父母温暖与儿童晚期亲社会行为的关系: 集体取向的作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.0614

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究采用自我报告法和教师评价法对1033名四年级学生(49.5%女生, M_年龄 = 10.28岁, SD = 0.69岁)进行为期3年的3次追踪调查, 旨在探讨父母温暖与儿童晚期亲社会行为的关系以及儿童集体取向在其中的作用。结果发现:(1)父母温暖与儿童亲社会行为直接预测关系因父母角色而异, 前测母亲温暖正向预测后测儿童亲社会行为, 前测儿童亲社会行为正向预测后测父亲温暖; (2)纳入儿童集体取向后, 前测父亲温暖和母亲温暖均正向预测后测儿童集体取向, 儿童集体取向与亲社会行为相互正向预测; (3)中介效应检验表明, T1的父亲温暖和母亲温暖均能够通过T2的儿童集体取向预测T3的儿童亲社会行为。研究结果为理解文化价值观在父母教养与儿童亲社会行为的作用提供实证依据, 并为儿童价值观教育和亲社会行为干预带来一定启示。

关键词: 父母温暖, 亲社会行为, 集体取向, 儿童晚期, 追踪研究

Abstract:

Prosocial behavior is a major aspect of social functioning in childhood and adolescence. Research has indicated relations between parental warmth and children’s prosocial behavior. However, the meachanims for the relations remain unclear, especially in non-Western countries. The primary purpose of the present longitudinal study was to explore the role of children’s group orientation in linking parental warmth and children’s prosocial behavior. Group orientation, characterized as concern for group welfare and interpersonal harmony, has been particularly emphasized in socialization and believed to regulate children’s behaviors in social interaction in Chinese collectivistic society. To address the gap in the literature, this study examined the transactional relations among perceived parental warmth, child group orientation, and child prosocial behavior with a focus on the mediating effects of group orientation.

Multi-wave longitudinal data were collected each year from Grade 4 to Grade 6 in a sample of five randomly selected regular public elementary schools in China (initial N = 1033; 49.5% girls; initial Mage = 10.28 years, SD = 0.69). Data on parental warmth, group orientation, and prosocial behavior were obtained from multiple sources including self-reports and teacher ratings. Measurement invariance tests were first conducted for the measures with multiple indicators across three times of measurement. Next, latent cross-lagged panel models were constructed to examine the relations among maternal/paternal warmth, group orientation, and prosocial behavior controlling children’s gender and parental educational level. Multigroup analyses were also conducted to examine gender differences in the models.

The results showed that maternal warmth positively predicted later prosocial behavior, and child prosocial behavior positively predicted later paternal warmth. Both paternal and maternal warmth positively predicted child group orientation, which in turn positively predicted child prosocial behavior; group orientation was a mediator of the contributions of parental warmth to prosocial behavior. Multigroup analyses showed no significant gender differences in the cross-lagged paths.

The findings highlight the crucial role that group orientation plays in the link between parental warmth and children’s prosocial behavior. The study has significant implications for early intervention to promote children’s prosocial behavior.

Key words: parental warmth, prosocial behavior, group orientation, late childhood, longitudinal study

中图分类号:

B849: C91

韩宪国, 金国敏, 李丹, 刘世宏, 吴琴, 刘俊升, 陈欣银. (2025). 父母温暖与儿童晚期亲社会行为的关系: 集体取向的作用. 心理学报, 57(4), 614-630.

HAN Xianguo, JIN Guomin, LI Dan, LIU Shihong, WU Qin, LIU Junsheng, CHEN Xinyin. (2025). Parental warmth and children’s prosocial behavior: The role of group orientation. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(4), 614-630.

图/表 12

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变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
1 性别^a	—
2 母亲受教育水平	−0.04	—
3 父亲受教育水平	−0.04	0.53^***	—
4 母亲温暖T1	0.10^**	0.05	0.03	—
5 母亲温暖T2	−0.01	0.08^*	0.02	0.46^***	—
6 母亲温暖T3	−0.05	0.09^**	0.07	0.35^***	0.48^***	—
7 父亲温暖T1	0.10^**	0.07^*	0.04	0.50^***	0.30^***	0.24^***	—
8 父亲温暖T2	0.09^**	0.06	0.04	0.26^***	0.56^***	0.30^***	0.41^***	—
9 父亲温暖T3	−0.04	0.03	0.06	0.24^***	0.34^***	0.60^***	0.36^***	0.45^***	—
10 集体取向T1	0.05	0.04	0.08^*	0.37^***	0.20^***	0.13^***	0.32^***	0.17^***	0.14^***	—
11 集体取向T2	0.09^**	0.04	0.04	0.32^***	0.33^***	0.21^***	0.22^***	0.34^***	0.18^***	0.35^***	—
12 集体取向T3	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.21^***	0.25^***	0.35^***	0.17^***	0.29^***	0.39^***	0.31^***	0.47^***	—
13 亲社会行为T1	0.28^***	0.05	0.00	0.13^***	0.04	0.06	0.15^***	0.10^**	0.07	0.16^***	0.15^***	0.11^***	—
14 亲社会行为T2	0.26^***	0.06	0.04	0.11^**	0.04	0.06	0.08^*	0.03	0.08^*	0.13^***	0.11^***	0.12^***	0.22^***	—
15 亲社会行为T3	0.25^***	0.02	0.04	0.09^*	0.05	0.07^*	0.06	0.06	0.02	0.10^**	0.10^**	0.12^**	0.26^***	0.20^***	—
M	0.49	3.55	3.93	3.64	3.68	3.69	3.52	3.54	3.60	3.55	3.62	3.71	0.00	0.00	−0.02
SD	0.50	1.06	0.95	0.98	1.00	1.00	1.06	1.08	1.01	0.72	0.74	0.70	0.99	0.99	0.98

