双字词的形态结构对汉字位置信息编码的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.00383

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

字母转置效应是指颠倒单词的字母位置后, 读者仍可识别目标词的现象, 表明字母位置信息编码具有一定的灵活性。近年来, 研究者通过对比不同形态结构词语的字母转置效应, 探讨词语的认知加工方式。本研究采用眼动追踪技术, 结合边界范式考察了不同形态结构双字词的汉字位置信息编码。研究结果显示, 偏正复合词的汉字转置效应小于并列复合词和单语素词, 而并列复合词和单语素词之间没有显著差异。结果表明, 与偏正复合词相比, 单语素词和并列复合词的汉字位置信息编码更为灵活, 表明词语的形态结构会对汉字位置信息编码产生不同的影响, 支持了形态复杂词的双通路加工理论。

关键词: 复合词, 汉字转置效应, 位置信息编码, 形态结构

Abstract:

The Transposed-Letter effect (TL effect) demonstrates the importance of letter position encoding in word recognition, highlighting its stable flexibility. In order to understand the processing mechanisms of word recognition, recent research investigated letter position encoding in words with different morphological structures. If the compound word is processed in the morphological decomposition manner, the transposition across morphemes will cause more interference than within morphemes, then resulting in a reduced TL effect. In Chinese, it was also found that the character position encoding is flexible, which is demonstrated by the Transposed-Character (TC) effect. Researchers examined whether the character position encoding is different between the monomorphemic word and the compound word. There was found no significant difference between them. It indicates that the compound word is accessed in a holistic route. However, the Chinese compound word consists of various types of morphological structures. Since the semantic role of each morpheme is different across morphological structures, the subordinative compound word, formed by a modifier and a semantic headedness, might have more rigid character position encoding than the coordinative compound word, formed by two semantic headedness. Then causes different processing mechanisms. Therefore, this study employed eye-tracking technology and the boundary paradigm to explore character position encoding in different morphological structures of two-character words.

Seventy-eight students participated in the experiment, which utilized a 3 (Word type: monomorphemic word, subordinate compound, coordinative compound) × 3 (Preview type: identical preview, transposed preview, unrelated preview) within-participants design. We hypothesized the TC effect exists in all types of the two-character word. However, for the processing of the subordinative compound word, the assignment of the semantic role is needed. Thus, the character flexibility of the subordinative compound word should be lower than that of the coordinative compound and monomorphemic word, which is indicated by the lower TC effect for the subordinative compound word.

The results revealed that the fixation time (First fixation, Gaze duration, and regression path reading time) of transposed previews were significantly shorter than those of unrelated previews. It indicates a significant TC effect and demonstrates the flexibility of character position encoding. Furthermore, the fixation time of identical previews was significantly shorter than that of transposed previews. It indicates the importance of character position encoding in accurate word recognition. We also found an interaction effect between word type and preview type. The subordinate compound word exhibited a smaller TC effect compared to the coordinative compound word and the monomorphemic word. However, the TC effect of the coordinative compound word did not differ from that of the monomorphemic word in terms of gaze duration and regression path reading time. Additionally, the difference between the identical preview and the transposed preview conditions was greater for the subordinate compound word than for the coordinative compound word and the monomorphemic word. However, the difference between identical preview and transposed preview conditions of the coordinative compound word did not differ from that of the monomorphemic word in terms of gaze duration.

In conclusion, the character position encoding of the monomorphemic word and the coordinative compound word showed greater flexibility compared to that of the subordinate compound word, while no significant difference was observed between the monomorphemic word and the coordinative compound word. These findings suggest that the morphological structure of the two-character word directly influences the TC effect, supporting the dual-route race model of the processing of the morphological complex word and providing empirical support for the Chinese reading model.

Key words: compound words, transposed-character effect, position encoding, morphological structure

中图分类号:

B842

苏省之, 李骁轩, 李蓉蓉, 赵长泽, 崔磊. (2024). 双字词的形态结构对汉字位置信息编码的影响. 心理学报, 56(4), 383-393.

