不同权力关系对消极特质否定句使用偏向的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.00714

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用固定反应范式和自由反应范式, 通过创设语用情景, 考察不同权力关系对消极特质否定句使用偏向的影响。结果表明：(1)低权力者评价高权力者时, 被试倾向于使用否定方式(如“不聪明的”), 并认为否定的表述方式合适性较高, 出现否定偏向; 而高权力者评价低权力者, 或者权力平级时则没有否定偏向的出现, 肯定表述(如“愚蠢的”)被更多使用; (2)权力平级时, 社会距离会影响消极特质否定句的使用, 社会距离越远, 消极特质否定句的使用越少; 社会距离越近, 消极特质否定句的使用越多。结果表明, 权力关系与社会距离是影响消极特质否定句使用偏向的重要因素。

关键词: 权力关系, 否定偏向, 固定反应, 自由反应

Abstract:

Negation is an important language expression that can be used to euphemistically express a speaker's opinions and wishes. Due to the restriction of realistic situational factors, when an individual uses negative statements to describe behaviors that are inconsistent with experience or expectation, that is called negation bias. China has a high power distance culture between individuals, and people in China pay more respect to authority. The power difference makes individual expression different. High-power individuals show low empathy due to having control of more resources and having less dependence on others, and they tend to express themselves directly in communication. Individuals in low-power positions have needs, and they deal with the difference in power when meeting high-power individuals by using euphemisms of negative expression to maintain communication. Differences in negation used in various power relations are untested, and this study aims to explore these differences through experimental design.

In this study, three experiments were used to explore the influence of different power relations on negative negation bias. Experiment 1 used the fixed reaction paradigm: 3 (power relations: high vs low/ low vs high/ no difference) ×2 (words type: affirmative/negative) within subject design, and it investigate subjects’ choice of affirmative and negative sentences. Experiment 2 used the subjective evaluation: 3 (power relations: high vs low/ low vs high/ no difference) ×2 (words type: affirmative/negative) within subject design, and it investigated the degree of suitability for negation in different power relations. In experiment 3, the free reaction paradigm was adopted, calculating the frequency of negation to investigate the influence of different power relations on negative bias

Results show that: (1) Power relationships will influence the use of negation sentences. When low-power individuals evaluate high-power individuals, subjects tend to use negation and believe that this form of expression is more suitable, causing negation bias to appear; negation bias does not appear in conditions when high-power individuals evaluate low-power individuals or when no power difference exists. (2) When no power difference exists, social distance will influence the use of negation sentences; the greater the social distance, the more frequently negative sentences are used.

Key words: power relationship, negation bias, fixed reaction paradigm, free reaction paradigm

中图分类号:

李婷, 魏小平, 郑梓鑫, 易湘杰, 赵雪汝, 何先友. (2019). 不同权力关系对消极特质否定句使用偏向的影响. 心理学报, 51(6), 714-723.

LI Ting, WEI Xiaoping, ZHENG Zixin, YI Xiangjie, ZHAO Xueru, HE Xianyou. (2019). The effects of different power relations on negation bias of negative descriptions. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 51(6), 714-723.

图/表 4

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反应	条件类型
反应	权力高对低	权力低对高	权力平级
肯定	20.62 ± 3.19	11.79 ± 2.76	15.91 ± 2.31
否定	6.37 ± 3.19	15.21 ± 2.76	11.09 ± 2.31

反应	条件类型
反应	权力高对低	权力低对高	权力平级
肯定	20.62 ± 3.19	11.79 ± 2.76	15.91 ± 2.31
否定	6.37 ± 3.19	15.21 ± 2.76	11.09 ± 2.31

反应	条件类型
反应	权力高对低	权力低对高	权力平级
肯定	1333 ± 298	1428 ± 290	1428 ± 298
否定	1408 ± 350	1410 ± 314	1454 ± 322

反应	条件类型
反应	权力高对低	权力低对高	权力平级
肯定	1333 ± 298	1428 ± 290	1428 ± 298
否定	1408 ± 350	1410 ± 314	1454 ± 322

反应	条件类型
反应	权力高对低	权力低对高	权力平级
肯定	5.25 ± 0.88	3.98 ± 1.04	4.23 ± 0.76
否定	3.97 ± 1.22	4.85 ± 1.27	4.35 ± 1.08