变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
1 性别^a	—
2 母亲受教育水平	−0.04	—
3 父亲受教育水平	−0.04	0.53^***	—
4 母亲温暖T1	0.10^**	0.05	0.03	—
5 母亲温暖T2	−0.01	0.08^*	0.02	0.46^***	—
6 母亲温暖T3	−0.05	0.09^**	0.07	0.35^***	0.48^***	—
7 父亲温暖T1	0.10^**	0.07^*	0.04	0.50^***	0.30^***	0.24^***	—
8 父亲温暖T2	0.09^**	0.06	0.04	0.26^***	0.56^***	0.30^***	0.41^***	—
9 父亲温暖T3	−0.04	0.03	0.06	0.24^***	0.34^***	0.60^***	0.36^***	0.45^***	—
10 集体取向T1	0.05	0.04	0.08^*	0.37^***	0.20^***	0.13^***	0.32^***	0.17^***	0.14^***	—
11 集体取向T2	0.09^**	0.04	0.04	0.32^***	0.33^***	0.21^***	0.22^***	0.34^***	0.18^***	0.35^***	—
12 集体取向T3	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.21^***	0.25^***	0.35^***	0.17^***	0.29^***	0.39^***	0.31^***	0.47^***	—
13 亲社会行为T1	0.28^***	0.05	0.00	0.13^***	0.04	0.06	0.15^***	0.10^**	0.07	0.16^***	0.15^***	0.11^***	—
14 亲社会行为T2	0.26^***	0.06	0.04	0.11^**	0.04	0.06	0.08^*	0.03	0.08^*	0.13^***	0.11^***	0.12^***	0.22^***	—
15 亲社会行为T3	0.25^***	0.02	0.04	0.09^*	0.05	0.07^*	0.06	0.06	0.02	0.10^**	0.10^**	0.12^**	0.26^***	0.20^***	—
M	0.49	3.55	3.93	3.64	3.68	3.69	3.52	3.54	3.60	3.55	3.62	3.71	0.00	0.00	−0.02
SD	0.50	1.06	0.95	0.98	1.00	1.00	1.06	1.08	1.01	0.72	0.74	0.70	0.99	0.99	0.98

模型	χ² (df)	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	模型比较	Δχ²_SB(Δdf)	p	ΔCFI	ΔRMSEA
母亲温暖
M1: 形态等值	69.419 (39)	0.990	0.983	0.028
M2: 弱等值	73.227 (45)	0.991	0.986	0.025	M2-M1	3.341 (6)	0.765	0.001	−0.003
M3: 强等值	90.467 (53)	0.988	0.985	0.026	M3-M2	17.886 (8)	0.022	−0.003	0.001
父亲温暖
M1: 形态等值	70.548 (39)	0.990	0.983	0.028
M2: 弱等值	76.021 (45)	0.990	0.986	0.026	M2-M1	5.110 (6)	0.530	0.000	−0.002
M3: 强等值	89.000 (53)	0.989	0.986	0.026	M3-M2	12.914 (8)	0.115	−0.001	0.000
集体取向
M1: 形态等值	703.039 (372)	0.938	0.928	0.029
M2: 弱等值	717.681 (390)	0.939	0.932	0.029	M2-M1	12.801 (18)	0.803	0.001	0.000
M3: 强等值	807.431 (410)	0.926	0.921	0.031	M3-M2	96.981 (20)	< 0.001	−0.013	0.002
M3.1: 部分强等值	768.248 (408)	0.933	0.928	0.029	M3.1-M2	53.034 (18)	< 0.001	−0.006	0.000
亲社会行为
M1: 形态等值	127.000 (72)	0.986	0.980	0.027
M2: 弱等值	132.470 (80)	0.987	0.982	0.025	M2-M1	5.409 (8)	0.713	0.001	−0.002
M3: 强等值	135.461 (90)	0.988	0.987	0.022	M3-M2	1.176 (10)	1.000	0.001	−0.003

