道德相对主义和厌恶情绪对道德直觉判断的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.00517

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

社会直觉模型认为有意识的道德推理过程发生在道德直觉判断之后。那么, 道德直觉判断又是怎么形成的, 是否受认知推理和情绪的影响?实验1首先验证道德直觉判断的存在; 实验2考察了道德相对主义对道德直觉判断的影响; 实验3考察了厌恶情绪对道德直觉判断的影响。结果发现: (1)道德绝对主义比道德相对主义条件下, 个体更倾向于做出道德直觉判断, 说明道德直觉判断受认知推理影响。(2)厌恶情绪比中立情绪启动条件下, 个体更倾向于做出道德直觉判断, 说明道德直觉判断受情绪影响。因此, 道德直觉判断会受认知推理和情绪的影响。

关键词: 道德直觉判断, 道德绝对主义, 道德相对主义, 厌恶情绪

Abstract:

The social intuition model suggests that moral reasoning occurs after moral intuitive judgment. The question of how people make intuitive moral judgments, and whether the process is influenced by reasoning and emotion, remains to be answered. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of moral relativism and disgust on moral intuitive judgment. According to the unimodel of human judgment, intuitive and deliberate judgments are based on similar rules. The hypotheses are as follows: moral relativism increases moral intuitive judgment (H1) and disgust increases moral intuitive judgment (H2).

We conducted three experiments to test these hypotheses. In Experiment 1, we examined whether moral intuitive judgment exists. A total of 39 undergraduates were selected and asked to answer “yes” or “no” randomly, like tossing a coin, to 20 moral behaviors, 20 immoral behaviors, and 40 fillers. The accuracy of moral judgment is compared to random level (i.e., 0.5). Accuracy greater than 0.5 was considered indicative of moral intuitive judgment. Single-sample t-test showed that the accuracy of the participants’ random responses was significantly greater than random (i.e., 0.5), indicating the existence of moral intuitions.

In Experiment 2, a total of 77 undergraduates were randomly assigned to two different conditions, i.e., moral relativism and moral absolutism. Participants were first primed moral absolutism or moral relativism by scrambling in a sentence, e.g., the scrambled sentence “as to rightness” “cannot” “different types of morality” “be compared” may be recomposed as “Different types of morality cannot be compared as to rightness”, then randomly answer “yes” or “no” to moral judgments. Independent-samples t-test showed that participants were more inclined to make moral intuitive judgments under the conditions of moral absolutism than moral relativism, which suggests that moral relativism weakens participants’ moral intuitive judgment, while moral absolutism promotes participants’ moral intuitive judgment.

In Experiment 3, a total of 80 undergraduates were randomly assigned to two different emotional conditions, i.e., disgust and neutral emotion. Participants’ disgust (or neutral emotion) were primed by eight pictures of disgusting facial expressions (or eight pictures of neutral facial expressions) before randomly answering “yes” or “no” to moral judgments. Independent-sample t-test showed that participants were more inclined to make moral intuitive judgments under the conditions of disgust emotion than neutral emotion, which suggests that moral intuition judgments are affected by emotion, and disgust increases individuals’ moral intuitive judgments.

In sum, the present research investigated the influence of moral relativism and disgust emotion on moral intuitive judgment, which helps to further understand the mechanism of moral intuitive judgment. In addition, it also provides some guidance for the daily moral judgment. The limitations and further research are also discussed.

Key words: moral intuitive judgment, moral absolutism, moral relativism, disgust

中图分类号:

B849: C91

耿晓伟, 房津如, 韩彦芳, 李中权, 赵蜜, 杨烨. (2019). 道德相对主义和厌恶情绪对道德直觉判断的影响. 心理学报, 51(4), 517-526.

GENG Xiaowei, FANG Jinru, HAN Yanfang, LI Zhongquan, ZHAO Mi, YANG Ye. (2019). The influence of moral relativism and disgust on moral intuitive judgment. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 51(4), 517-526.

图/表 5

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道德立场	M	SD	t	df	p	95%置信区间	Cohen’s d
道德绝对主义者	0.88	0.06	40.07^**	37	0.001	0.3618 - 0.4003	6.30
道德相对主义者	0.83	0.06	34.09^**	38	0.001	0.3102 - 0.3493	5.50

道德立场	M	SD	t	df	p	95%置信区间	Cohen’s d
道德绝对主义者	0.88	0.06	40.07^**	37	0.001	0.3618 - 0.4003	6.30
道德相对主义者	0.83	0.06	34.09^**	38	0.001	0.3102 - 0.3493	5.50

情绪类别	M	SD	t	df	p	95%置信区间	Cohen’s d
厌恶情绪(N = 40)	0.88	0.05	46.55**	39	0.001	0.3673 - 0.4007	7.60
中立情绪(N = 40)	0.85	0.05	48.23**	39	0.001	0.3359 - 0.3653	7.00

情绪类别	M	SD	t	df	p	95%置信区间	Cohen’s d
厌恶情绪(N = 40)	0.88	0.05	46.55**	39	0.001	0.3673 - 0.4007	7.60
中立情绪(N = 40)	0.85	0.05	48.23**	39	0.001	0.3359 - 0.3653	7.00