社会性注意的同类别和跨类别序列依赖效应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.1312

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

序列依赖效应是指个体当前的感知判断会偏向于先前感知的刺激历史, 这一效应对于个体在动态、嘈杂的环境中维持感知的连续性具有重要作用。序列依赖效应不仅广泛存在于低水平的刺激特征上(如光栅朝向), 而且被发现也存在于社会性注意的同类别社会线索(如眼睛注视方向)的加工中。社会性注意是个体通过他人的眼神等社会线索感知他人注意焦点并推断他人意图的一种能力。同样的社会性注意可以由不同的社会线索传递, 目前尚不清楚序列依赖效应是否存在于跨类别的社会线索之间。研究采用“诱导刺激”范式, 通过2个实验(含4个子实验)探讨了社会注意中的同类别与跨类别序列依赖效应。结果发现, 同类别社会线索之间存在序列依赖效应(实验1a), 且这一效应受情绪背景的调节(实验1b); 跨类别社会线索之间也存在序列依赖效应(实验2a), 但这一效应在非社会线索和社会线索之间并未被发现(实验2b)。这些结果揭示了社会性注意的时间整合是基于抽象的社会表征信息加工, 这为理解社会注意的动态整合机制提供了新视角。

关键词: 序列依赖效应, 社会性注意, 眼睛注视方向, 生物运动

Abstract:

Serial dependence refers to a phenomenon in which current perceptual judgments are biased toward the recent past. This effect plays an elemental role in maintaining perceptual continuity in changing and noisy visual environments. Serial dependence is widely found not only for low-level stimulus features (e.g., grating direction), but also operates within high-level social cues (e.g., eye gaze direction) in social attention. Social attention refers to the ability to detect others' focus of attention and infer their intentions through social cues such as eye gaze. Although different social cues (e.g., eye gaze direction and biological motion direction) vary in their perceptual features, they can convey the same information about others’ intentions and effectively recruit social attention. However, whether the serial dependence effect could occur between different categories of social cues remains largely unknown. To this end, the present study used an inducer paradigm in four experiments to investigate whether the same-category and cross-category serial dependence could exist in social attention.

Experiment 1a (27 participants) examined whether the serial dependence effect could exist between social cues of the same category (i.e., eye gaze direction). In each trial, an inducer stimulus (extremely leftward or rightward gaze direction), a reference stimulus (straight gaze), and a probe stimulus (randomly selected from seven levels of eye gaze directions ranging from −40% to +40% with a 13.3% step) were sequentially presented. Participants were then asked to judge which stimulus, the reference or probe, was perceived more leftward or rightward. Using the same task as Experiment 1a, Experiment 1b (24 participants) investigated whether an emotional valence (happy/angry) could modulate the same-category serial dependence in social attention. In this experiment, the inducer, reference, and probe stimuli could each be either happy or angry. Crucially, within a given trial, the emotional valence was held constant across all three stimuli. Experiment 2a (27 participants) investigated whether a serial dependence effect between different categories of social cues could exist. The same task as that in Experiment 1a was used except that the inducer stimulus was replaced with a biological motion stimulus (leftward or rightward). Experiment 2b (27 participants) used a non-social cue (i.e., arrow) as the inducer stimulus to further examine whether the cross-category serial dependence effect could exist between social and non-social cues.

The results of Experiment 1a revealed a significant attractive serial dependence between eye gaze directions. Specifically, individuals’ judgments of the current reference stimulus were biased toward the gaze direction of the previously perceived inducer stimulus. Consistent with previous studies, this finding thereby supported the existence of a serial dependence effect in the perception of eye gaze direction. Moreover, the serial dependence effect was modulated by facial emotional valence of eye gaze (Experiment 1b), with stronger serial dependence observed under the angry condition compared to the happy condition. Notably, the results of Experiment 2a showed that the direction of biological motion also induced an attractive serial dependence in judgments of gaze direction, indicating that serial dependence occurred across different categories of social cues. This experiment provided the first evidence for the cross-category serial dependence in social attention. However, although arrow direction (a non-social cue) shares similar directional properties with eye gaze, the serial dependence effect did not emerge when the arrow was used as the inducer stimulus (Experiment 2b).

Taken together, our current findings suggested that serial dependence effects in social attention existed not only between same-category social cues, but also between different- category social cues. However, the effect did not appear between social and non-social cues. These results indicate that the serial dependence effect in social attention arises from higher-order social information rather than low-level directional cues.

