Applications of transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation in psychological research

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2026.1795

Abstract

Abstract:

Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (TUS), as an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technique, is providing a novel methodological approach for investigating brain-behavior causality in psychological science because of its high spatial focality and its ability to reach deep brain regions. From the perspective of psychological research, this article systematically reviews the progress of TUS studies across different psychological processes, organized around two major stimulation modes: online and offline stimulation. Existing evidence suggests that online stimulation places greater emphasis on synchronizing stimulation with critical time windows of psychological processing and is therefore well suited to testing the immediate causal role of specific brain regions in perception, decision-making, and response inhibition. In contrast, offline stimulation focuses more on sustained aftereffects following stimulation and is therefore more suitable for examining changes in brain network states, excitation-inhibition balance, and behavioral tendencies. Future research should place particular emphasis on parameter−effect associations, control of confounding factors, safety evaluation standards, multimodal integration, and individualized adaptation.

Key words: transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation, online stimulation, offline stimulation, deep brain stimulation, neuromodulation

CLC Number:

B841.1

XIA Xue, CHENG Si, ZHANG Dandan. Applications of transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation in psychological research[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2026, 34(10): 1795-1812.

Figures/Tables 5

References 95

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文献信息	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间(ms)	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要效应	TUS对照条件
Legon et al., 2014	体感加工	左侧S1	CP3	500	0.36	1000	36	500	I_SPPA= 23.87 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	1.13	降低SEP幅值、增强感觉辨别能力	1、靶点侧移1 cm; 2、换能器翻转
Mueller et al., 2014	体感加工	左侧S1	CP3	500	0.36	1000	36	500	I_SPPA= 23.87 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	1.13	降低SEP幅值、改变EEG相位分布	1、靶点侧移1 cm; 2、换能器翻转
Liu et al., 2021	体感加工	左侧S1	MRI引导	500	0.2	300	6	500	I_SPPA= 1.10 I_SPTA= 0.067 (靶点处)	/	增强振动辨别能力	换能器距离头皮4~6 cm
Lee et al., 2015	体感加工	双侧S1	MRI/CT引导	250	1	500	50	300	I_SPPA= 0.7 I_SPTA= 0.35 (靶点处)	0.62	诱发对侧手体感知觉	换能器不发射超声
