语言距离和任务需求共同调节双语者词汇加工的脑机制

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.2308

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 双语者加工母语(L1)和二语(L2)是否共享相同的脑机制是研究者广泛关注的问题, 现有研究积累了大量的证据同时也存在分岐。造成结果不一致的主要原因在于双语者母语和二语间的语言距离以及实验任务差异。本研究利用元分析的优势, 考察了不同任务(语音、语义)下两类双语者(语言距离远的汉-英双语者、语言距离近的拼音文字双语者)加工L1和L2词汇时的大脑激活。结果发现, 在语音任务中, 语言距离远的汉-英双语者L2更多激活了负责形-音转换的左侧顶下小叶/缘上回; 而语言距离近的拼音文字双语者L1和L2共享了相同的脑机制。在语义任务中, 汉-英双语者L1更多激活了左侧额中回和左侧楔前叶来完成形-义转换; 拼音文字双语者L1更多激活了左侧颞上回中部来进行音-义转换, L2更多激活了左侧额中回/额下回、脑岛和顶下小叶等语言控制脑区。进一步在语言切换任务中对比两类双语者的脑区激活也发现语言距离近的拼音文字双语者需要更多执行控制脑区参与激活。结果表明, 双语者加工L1和L2的脑区激活差异是在语言距离和任务需求共同驱动下潜在认知加工的差异。

关键词: 双语脑机制, 元分析, 语言距离, 任务需求

Abstract: Whether bilinguals share the same neural mechanisms for processing their native language (L1) and second language (L2) is a long-standing question of debate. Extensive neuroimaging evidence has accumulated, yet substantial inconsistencies remain. These largely stem from linguistic distance between bilinguals’ L1 and L2, as well as differences in experimental task demands.
The present study used an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis to examine how linguistic distance and task demands affect brain activation during bilingual lexical processing. Seventy-four studies met the inclusion criteria and were classified into six groups according to task type (phonological, semantic, language switching) and language distance (Chinese-English bilinguals vs. alphabetic bilinguals): 18 on phonological processing in Chinese-English bilinguals, 12 on phonological processing in alphabetic bilinguals, 12 on semantic processing in Chinese-English bilinguals, 13 on semantic processing in alphabetic bilinguals, 9 on language switching in Chinese-English bilinguals, and 14 on language switching in alphabetic bilinguals. We carried out ALE meta-analyses using GingerALE 3.0.2. All coordinates were converted to Talairach space. To visualize the activation patterns, we projected the coordinates onto a standard brain template using BrainNet Viewer and xjview.
Results showed that during phonological tasks, Chinese-English bilinguals with a large language distance recruited greater L2-related activation in the left inferior parietal lobule, extending into the supramarginal gyrus, which is responsible for grapho-phonological conversion; whereas bilinguals of alphabetic languages with a small language distance shared the same neural mechanisms for their L1 and L2. During semantic tasks, Chinese-English bilinguals showed greater activation in the left middle frontal gyrus and left precuneus for L1 processing to support grapho-to-meaning conversion; whereas alphabetic bilinguals recruited the middle part of the left superior temporal gyrus more for their L1 to achieve phonology-to-meaning conversion, and for their L2 they activated language control brain regions including the left middle frontal gyrus/inferior frontal gyrus, insula, and inferior parietal lobule. Further comparison of brain activation between the two types of bilinguals during language switching tasks also revealed that alphabetic bilinguals with a small language distance required greater involvement of executive control brain regions, including the left inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule.
In sum, the current meta-analysis demonstrated that differences in brain activation between bilinguals' L1 and L2 processing reflect underlying cognitive processes jointly driven by linguistic distance and task demands. These findings not only support the specific computational demands hypothesis but also provide bilingual perspectives for understanding the universality and specificity of language processing.

Key words: bilingual neural mechanisms, meta-analysis, language distance, task demands

中图分类号:

B842
B845

齐芸, 蔡文琦, 李智林, 杨剑峰, 王小娟. (2026). 语言距离和任务需求共同调节双语者词汇加工的脑机制. 心理学报, 58(11), 2308-2321.

QI Yun, CAI Wenqi, LI Zhilin, YANG Jianfeng, WANG Xiaojuan. (2026). The joint modulation of language distance and task demands on the neural mechanisms underlying bilingual lexical processing. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 58(11), 2308-2321.

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