SU Xingzhi, LI Xiaoxuan, LI Rongrong, ZHAO Changze, CUI Lei. (2024). Morphological structures of two-character words influence character position encoding. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(4), 383-393.

图/表 5

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作者及年份	语种	目标词	范式	结果
Rueckl & Rimzhim, 2011	英语	缀成词	掩蔽启动	未发现跨语素颠倒和语素内颠倒差异
Masserang & Pollatsek, 2012	英语	缀成词	掩蔽启动/边界范式
Beyersmann et al., 2013	英语	缀成词	掩蔽启动
Stites et al., 2016	英语	复合词	句子阅读
Zargar & Witzel, 2017	英语	缀成词	掩蔽启动
Christianson et al., 2005	英语	复合词	掩蔽启动	跨语素颠倒的TL效应小于语素内颠倒
Duñabeitia et al., 2007	巴斯克语/西班牙语	缀成词	掩蔽启动
Taft & Nillsen, 2013	英语	缀成词	掩蔽启动
Kahraman & Kırkıcı, 2021	英语	缀成词	掩蔽启动

作者及年份	语种	目标词	范式	结果
Rueckl & Rimzhim, 2011	英语	缀成词	掩蔽启动	未发现跨语素颠倒和语素内颠倒差异
Masserang & Pollatsek, 2012	英语	缀成词	掩蔽启动/边界范式
Beyersmann et al., 2013	英语	缀成词	掩蔽启动
Stites et al., 2016	英语	复合词	句子阅读
Zargar & Witzel, 2017	英语	缀成词	掩蔽启动
Christianson et al., 2005	英语	复合词	掩蔽启动	跨语素颠倒的TL效应小于语素内颠倒
Duñabeitia et al., 2007	巴斯克语/西班牙语	缀成词	掩蔽启动
Taft & Nillsen, 2013	英语	缀成词	掩蔽启动
Kahraman & Kırkıcı, 2021	英语	缀成词	掩蔽启动

词语类型	预视类型	实验句
单语素词	一致预视	吴起买了胭脂作为妻子的生辰礼物。
	颠倒预视	吴起买了脂胭作为妻子的生辰礼物。
	替换预视	吴起买了歧绦作为妻子的生辰礼物。
并列词	一致预视	吴起买了字画作为妻子的生辰礼物。
	颠倒预视	吴起买了画字作为妻子的生辰礼物。
	替换预视	吴起买了退笑作为妻子的生辰礼物。
偏正词	一致预视	吴起买了木雕作为妻子的生辰礼物。
	颠倒预视	吴起买了雕木作为妻子的生辰礼物。
	替换预视	吴起买了腹广作为妻子的生辰礼物。

词语类型	预视类型	实验句
单语素词	一致预视	吴起买了胭脂作为妻子的生辰礼物。
	颠倒预视	吴起买了脂胭作为妻子的生辰礼物。
	替换预视	吴起买了歧绦作为妻子的生辰礼物。
并列词	一致预视	吴起买了字画作为妻子的生辰礼物。
	颠倒预视	吴起买了画字作为妻子的生辰礼物。
	替换预视	吴起买了退笑作为妻子的生辰礼物。
偏正词	一致预视	吴起买了木雕作为妻子的生辰礼物。
	颠倒预视	吴起买了雕木作为妻子的生辰礼物。
	替换预视	吴起买了腹广作为妻子的生辰礼物。

属性	单语素词	并列复合词	偏正复合词	单语素词替换非词	并列词替换非词	偏正词替换非词
整词词频	7(16)	6(11)	6(11)	—	—	—
整词笔画数	21(5)	20(4)	20(5)	21(4)	21(5)	20(4)
首字字频	34(80)	249(311)	272(406)	67(210)	168(328)	418(623)
首字笔画数	10(3)	10(3)	10(3)	11(3)	11(3)	10(3)
尾字字频	68(219)	171(364)	414(607)	34(80)	248(309)	274(401)
尾字笔画数	11(3)	11(3)	10(4)	10(3)	10(3)	10(3)
合理性	4(0.5)	4(1)	4(1)	0	0	0