Lee et al., 2016	体感加工	左侧S1、S2	MRI/CT引导	210	1	500	50	500	I_SPPA= 35.0 I_SPTA= 17.5 (自由场)	/	诱发对侧手体感知觉	换能器不发射超声
Legon et al., 2018	体感加工	左侧丘脑	MRI/CT引导	500	0.36	1000	36	500	I_SPPA= 14.56 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	0.89	降低SEP振幅、降低感觉辨别能力	换能器前端加高声阻抗盘
Kim et al., 2023	体感加工	右侧S1、VPL	MRI/CT引导	250	0.5/1/2	1400/700/350	70	200	S1： I_SPPA= 14.7 I_SPTA= / VPL： I_SPPA= 9.1 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	S1：0.7 VPL：0.6	增强网络功能连接	换能器不发射超声
Lee et al., 2016	视觉加工	V1	MRI/CT引导	270	1	500	50	300	I_SPPA= 3.0 I_SPTA= 1.5 (靶点处)	0.6	诱发光幻视和早期诱发电位	1、换能器不发射超声; 2、光刺激对照
Nandi et al., 2023	视觉加工	左侧V1	枕外隆凸左侧约2 cm	270	3.25 (渐变脉冲)	250	50	300	I_SPPA= 16 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	/	增强视觉诱发电位	/
文献信息	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间(ms)	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要效应	TUS对照条件
Butler et al., 2022	视觉加工	右侧颞中视觉运动区复合体	MRI引导	500	0.5	1000	50	300	I_SPPA= / I_SPTA< 0.72	/	促进视觉表现	1、右侧梭状面孔区主动对照; 2、不发射超声、有听觉掩蔽
Farboud et al., 2026	视觉加工	双侧额叶眼区	MRI引导	250	2 (渐变脉冲)	500	100	500	I_SPPA= 9.37 I_SPTA= 9.37 (自由场)	1.76	提高对侧眼跳的选择概率	1：M1主动对照; 2、不发射超声、有听觉掩蔽
Ai et al., 2018	运动控制	优势手对侧M1	MRI引导	500	0.36	1000	36	500	I_SPPA= 16.95 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	0.97	增强BOLD激活体积	关闭换能器, 不发射超声
Legon et al., 2018	运动控制	优势手对侧M1	FDI或APB热点	500	0.36	1000	36	500	I_SPPA= 17.12 I_SPTA= 6.16 (自由场)	0.9	抑制运动诱发电位、削弱皮层内易化程度	1、顶叶主动对照; 2、换能器翻转
Fomenko et al., 2020	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	0.3	1000	30	500	I_SPPA= 2.32 I_SPTA= 0.69 (衰减后)	0.19	抑制运动诱发电位、增强皮层内抑制程度	1、关闭换能器; 2、换能器翻转; 两者均有听觉掩蔽
Xia et al., 2021	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	0.3	1000	30	500	I_SPPA= 2.32 I_SPTA= 0.69 (衰减后)	0.19	抑制运动诱发电位	1、关闭换能器; 2、换能器翻转; 两者均有听觉掩蔽
Yu et al., 2021	运动控制	左侧M1	MRI引导	500	0.2	300/3000	6/60	500	I_SPPA= 1.17 I_SPTA= 0.703 (靶点处)	/	增强运动相关皮层电位	换能器距离头皮4~6 cm
Heimbuch et al., 2022	运动控制	左侧M1	MRI引导	500	0.36	1000	36	300	I_SPPA= 15.48 I_SPTA= 5.57 (自由场)	0.8	未观察到显著效应	/
Fine et al., 2023	反应抑制	右侧额下回	MRI引导	500	0.24	1000	24	500	I_SPPA= 22.43 I_SPTA= 5.38 (自由场)	1.15	缩短停止信号反应时、缩短ERP潜伏期	1、S1主动对照; 2、换能器翻转, 控制听觉混杂
文献信息	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间(ms)	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要效应	TUS对照条件
Legon et al., 2024	疼痛体验	左侧前岛叶和后岛叶	MRI引导	500	0.36	1000	36	1000	I_SPPA= 3.5 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	/	降低热痛评分、降低接触性热痛诱发电位的幅值	换能器不发射超声, 有听觉掩蔽
Strohman et al., 2024	疼痛体验	背侧前扣带回	MRI/CT引导	500	0.36	1000	36	1000	I_SPPA= 4.34 I_SPTA= 1.56 (自由场)	/	降低热痛评分、提高心率变异性、降低接触性热痛诱发电位的幅值	换能器不发射超声, 有听觉掩蔽

