汉语普通话声调感知的老年化效应：来自ERP的证据

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.00001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究考察汉语普通话老年人前注意阶段声调感知状况, 探究是否存在领域特殊的老年化。运用事件相关电位技术, 采用被动oddball范式诱发MMN回应, 控制领域一般性因素的影响。结果显示涉及范畴变化的声调和非语音音调诱发MMN强度衰减, 不涉及范畴变化的声调诱发MMN强度未衰退。研究结果表明在前注意阶段, 在特定汉语普通话声调范畴知识加工能力上存在领域特殊的衰退, 而不涉及母语音位知识的声调的感知存在领域特殊的一定程度的保留, 这一保留与时间维度上补偿机制的调用有关。受补偿机制调节, 语言加工呈现出衰退或保留等不同的老年化进程。

关键词: 汉语普通话, 老年化, 声调, 前注意, 领域特殊

Abstract:

The accurate perception of lexical tones in Mandarin Chinese is an important foundation for successfully understanding spoken Chinese. Previous behavioral studies have shown that the ability to perceive lexical tones in Mandarin declines in elderly individuals. In addition to other research areas related to language and aging, the central issue in phonetic perception during aging concerns whether perceptual changes related to aging are area-specific or area-general. The area-general language hypothesis of aging assumes that changes in language perception related to aging are caused by a decline in both general sensory perception function and high-order cognitive function. In contrast, the area-specific language hypothesis of aging assumes that changes in aging-related language perception are caused by specific deficits in language processing. Previous studies mostly detected the state of attention and focused on how area-general factors affect the processing of segmental phonemes in elderly individuals. The present study examined neurophysiological responses, particularly that of MMN, to explore whether the aging of lexical tone perception is language-specific for Mandarin.
The current study recruited 22 healthy elderly participants (age range: 55.6~79.6 years) and 18 young participants (age range: 22.7~29.0 years). In a passive oddball task, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine Mandarin lexical tone perception. Three syllables from a lexical tone continuum were chosen as stimuli to form an across-category stimulus pair and a within-category stimulus pair for the ERP oddball task. A non-speech stimulus pair was generated on the basis of the within-category stimulus pair. During the experiment, participants were instructed to ignore the presented sounds while watching a self-selected movie.
ERP data showed that in the across-category condition, compared with the young group, the elderly group had a smaller MMN, and there was no between-group difference in the within-category condition. In the young group, a non-speech tone elicited a larger MMN amplitude than a speech tone that shared the same pitch contour, while the elderly group did not show a speech enhancement effect. In addition, compared with that of the young group, the amplitude of the MMN elicited by the non-speech contrast in the elderly group was significantly smaller. The results indicated that the general decline in central auditory processing function was not related to the pre-attention processing of lexical tone. In addition, when the level at which the auditory input stimulus could be sensed was controlled according to peripheral hearing abilities, the decline in peripheral auditory function was not related to the preservation of or decline in lexical tone perception in the current study.
In the current study, there is no evidence that the age-related decline in area-general factors affects tone perception in the pre-attention condition. On this basis, this study further speculated that the ability of elderly Mandarin-speaking individuals to perceive lexical tone in pre-attention conditions was preserved and only declined for specific languages, and the above-mentioned decline in the processing of knowledge of Mandarin tone category and the wider preservation of the processing of speech tones are language-specific. The present study provides evidence for the area-specific language hypothesis of aging.

Key words: Mandarin, aging, lexical tone category, pre-attention, area-specific

中图分类号:

B842

肖容, 梁丹丹, 李善鹏. (2020). 汉语普通话声调感知的老年化效应：来自ERP的证据. 心理学报, 52(1), 1-11.

XIAO Rong, LIANG Dandan, LI Shanpeng. (2020). Effects of aging on the Mandarin lexical tone perception: Evidence from ERPs. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 52(1), 1-11.

图/表 7

图1 从/we2/到/we4/的音高曲线连续统。

图2 年轻组和老年组的范畴感知曲线

图3 范畴间声调、范畴内声调、非语音音调三种条件下老年组和年轻组两组被试产生的MMN。(A) Fz电极点上三种条件下两组被试的MMN总平均波形。(B) MMN分析时间窗内平均振幅的电压地形图。

表1 以音调类型、组别为自变量, 峰值潜伏期、平均振幅为因变量的方差分析的结果

自变量	潜伏期		平均振幅
自变量	F	η²_p	F	η²_p
音调类型(1, 34)	3.238^?	0.164	2.715	0.141
组别(1, 34)	14.201^**	0.295	4.973^*	0.128
组别×音调类型(1, 34)	3.346^*	0.169	8.224^**	0.333

图4 老年组和年轻组三种类型音调诱发MMN峰值潜伏期

图5 老年组和年轻组三种类型音调诱发MMN平均振幅

表2 以三种音调类型的位置、偏侧性、组别为自变量, 平均振幅为因变量的方差分析的结果

变异来源	范畴间		范畴内		非语音
变异来源	F	η²_p	F	η²_p	F	η²_p
位置(2, 68)	8.446**	0.199	9.394**	0.216	15.866**	0.318
组别(1, 34)	5.625*	0.142	0.037	0.001	22.073**	0.394
偏侧性(1, 34)	1.540	0.043	0.688	0.020	0.626	0.018
偏侧性×位置(2, 68)	0.120	0.004	1.051	0.030	3.864*	0.102
偏侧性×组别(1, 34)	2.836	0.077	0.516	0.015	0.095	0.003
组别×位置(2, 68)	2.547	0.007	0.792	0.023	0.84	0.024
偏侧性×位置×组别(2, 68)	2.549	0.070	0.020	0.001	1.886	0.053

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