模型	χ² (df)	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	模型比较	Δχ²_SB(Δdf)	p	ΔCFI	ΔRMSEA
母亲温暖
M1: 形态等值	69.419 (39)	0.990	0.983	0.028
M2: 弱等值	73.227 (45)	0.991	0.986	0.025	M2-M1	3.341 (6)	0.765	0.001	−0.003
M3: 强等值	90.467 (53)	0.988	0.985	0.026	M3-M2	17.886 (8)	0.022	−0.003	0.001
父亲温暖
M1: 形态等值	70.548 (39)	0.990	0.983	0.028
M2: 弱等值	76.021 (45)	0.990	0.986	0.026	M2-M1	5.110 (6)	0.530	0.000	−0.002
M3: 强等值	89.000 (53)	0.989	0.986	0.026	M3-M2	12.914 (8)	0.115	−0.001	0.000
集体取向
M1: 形态等值	703.039 (372)	0.938	0.928	0.029
M2: 弱等值	717.681 (390)	0.939	0.932	0.029	M2-M1	12.801 (18)	0.803	0.001	0.000
M3: 强等值	807.431 (410)	0.926	0.921	0.031	M3-M2	96.981 (20)	< 0.001	−0.013	0.002
M3.1: 部分强等值	768.248 (408)	0.933	0.928	0.029	M3.1-M2	53.034 (18)	< 0.001	−0.006	0.000
亲社会行为
M1: 形态等值	127.000 (72)	0.986	0.980	0.027
M2: 弱等值	132.470 (80)	0.987	0.982	0.025	M2-M1	5.409 (8)	0.713	0.001	−0.002
M3: 强等值	135.461 (90)	0.988	0.987	0.022	M3-M2	1.176 (10)	1.000	0.001	−0.003

模型	χ² (df)	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	模型比较	Δχ²_SB(Δdf)	p	ΔCFI	ΔRMSEA
母亲温暖与儿童亲社会行为的交叉滞后模型
M1.1: 自由估计	620.660 (395)	0.974	0.971	0.024
M1.2: 限定各时间点间自回归路径相等	621.047 (397)	0.974	0.971	0.023	M1.2-M1.1	0.438 (2)	0.804	0.000	−0.001
M1.3: 限定各时间点间交叉滞后路径相等	623.860 (397)	0.974	0.971	0.024	M1.3-M1.1	3.205 (2)	0.201	0.000	0.000
M1.4: 限定各时间点间自回归和交叉滞后路径相等	624.054 (399)	0.974	0.971	0.023	M1.4-M1.1	3.311 (4)	0.507	0.000	−0.001
父亲温暖与儿童亲社会行为的交叉滞后模型
M2.1: 自由估计	629.480 (395)	0.973	0.971	0.024
M2.2: 限定各时间点间自回归路径相等	629.931 (397)	0.973	0.971	0.024	M2.2-M2.1	0.398 (2)	0.819	0.000	0.000
M2.3: 限定各时间点间交叉滞后路径相等	630.438 (397)	0.973	0.971	0.024	M2.3-M2.1	0.999 (2)	0.607	0.000	0.000
M2.4: 限定各时间点间自回归和交叉滞后路径相等	630.745 (399)	0.974	0.971	0.024	M2.4-M2.1	1.265 (4)	0.867	0.001	0.000
母亲温暖、儿童集体取向与亲社会行为的交叉滞后模型
M3.1: 自由估计	2466.802 (1688)	0.947	0.945	0.021
M3.2: 限定各时间点间自回归路径相等	2469.313 (1691)	0.947	0.945	0.021	M3.2-M3.1	2.605 (3)	0.457	0.000	0.000
M3.3: 限定各时间点间交叉滞后路径相等	2474.801 (1694)	0.947	0.945	0.021	M3.3-M3.1	8.019 (6)	0.237	0.000	0.000
M3.4: 限定各时间点间自回归和交叉滞后路径相等	2475.041 (1697)	0.947	0.945	0.021	M3.4-M3.1	8.405 (9)	0.494	0.000	0.000
父亲温暖、儿童集体取向与亲社会行为的交叉滞后模型
M4.1: 自由估计	2512.261 (1688)	0.945	0.942	0.022
M4.2: 限定各时间点间自回归路径相等	2512.611 (1691)	0.945	0.943	0.022	M4.2-M4.1	0.350 (3)	0.950	0.000	0.000
M4.3: 限定各时间点间交叉滞后路径相等	2514.487 (1694)	0.945	0.943	0.022	M4.3-M4.1	2.399 (6)	0.880	0.000	0.000
M4.4: 限定各时间点间自回归和交叉滞后路径相等	2515.136 (1697)	0.945	0.943	0.022	M4.4-M4.1	3.233 (9)	0.954	0.000	0.000