文献信息	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间(ms)	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要效应	TUS对照条件
Legon et al., 2014	体感加工	左侧S1	CP3	500	0.36	1000	36	500	I_SPPA= 23.87 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	1.13	降低SEP幅值、增强感觉辨别能力	1、靶点侧移1 cm; 2、换能器翻转
Mueller et al., 2014	体感加工	左侧S1	CP3	500	0.36	1000	36	500	I_SPPA= 23.87 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	1.13	降低SEP幅值、改变EEG相位分布	1、靶点侧移1 cm; 2、换能器翻转
Liu et al., 2021	体感加工	左侧S1	MRI引导	500	0.2	300	6	500	I_SPPA= 1.10 I_SPTA= 0.067 (靶点处)	/	增强振动辨别能力	换能器距离头皮4~6 cm
Lee et al., 2015	体感加工	双侧S1	MRI/CT引导	250	1	500	50	300	I_SPPA= 0.7 I_SPTA= 0.35 (靶点处)	0.62	诱发对侧手体感知觉	换能器不发射超声
Lee et al., 2016	体感加工	左侧S1、S2	MRI/CT引导	210	1	500	50	500	I_SPPA= 35.0 I_SPTA= 17.5 (自由场)	/	诱发对侧手体感知觉	换能器不发射超声
Legon et al., 2018	体感加工	左侧丘脑	MRI/CT引导	500	0.36	1000	36	500	I_SPPA= 14.56 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	0.89	降低SEP振幅、降低感觉辨别能力	换能器前端加高声阻抗盘
Kim et al., 2023	体感加工	右侧S1、VPL	MRI/CT引导	250	0.5/1/2	1400/700/350	70	200	S1： I_SPPA= 14.7 I_SPTA= / VPL： I_SPPA= 9.1 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	S1：0.7 VPL：0.6	增强网络功能连接	换能器不发射超声
Lee et al., 2016	视觉加工	V1	MRI/CT引导	270	1	500	50	300	I_SPPA= 3.0 I_SPTA= 1.5 (靶点处)	0.6	诱发光幻视和早期诱发电位	1、换能器不发射超声; 2、光刺激对照
Nandi et al., 2023	视觉加工	左侧V1	枕外隆凸左侧约2 cm	270	3.25 (渐变脉冲)	250	50	300	I_SPPA= 16 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	/	增强视觉诱发电位	/
文献信息	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间(ms)	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要效应	TUS对照条件
Butler et al., 2022	视觉加工	右侧颞中视觉运动区复合体	MRI引导	500	0.5	1000	50	300	I_SPPA= / I_SPTA< 0.72	/	促进视觉表现	1、右侧梭状面孔区主动对照; 2、不发射超声、有听觉掩蔽
Farboud et al., 2026	视觉加工	双侧额叶眼区	MRI引导	250	2 (渐变脉冲)	500	100	500	I_SPPA= 9.37 I_SPTA= 9.37 (自由场)	1.76	提高对侧眼跳的选择概率	1：M1主动对照; 2、不发射超声、有听觉掩蔽
Ai et al., 2018	运动控制	优势手对侧M1	MRI引导	500	0.36	1000	36	500	I_SPPA= 16.95 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	0.97	增强BOLD激活体积	关闭换能器, 不发射超声
Legon et al., 2018	运动控制	优势手对侧M1	FDI或APB热点	500	0.36	1000	36	500	I_SPPA= 17.12 I_SPTA= 6.16 (自由场)	0.9	抑制运动诱发电位、削弱皮层内易化程度	1、顶叶主动对照; 2、换能器翻转
Fomenko et al., 2020	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	0.3	1000	30	500	I_SPPA= 2.32 I_SPTA= 0.69 (衰减后)	0.19	抑制运动诱发电位、增强皮层内抑制程度	1、关闭换能器; 2、换能器翻转; 两者均有听觉掩蔽
Xia et al., 2021	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	0.3	1000	30	500	I_SPPA= 2.32 I_SPTA= 0.69 (衰减后)	0.19	抑制运动诱发电位	1、关闭换能器; 2、换能器翻转; 两者均有听觉掩蔽
Yu et al., 2021	运动控制	左侧M1	MRI引导	500	0.2	300/3000	6/60	500	I_SPPA= 1.17 I_SPTA= 0.703 (靶点处)	/	增强运动相关皮层电位	换能器距离头皮4~6 cm
Heimbuch et al., 2022	运动控制	左侧M1	MRI引导	500	0.36	1000	36	300	I_SPPA= 15.48 I_SPTA= 5.57 (自由场)	0.8	未观察到显著效应	/
Fine et al., 2023	反应抑制	右侧额下回	MRI引导	500	0.24	1000	24	500	I_SPPA= 22.43 I_SPTA= 5.38 (自由场)	1.15	缩短停止信号反应时、缩短ERP潜伏期	1、S1主动对照; 2、换能器翻转, 控制听觉混杂
文献信息	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间(ms)	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要效应	TUS对照条件
Legon et al., 2024	疼痛体验	左侧前岛叶和后岛叶	MRI引导	500	0.36	1000	36	1000	I_SPPA= 3.5 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	/	降低热痛评分、降低接触性热痛诱发电位的幅值	换能器不发射超声, 有听觉掩蔽
Strohman et al., 2024	疼痛体验	背侧前扣带回	MRI/CT引导	500	0.36	1000	36	1000	I_SPPA= 4.34 I_SPTA= 1.56 (自由场)	/	降低热痛评分、提高心率变异性、降低接触性热痛诱发电位的幅值	换能器不发射超声, 有听觉掩蔽

