抑制对老年人舌尖现象的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2018.01142

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

抑制不足理论认为老年人抑制能力不足, 易受干扰信息的影响, 阻碍对目标词的检索, 故比年轻人有更多舌尖现象。实验1操纵抑制通达子功能探讨其在老年人舌尖现象中的作用, 采用2(干扰条件：有、无)×2(年龄组：老年、年轻)的混合设计, 相比于无干扰条件, 干扰条件下舌尖现象年龄差异变得更大, 表明老年人舌尖现象和通达功能有关。实验2操纵抑制删除子功能, 采用2(是否激活干扰：是、否)×2(年龄组：老年、年轻)的混合设计, 不激活干扰条件下舌尖现象年龄差异不显著, 而激活干扰条件下舌尖现象年龄差异显著, 舌尖现象随龄增多与删除功能不足有关。通达和删除功能不足是老年人舌尖现象增多的重要原因。

关键词: 舌尖现象, 老年人, 抑制, 通达, 删除

Abstract:

The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) refers to when a speaker seems to have accessed a word’s meaning adequately but is unable to complete the sound form or phonological label of the word. Both diary studies that document TOT episodes and experimental methods designed to generate TOT have demonstrated that older adults experience more TOT than young or middle-aged adults. With regard to the aging mechanism, the inhibition deficit theory supposed that older adults are more likely than young adults to fail to retrieve the words due to the activation the irrelevant information, which interfere with the retrieval of the target name. The contents of inhibition include limiting access to irrelevant information (access), deleting information that is no longer relevant (deletion), and restraining the production of dominant responses (restrain). This study consisted of two experimental tasks, which were designed to explore the roles of access and deletion functions respectively in TOT among the elderly.

In experiment 1, a 2 (age group: old and young) × 2 (interferential condition: with/without interference) mixed design was adopted to examine the role of access function in TOT among the old adults. In order to investigate the impact of deletion function, 30 young people (aged 18 to 33 years) and 30 older adults (aged 60 to 79 years) were recruited. Participants in interference condition were asked to not pay attention to the interferential stimuli when performing the TOT task. To examine the role of deletion function in TOT among the elderly, a 2 (age group: old and young) × 2 (activating condition: activate interferential stimuli or not) mixed design was adopted in experiment 2. Thirty young people (aged 19 to 27 years) and 30 older adults (aged 61 to 78 years) were recruited for experiment 2 and they were presented the interferential stimuli before the TOT task in the condition of activating interferential stimuli.

A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data. In experiment 1, the interaction between age and interference condition were significant. Only the old group had significantly higher rates of TOT in the condition with interference than that of those without interference. In order to analyze the role of access function further, we compared the age difference between the 2 conditions, and the age difference in the interference condition was significantly larger. This result indicated that the access function influences the rates of TOT among the old people. In experiment 2, the interaction between age and activating condition was significant. The old group had higher rates of TOT in the condition of activating interferential stimuli, rather than the young group.

The results demonstrated that the deficits in access and deletion functions of older adults may be responsible for the higher rates of TOT, which provided supportive evidence for the inhibition deficit theory. The study implied that intervention on inhibition may be useful in improving the TOT of old adults.

Key words: tip-of-the-tongue, the elderly, inhibition, access, deletion

中图分类号:

B844

彭华茂, 毛晓飞. (2018). 抑制对老年人舌尖现象的影响. 心理学报, 50(10), 1142-1150.

PENG Huamao, MAO Xiaofei. (2018). Will the deficit in inhibition increase the rates of tip-of-the-tongue among the elderly?. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 50(10), 1142-1150.

