家庭环境不可预测性与青少年生理和心理健康: 学校韧性因素的缓冲作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.1720

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 本研究基于统计学习视角, 对211名学生开展为期2年的4次追踪测量, 考察家庭虐待与忽视不可预测性对青少年皮质醇日间斜率与抑郁症状的独特影响, 以及学校积极心理环境作为韧性因素的调节作用。结果显示: (1)虐待不可预测性显著正向预测皮质醇日间斜率, 而未显著预测抑郁症状; 忽视不可预测性对皮质醇节律与抑郁症状均无显著影响。虐待不可预测性与其平均暴露水平的交互作用显著预测皮质醇日间斜率与抑郁症状。(2)学校安全与秩序缓冲了虐待不可预测性对皮质醇日间斜率的影响, 仅当学校安全与秩序水平较低时, 虐待不可预测性的预测作用才显著。此外, 学校支持与接纳调节了忽视不可预测性与皮质醇日间斜率的关系。研究表明, 相较于忽视不可预测性, 虐待不可预测性对青少年健康的影响更为显著, 而学校积极心理环境是家庭处境不利青少年的重要保护因素。

关键词: 家庭环境不可预测性, HPA轴, 抑郁症状, 韧性因素, 学校积极心理环境

Abstract: Childhood environmental unpredictability, defined as the spatial-temporal variation of adverse experiences, has been identified as an essential feature of adversity that has important developmental implications. Prior work has linked environmental unpredictability to mental health problems and dysregulation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. However, most studies have treated unpredictability as a static construct, overlooking variability in environmental experiences over time. Although the distinct effects of the two dimensions of childhood adversity (i.e., threat and deprivation) on adolescent outcomes are well-established, the unique characteristics of unpredictability within these dimensions remains poorly understood. Furthermore, resilience factors that may buffer the negative effects of environmental unpredictability have received little attention. To address these gaps, the present study investigated how unpredictability related to threat (i.e., abuse) and deprivation (i.e., neglect) predicts adolescents’ diurnal cortisol rhythms and depressive symptoms, and whether a positive school climate moderates these associations.
The sample consisted of 211 adolescents (T1: M_age = 10.82 years, SD = 0.85; 34.6% girls) who participated in a four-wave longitudinal survey spanning two years. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were estimated to capture trajectories of adversity exposure, and the residuals (the differences between predicted and observed values) at each time point were used to compute the root mean squared error (RMSE) as an indicator of unpredictability in abuse and neglect. Linear regression analyses were then conducted to test both main and interaction effects. For significant interaction effects, the Johnson-Neyman technique was applied to plot the simple slopes across the full range of the moderator.
Results indicated that unpredictability in abuse significantly predicted flatter diurnal cortisol slopes but not depressive symptoms. A significant interaction with average abuse levels was observed, such that unpredictability in abuse was associated with fewer depressive symptoms when average abuse exposure was high. Unpredictability in neglect showed no significant associations with either diurnal cortisol rhythms or depressive symptoms. School safety and order moderated the link between abuse-related unpredictability and diurnal cortisol slopes, such that unpredictability in abuse was associated with flatter slopes only when perceived school safety and order were low. Similarly, school support and acceptance moderated the association between neglect-related unpredictability and diurnal cortisol slopes.
Findings revealed distinct effects of unpredictability within threat (i.e., abuse) and deprivation (i.e., neglect). Specifically, abuse-related (but not neglect-related) unpredictability predicted flatter diurnal cortisol rhythms, above and beyond the effects of average abuse levels. Moreover, the impact of abuse-related unpredictability varied by the average levels of abuse exposure, highlighting the importance of considering broader contextual features including environmental severity, in understanding developmental consequences. A positive school climate has emerged as a resilience factor, with significant implications for both educational practice and policy. Enhancing school safety and order may be particularly effective in buffering the negative consequences of abuse-related unpredictability for adolescent health, whereas strengthening teacher-student support and acceptance may better mitigate the negative effects of neglect-related unpredictability.

Key words: family environmental unpredictability, HPA axis, depressive symptoms, resilience factors, school climate

高倩倩, 陈梅静, 孙佳宁, 李亿佳, 王薇, 向诗媛, 谢明珺, 林丹华. (2026). 家庭环境不可预测性与青少年生理和心理健康: 学校韧性因素的缓冲作用. 心理学报, 58(9), 1720-1735.

GAO Qianqian, CHEN Meijing, SUN Jianing, LI Yijia, WANG Wei, XIANG Shiyuan, XIE Mingjun, LIN Danhua. (2026). Family environmental unpredictability and adolescent physiological and psychological health: The buffering role of positive school climate. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 58(9), 1720-1735.

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