文献信息	被试	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要测试指标	TUS对照条件
Forster et al., 2023	健康人群	情绪加工	右侧前额叶皮层	F8	500	0.125	40	0.50	120 s	I_SPPA= 40 I_SPTA= 0.199 (自由场)	1.54	降低额叶中部θ活动、降低无助化倾向	换能器翻转
Ziebell et al., 2023	健康人群	情绪加工	右侧前额叶皮层	F8	500	0.125	40	0.50	120 s	I_SPPA= 40 I_SPTA= 0.199 (自由场)	1.54	降低额叶中部θ活动、增加趋近行为	换能器翻转
文献信息	被试	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要测试指标	TUS对照条件
Sanguinetti et al., 2020 (实验2)	健康人群	情绪加工	右侧额下回	F8	500	0.065	40	0.26	120 s	I_SPPA= 54 I_SPTA= 0.272 (自由场)	1.79	提高积极情绪和精神活力评分、改变前额叶功能连接	换能器不发射超声
Kim et al., 2022	健康人群	情绪加工	双侧内侧前额叶	MRI/CT引导	250	0.5	1400	70	20 min (刺激0.3 s, 间隔5 s)	/	0.6	改变θ、β、θ功率	未报告
Kim et al., 2022	健康人群	情绪加工	双侧内侧前额叶	MRI/CT引导	250	0.5	100	5	20 min	/	0.6	改变θ、β、θ功率	未报告
Chou et al., 2024	健康人群	情绪加工	左侧杏仁核	MRI引导	650	5	10	5	20 min (30 s 开/关)	I_SPPA= 14.4 I_SPTA= 0.72 (衰减后)	/	降低恐惧诱发任务中的杏仁核激活	断开换能器连接线
Hoang-Dang et al., 2024	健康人群	情绪加工	右侧杏仁核	MRI引导	650	5	10	5	/	I_SPPA=/ I_SPTA= 0.72 (衰减后)	/	增强负性情绪任务中的主观体验和心理生理反应	左侧内嗅皮层主动对照
Barksdale et al., 2025	情绪、焦虑和创伤相关障碍患者	情绪加工	左侧杏仁核	MRI引导	/	5	10	5	10 min (30 s 开/关); 连续3周, 每个工作日1次	I_SPPA= 14.4 I_SPTA= 0.72 (衰减后)	/	降低杏仁核BOLD信号	开放标签、单臂、无对照
Mahdavi et al., 2023	难治性广泛性焦虑障碍患者	情绪加工	右侧杏仁核	MRI引导	650	5	10	5	10 min (30 s 开/关); 连续八周, 每周一次	I_SPPA= 14.39 I_SPTA= 0.72 (衰减后)	0.75	降低焦虑水平	开放标签、单臂、无对照
Riis et al., 2023	难治性抑郁症患者	情绪加工	膝下扣带皮层后部、前部、膝前扣带回	MRI引导	650	30	/	0.80	20~180 s (30 ms 开/4 s 关)	/	/	减轻抑郁症状	个案报告
Fan et al., 2024	难治性抑郁症患者	情绪加工	腹侧内囊区、终纹床核、丘脑前核	MRI引导	500	/	25	13	300 s × 8次	I_SPPA= 42.2~50.2 I_SPTA= / (靶点处)	/	减轻抑郁症状	个案报告
文献信息	被试	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要测试指标	TUS对照条件
Zhai et al., 2023	精神分裂症患者	情绪加工	左侧背外侧前额叶皮层	/	500	0.5	100	5	15 min (刺激0.5 s, 间隔8 s); 连续3周, 每个工作日1次	/	/	改善阴性症状和持续性注意	超声强度设置为0 W/cm²
Darmani et al., 2025 (实验2)	健康人群	反应抑制	双侧苍白球内侧	MRI引导	500	20	5	10	120 s	I_SPPA= 1.6~8 I_SPTA= 0.2~0.85 (靶点处)	0.38-0.67	延长停止信号反应时	丘脑枕核主动对照
Nakajima et al., 2022	健康人群	反应抑制	右侧丘脑底核、壳核前部、额下回	MRI引导	500	30	10	30	40 s	I_SPPA= 35.8 I_SPTA= 10.7 (自由场)	/	延长停止信号反应时	1、壳核后部主动对照; 2、额中回皮层主动对照
Osada et al., 2024	健康人群	反应抑制	右侧背侧前脑岛	MRI引导	500	30	10	30	40 s	I_SPPA= 15.2 I_SPTA= 4.5 (靶点处)	/	延长停止信号反应时	腹侧前岛叶主动对照