图/表 3

参考文献 45

[1]	Abrams L., Trunk D. L., & Merrill L. A . ( 2007). Why a superman cannot help a tsunami: Activation of grammatical class influences resolution of young and older adults' tip- of-the-tongue states. Psychology and Aging, 22( 4), 835-845. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.22.4.835 URL
[2]	Anderson M. C., & Bjork R. A .( 1994) . Mechanisms of inhibition in long-term memory: A new taxonomy. In D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory and language (pp.265-325) . San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
[3]	Arbuckle T.Y., &Gold D.P .( 1993). Aging, inhibition and verbosity. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 48( 5), 225-232.
[4]	Aron A. R., Robbins T. W., & Poldrack R. A . ( 2004). Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8( 4), 170-177.
[5]	Ayasse N., & Wingfield A . ( 2017). The impact of context and competition on speech comprehension in younger and older adults revealed using eye-tracking and pupillometry. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 141( 5), 3747-3747.
[6]	Borella E., Ghisletta P., & De Ribaupierre A . ( 2011). Age differences in text processing: The role of working memory, inhibition, and processing speed. Journals of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66( 3), 311-320.
[7]	Brown A.S .( 1991). A review of the tip-of-the-tongue experience. Psychological Bulletin, 109( 2), 204-223. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.109.2.204 URL pmid: 2034750
[8]	Brown R., & McNeill D . ( 1966). The “tip of the tongue” phenomenon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5( 4), 325-337. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(66)80040-3 URL
[9]	Burke D. M., MacKay D. G., Worthley J. S., & Wade E . ( 1991). On the tip of the tongue: What causes word finding failures in young and older adults? Journal of Memory and Language, 30( 5), 542-579. doi: 10.1016/0749-596X(91)90026-G URL
[10]	Chen X. Q., Zhang J. J., & Zhu Y X . ( 2015). The Research of inhibition deficit hypothesis in the aging of speech production: Evidence from different speech level. Acta Psychologica Sinica,47 ( 3), 329-343.
	[ 陈栩茜, 张积家, 朱云霞 . ( 2015). 言语产生老化中的抑制损伤: 来自不同任务的证据. 心理学报, 47 ( 3), 329-343.]
[11]	Choi H., & Smith S.M . ( 2005). Incubation and the resolution of tip-of-the-tongue states. The Journal of General Psychology, 132( 4), 365-376. doi: 10.3200/GENP.132.4.365-376 URL
[12]	Cohen G., & Faulkner D .( 1986). Memory for proper names: Age differences in retrieval. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4( 2), 187-197. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-835X.1986.tb01010.x URL
[13]	Cohen J., & Gordon-Salant S . ( 2017). The effect of visual distraction on auditory-visual speech perception by younger and older listeners. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 141( 5), 470-476.
[14]	Cross E.S., &Burke D.M . ( 2004). Do alternative names block young and older adults’ retrieval of proper names? Brain and Language, 89( 1), 174-181. doi: 10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00363-8 URL pmid: 15010248
[15]	Dahlgren D.J . ( 1998). Impact of knowledge and age on tip-of-the-tongue rates. Experimental Aging Research, 24( 2), 139-153. doi: 10.1080/036107398244283 URL pmid: 9555567
[16]	Dempster F.N . ( 1992). The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism: Toward a unified theory of cognitive development and aging. Developmental Review, 12( 1), 45-75. doi: 10.1016/0273-2297(92)90003-K URL
[17]	Fang Y.H., &Zhang J.J . ( 2013). Roles of semantic similarity and category size on semantic effect in picture-word interference paradigm. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 45( 5), 523-537.
	[ 方燕红, 张积家 . ( 2013). 语义相似性与类别大小对图-词干扰范式下语义效应的影响. 心理学报, 45( 5), 523-537.]
[18]	Gao Y .( 2013). The role of visual perceptual Stress in inhibition aging. ( Unpublished master thesis). Beijing Normal University.
	[ 高悦 . ( 2013). 视知觉压力在抑制老化中的作用 (硕士学位论文). 北京师范大学.]
[19]	Gollan T.H., &Brown A.S .( 2006). From tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) data to theoretical implications in two steps: When more TOTs means better retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135( 3), 462-483. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.135.3.462 URL
[20]	Gong Y. X .( 1992). Manual of wechsler adult intelligence scale - Chinese version. Hunan: Hunan Map Press.
	[ 龚耀先 . ( 1992). 韦氏成人智力量表手册. 湖南: 湖南地图出版社.]
[21]	Hartley A.A . ( 1993). Evidence for the selective preservation of spatial selective attention in old age. Psychology and Aging, 8( 3), 371-379. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.8.3.371 URL pmid: 8216957
[22]	Hasher L., &Zacks R. T .( 1988) . Working memory, comprehension,and aging: A review and a new view. In Bower, G. H. (Eds). The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in research and theory, Vol. 22 (pp.193-225). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60041-9 URL