Key words: serial dependence, social attention, eye gaze, biological motion

中图分类号:

B842

王达, 杨志豪, 梅高兴. (2026). 社会性注意的同类别和跨类别序列依赖效应. 心理学报, 58(7), 1312-1324.

WANG Da, YANG Zhihao, MEI Gaoxing. (2026). Serial dependence for same-category and cross-category stimuli in social attention. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 58(7), 1312-1324.

图/表 7

图1 实验1−2所使用的人脸刺激示例。(A) 实验1a、2a和2b 中使用的人脸刺激示例。人脸图像共包含7个眼睛注视方向水平, 范围从−40% (极端左偏)至+ 40% (极端右偏), 步长为13.3%。在实验1a中, −40%和+ 40%注视方向的人脸图像作为诱导刺激, 7个注视方向的图像均作为探测刺激; 注视方向为0% (直视)的图像作为参考刺激。实验2a和2b中使用的参考刺激与探测刺激与实验1a相同。(B) 实验1b中使用的人脸刺激示例。诱导刺激、参考刺激和探测刺激的生成方式与实验1a相同, 不同之处在于包含了两种情绪版本(快乐和愤怒)。彩图见电子版, 下同。

图2 实验1的实验流程图。(A) 实验1a的实验流程图。在中央注视点呈现1200~1700 ms后, 呈现一个由白色矩形框包围的诱导刺激(极端左偏或极端右偏的眼睛注视方向) 250 ms, 随后呈现300 ms的掩蔽刺激。经700~750 ms的刺激间隔(ISI)后, 呈现一个注视方向为直视的参考刺激200 ms, 再次呈现300 ms的掩蔽刺激。在300~350 ms的ISI后, 呈现一个探测刺激200 ms, 该刺激从7个不同注视方向水平中随机选取一个, 随后再呈现300 ms的掩蔽刺激。当屏幕中央出现问号提示符时, 被试需按“上”或“下”键以表明在参考刺激和探测刺激中哪个眼睛注视方向更偏左或更偏右(感知偏左或偏右在被试间平衡)。(B) 实验1b的实验流程图。实验1b的实验流程与实验1a相同, 唯一的区别在于所有刺激(诱导、参考与探测刺激)均包含快乐和愤怒两种情绪版本。一个试次内的三类刺激情绪效价(快乐或愤怒)保持一致, 并且情绪效价在试次间随机。

图3 实验1的结果。(A)实验1a左偏(橙色)与右偏(绿色)眼睛注视方向诱导条件下的“正反应”心理测量函数曲线。(B)实验1a中左偏与右偏注视诱导条件下的总体平均PSE值。(C)实验1b中4种诱导条件下的“正反应”心理测量函数曲线, 包括：极端左偏的快乐面孔(橙色)、极端右偏的快乐面孔(浅橙色)、极端左偏的愤怒面孔(绿色)和极端右偏的愤怒面孔(浅绿色)。(D)实验1b四种诱导条件下的总体平均PSE值。(E)实验1b中不同情绪诱导条件下的ΔPSE值。误差棒表示±1个标准误。*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, n.s. 表示差异不显著。

图4 实验2的实验流程图。实验2a (A)和2b (B) 的实验流程同实验1a, 除了实验2a和实验2b的诱导刺激分别为生物运动刺激(朝左或朝右)和箭头刺激(朝左或朝右)。

图5 实验2的结果。(A)实验2a朝左(橙色)与朝右(绿色)生物运动诱导条件下的“正反应”心理测量函数曲线。(B)实验2a中朝左与朝右生物运动诱导条件下的总体平均PSE值。(C)实验2b朝左(橙色)与朝右(绿色)箭头诱导条件下的“正反应”心理测量函数曲线。(D)实验2b朝左与朝右箭头诱导条件下的总体平均PSE值。(E)实验2a与实验1a的ΔPSE的结果。(F)实验2a与实验2b的ΔPSE的结果。误差棒表示 ±1个标准误。***p < 0.001, n.s. 表示不显著。

附图1 眼睛注视方向辨别实验的结果。纵轴为判断注视方向偏右的反应比例; 横轴为注视方向(−40%至+40%)。深灰色虚线表示主观相等点(PSE); 浅灰色虚线表示眼睛方向为直视时判断偏右的比例。

附图2 朝左判断组和朝右判断组的心理测量曲线

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