Jung et al., 2026	健康人群	记忆加工	左侧腹内侧颞叶前部	MRI引导	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 11.46 I_SPTA= / (靶点处)	0.80	提高语义联想任务正确率	左侧脑室主动对照
Jeong et al., 2021	阿尔茨海默病患者	记忆加工	右侧海马	MRI/CT引导	250	20	2	4	180 s	I_SPPA= 0.5~3 I_SPTA= 0.02~0.12 (靶点处)	0.27	轻度改善行为表现	单臂试验、无对照
Peng et al., 2024	健康人群	奖赏加工	左侧NAcc	MRI引导	650	5	10	5	10 min (30 s 开/关)	I_SPPA= / I_SPTA= 0.719 (衰减后)	/	降低局部活动	不发射声波
Yaakub et al., 2025	健康人群	奖赏加工	左侧NAcc、dACC	MRI引导	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 35 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	/	增强个体对奖赏信息的敏感性	关闭换能器、有听觉掩蔽
Mahoney, Haut, et al., 2023	物质使用障碍患者	成瘾渴求	双侧NAcc	MRI引导	220	100	0.33	3.3	20 min (5 s 开/10 s 关)	/	/	降低线索诱发的渴求度	不发射声波
文献信息	被试	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要测试指标	TUS对照条件
Mahoney, Thompson-Lake, et al., 2023	物质使用障碍患者	成瘾渴求	双侧NAcc	MRI引导	220	/	/	/	10 min (5 s 开/10 s 关)	/	/	降低线索诱发的渴求度	个案报告
Rezai, Thompson-Lake, et al., 2025	严重阿片类药物使用障碍患者	成瘾渴求	双侧NAcc	MRI引导	220	100	0.33	3.3	20 min (5 s 开/10 s 关)	/	/	降低线索诱发的渴求度	开放标签、单臂、无对照
Badran et al., 2020	健康人群	疼痛体验	右侧前丘脑	MRI引导	650	5	10	5	10 min (30 s 开/关) × 2次	I_SPPA=/ I_SPTA= 0.719 (衰减后)	/	提高疼痛阈限、增强个体对热痛刺激的耐受性	关闭超声设备
In et al., 2024	健康人群	疼痛体验	左侧前岛叶、后岛叶、dACC	MRI引导	500	0.36	1000	36	10 min (1s 开/5 s关)	前岛叶、后岛叶： I_SPPA= 4.2 I_SPTA= 1.5; dACC： I_SPPA= 4.5 I_SPTA= 1.62 (自由场)	前岛叶、后岛叶：0.2、dACC：0.23	降低疼痛时间累积效应	不发射声波、有听觉掩蔽
Riis et al., 2024	慢性疼痛患者	疼痛体验	前扣带回皮层	MRI引导	650	5	100	50	Block A： 30 s×16次; Block B： 180 s ×12次;	I_SPPA= 31 I_SPTA= 0.66 (衰减后)	1.2	降低疼痛评分	超声强度设置为0 W/cm²、有听觉掩蔽
Shin et al., 2023	慢性神经病理性疼痛患者	疼痛体验	双侧dACC	MRI/CT引导	250	5~10	/	50~70	< 30 min, 共2周、每周3次	I_SPTA < 0.72	< 1.9	降低当前疼痛、平均疼痛和最大疼痛评分	开放标签、单臂、无对照
文献信息	被试	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要测试指标	TUS对照条件
Desai et al., 2025	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 2.93 I_SPTA= 0.29 (衰减后)	/	增强运动诱发电位	换能器翻转、有听觉掩蔽
Zeng et al., 2022	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 2.26 I_SPTA= 0.23	/	增强运动诱发电位	换能器翻转、有听觉掩蔽
Zhang et al., 2022	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	APB热点	800	/	/	/	10 min (1 s 开/2 s 关)	/	/	增强运动诱发电位	换能器翻转
