ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报 ›› 2010, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (05): 607-617.

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刻板印象的激活效应: 行为和ERPs证据

王 沛;杨亚平;赵 仑   

  1. (1 上海师范大学教育学院, 上海 200234) (2 徐州师范大学语言研究所, 江苏徐州 221116)
  • 收稿日期:2009-03-06 修回日期:1900-01-01 出版日期:2010-05-30 发布日期:2010-05-30
  • 通讯作者: 王沛;赵仑

The Activation of Stereotypes: Behavioral and ERPs Evidence

Wang Pei;Yang Ya-Ping;Zhao Lun   

  1. (1 School of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China)
    (2 Institution of Linguistics, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China)
  • Received:2009-03-06 Revised:1900-01-01 Published:2010-05-30 Online:2010-05-30
  • Contact: Wang Pei;Zhao Lun

摘要: 以刻板印象表征中的核心内容—— 刻板特质词作为研究材料, 采用分类-确认范式对刻板印象激活效应的时间进程及其认知机制进行了探讨。以性别范畴词“男”/“女”作为启动刺激, 以性别刻板特质词作为靶子, 特质词与范畴词构成一致和冲突两种情境, 记录了34名被试(男女各半)对特质词与范畴词进行一致性判断时的行为反应和ERPs。结果发现: (1) 刻板印象冲突情境下, 因刻板印象激活效应的作用, 被试的反应时要比刻板印象一致情境下更长; 不同性别的被试均表现出性别内群体范畴词激活优势效应, 即内群体范畴词启动条件下反应时更短。(2) 刻板印象激活效应对早期ERP成分(P1、N170、N100、P2)没有影响, 在刻板印象冲突情境下诱发了额-中区更显著的N400, 该成分标志着刻板印象的激活效应; 不同性别的被试均在内群体范畴词启动下诱发了波幅更大的P600。(3) 刻板印象的激活效应以及内群体范畴词激活优势效应均发生在知觉后阶段。

关键词: 刻板印象, 刻板印象激活效应, 性别范畴词, 性别刻板特质词, ERP

Abstract: Using classification–verification paradigm, the present study investigated the time-course of stereotype-activated effect by recording both behavioral and ERP data elicited by gender stereotype’s trait-words which were taken as the core of stereotype representation.
Thirty-four young participants (17 female) were recruited in this experiment. The prime stimuli included two gender-category words, “male” and “female”, and the target stimuli were gender-trait-words generally attributed to male or female. Gender-category and gender-trait words constituted congruent and incongruent situations. And the prime-target pairs were divided into four conditions, “male” priming male-trait-words (M-m), “female” priming male-trait-words (F-m), “male” priming female-trait-words (M-f) and “female” priming female-trait-words (F-f). Each trial started with the presentation of a priming word for 300 ms, followed by a fixation cross presented for 500 ms and then the target word appeared for 300 ms and a blank until participants responded; randomly selected inter-trial intervals (ITI) between 600 and 800 ms separated next trial from the response. Participants had to indicate by pressing one of two buttons whether the target matched the priming word or not and they were instructed to response as quickly as possible but avoid mistakes.
For all participants, the response was faster and more accurate in congruent than incongruent condition, and in-group bias was also found. The early ERP components reflecting perceptual processing were not modulated by experimental conditions. Compared with prime-target congruent condition, gender-trait words that mismatched with the gender-priming word elicited a larger N400 over the fronto-central area. Moreover, consistent with behavioral in-group bias, a larger P600 was elicited under the ingroup-category-word priming condition. These results indicated that the stereotype could be activated by social group-category-word, and the N400 effect reflected the integration of the social properties of words and stereotypical knowledge in memory representation. Both the stereotype-activated effect and in-group bias started at the stage of post-perceptual information processing.
The present study investigated the time-course and cognitive mechanism of stereotype-activated effect for the first time, demonstrating the modulation of N400 relevant to gender stereotype-activated effect. These data indicated the possibility of the N400 indexing the cognitive mechanism and representation model of processing stereotypical information.

Key words: stereotype, stereotype-activated effect, gender-category words, gender-trait-words, in-group bias, ERP