0.40	0.50
7	A	2	0	0.20	0.30
	B	0	10	0.20	0.30
8	A	1	0	0.10	0.15
	B	0	10	0.10	0.15
9	A	-1	0	-0.10	00
	B	0	10	-0.10	00
10	A	-3	0	-0.30	-0.20
	B	0	10	-0.30	-0.20

图2 得失情境和他人参照点对WTR的影响注：误差线为标准误(SE)

图3 我中包含多少他量表(IOS) (Aron et al, 1992)

图4 得失情境下他人参照点和心理距离对WTR的影响注：误差线为标准误(SE)

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