[23]	Huang. Y. F., Wang D. H., Xiao H. X., & Jiang W . ( 2014). Effects of aging on false memory within DRM paradigm: A study based on fuzzy-trace theory. Psychological Development and Education. 30( 1), 24-30.
	[ 黄一帆, 王大华, 肖红蕊, 姜薇 . ( 2014). DRM范式中错误记忆的年龄差异及其机制. 心理发展与教育, 30( 1), 24-30.]
[24]	James L.E., & Burke D.M . ( 2000). Phonological priming effects on word retrieval and tip-of-the-tongue experiences in young and older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26( 6), 1378-1391. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.26.6.1378 URL
[25]	Jones G.V . ( 1989). Back to Woodworth: Role of interlopers in the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. Memory and Cognition, 17( 1), 69-76. doi: 10.3758/BF03199558 URL
[26]	Jones G.V., &Langford S .( 1987). Phonological blocking in the tip of the tongue state. Cognition, 26( 2), 115-122. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(87)90027-8 URL pmid: 3652647
[27]	Lustig C., Hasher L., & Zacks R . ( 2007). Inhibitory deficit theory: Recent developments in a “new view”. Inhibition in Cognition, 17, 145-162. doi: 10.1037/11587-008 URL
[28]	Meyer A.S., &Bock K . ( 1992). The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? Memory and Cognition, 20( 6), 715-726. doi: 10.3758/BF03202721 URL pmid: 1435274
[29]	Nelson T.O., &Narens L ( 1980). Norms of 300 general- information questions: Accuracy of recall, latency of recall, and feeling-of-knowing ratings. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19( 3), 338-368.
[30]	Pushkar D., Basevitz P., Arbuckle T., Nohara-LeClair M., Lapidus S., & Peled M . ( 2000). Social behavior and off-target verbosity in elderly people. Psychology and Aging, 15( 2), 361-374. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.15.2.361 URL pmid: 10879589
[31]	Rastle K.G., &Burke D.M . ( 1996). Priming the tip of the tongue: Effects of prior processing on word retrieval in young and older adults. Journal of Memory and Language, 35( 4), 586-605. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1996.0031 URL
[32]	Reason J.T., &Lucas D . ( 1984). Using cognitive diaries to investigate naturally occurring memory blocks. Everyday Memory, Actions, and Absent Mindedness, 53-70.
[33]	Roediger H.L . ( 1974). Inhibiting effects of recall. Memory and Cognition, 2( 2), 261-269. doi: 10.3758/BF03208993 URL
[34]	Ryan E. B., Meneer W. B., & Trovato D . ( 1994). Age-based perceptions of conversational skills among younger and older adults. Sage Focus Editions, 173, 15-15.
[35]	Samanez-Larkin G. R., Robertson E. R., Mikels J. A., Carstensen L. L., & Gotlib I. H . ( 2009). Selective attention to emotion in the aging brain. Psychology and aging, 24( 3), 519-529. doi: 10.1037/a0016952 URL pmid: 19739908
[36]	Schacter D.L .( 1999). The seven sins of memory: Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience. American Psychologist, 54( 3), 182-203 doi: 10.1037//0003-066X.54.3.182 URL pmid: 10199218
[37]	Schwartz B.L .( 2010). The effects of emotion on tip-of- the-tongue states. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 17( 1), 82-87. doi: 10.3758/PBR.17.1.82 URL pmid: 20081165
[38]	Shafto M.A., &Tyler L.K .( 2014). Language in the aging brain: The network dynamics of cognitive decline and preservation. Science, 346( 6209), 583-587. doi: 10.1126/science.1254404 URL pmid: 25359966
[39]	Shafto M. A., Stamatakis E. A., Tam P. P., & Tyler L. K . ( 2010). Word retrieval failures in old age: the relationship between structure and function. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22( 7), 1530-1540. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21321 URL pmid: 19642890
[40]	Sunderland A., Watts K., Baddeley A. D., & Harris J. E . ( 1986). Subjective memory assessment and test performance in the elderly. Journal of Gerontology,41( 3), 376-384. doi: 10.1093/geronj/41.3.376 URL pmid: 3700988
[41]	Woodworth R.S .( 1938). Experimental psychology . New York: Holt.
[42]	Yin S.F, &Peng H.M . ( 2016). The role of inhibition in age-related off-topic verbosity: Not access but deletion and restraint functions. Frontiers in Psychology, 7( 65), 1-11.
[43]	Zacks R. T., &Hasher L . (1994). Directed ignoring: Inhibitory regulation of working memory. In: D. Dagenbach,., & T. H. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language (pp. 241-264). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
[44]	Zacks R., &Hasher L . ( 1997). Cognitive gerontology and attentional inhibition: A reply to Burke and McDowd. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,52( 6), 274-283. doi: 10.1093/geronb/52B.6.P274 URL pmid: 9403516
[45]	Zhang H.Y . ( 2013). The condition of questions that used in TOT research and the effect of emotion on TOT. ( Unpublished master thesis). Henan University, China.
	[ 张红亚 . ( 2013). 舌尖现象研究的选题条件和情绪对舌尖现象的影响(硕士学位论文). 河南大学.]

年龄组	有干扰	无干扰	激活干扰	不激活干扰
年轻组	0.092 ± 0.059	0.079 ± 0.067	0.118 ± 0.055	0.120 ± 0.053
老年组	0.183 ± 0.087	0.133 ± 0.075	0.174 ± 0.010	0.140 ± 0.079

年龄组	有干扰	无干扰	激活干扰	不激活干扰
年轻组	0.092 ± 0.059	0.079 ± 0.067	0.118 ± 0.055	0.120 ± 0.053
老年组	0.183 ± 0.087	0.133 ± 0.075	0.174 ± 0.010	0.140 ± 0.079