Zhang et al., 2021	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	APB热点	500	0.5	100	5	15 min (8 s刺激间隔)	I_SPPA= 8.053 I_SPTA= 0.403 (自由场)	0.696	增强运动诱发电位	关闭超声设备、戴耳塞
Ren et al., 2023	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	APB热点	500	0.5	100	5	15 min (8 s刺激间隔)	I_SPPA= 8.056 I_SPTA= 0.404 (自由场)	0.698	增强运动诱发电位	超声强度设置为0 W/cm²
Xia et al., 2024	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 2.93 I_SPTA= 0.29 (衰减后)	/	增强运动诱发电位	换能器翻转、有听觉掩蔽
Bao et al., 2024	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	MRI引导	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 2.38 I_SPTA= 0.24 (靶点处)	0.378	抑制运动诱发电位	不发射超声有听觉掩蔽
Fong et al., 2025	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 1.2 I_SPTA= / (靶点处)	0.26	未观察到显著效应	Matlab控制、有听觉掩蔽
Samuel et al., 2022	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 2.26 I_SPTA= 0.23 (衰减后)	/	降低运动相关alpha和beta功率、增强运动网络功能连接	换能器翻转、有听觉掩蔽
文献信息	被试	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要测试指标	TUS对照条件
Samuel et al., 2023	帕金森疾病患者	运动控制	双侧M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s, 连续三次, 间隔30 min	I_SPPA= 2.26 I_SPTA= 0.23 (衰减后)	/	增强运动诱发电位	换能器翻转
Grippe et al., 2024	帕金森疾病患者	运动控制	M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 2.93 I_SPTA= 0.29 (衰减后)	/	降低运动迟缓程度	无
Lin et al., 2026	帕金森疾病患者	运动控制	双侧M1、苍白球内	FDI热点/MRI引导	500	20	5	10	120 s	M1：I_SPPA= 20 苍白球内侧：I_SPTA= 30 (自由场)	/	降低帕金森病评定量表评分和运动迟缓程度	超声强度设置为0 W/cm²、有听觉掩蔽

文献信息	被试	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要测试指标	TUS对照条件
Forster et al., 2023	健康人群	情绪加工	右侧前额叶皮层	F8	500	0.125	40	0.50	120 s	I_SPPA= 40 I_SPTA= 0.199 (自由场)	1.54	降低额叶中部θ活动、降低无助化倾向	换能器翻转
Ziebell et al., 2023	健康人群	情绪加工	右侧前额叶皮层	F8	500	0.125	40	0.50	120 s	I_SPPA= 40 I_SPTA= 0.199 (自由场)	1.54	降低额叶中部θ活动、增加趋近行为	换能器翻转
文献信息	被试	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要测试指标	TUS对照条件
Sanguinetti et al., 2020 (实验2)	健康人群	情绪加工	右侧额下回	F8	500	0.065	40	0.26	120 s	I_SPPA= 54 I_SPTA= 0.272 (自由场)	1.79	提高积极情绪和精神活力评分、改变前额叶功能连接	换能器不发射超声
Kim et al., 2022	健康人群	情绪加工	双侧内侧前额叶	MRI/CT引导	250	0.5	1400	70	20 min (刺激0.3 s, 间隔5 s)	/	0.6	改变θ、β、θ功率	未报告
Kim et al., 2022	健康人群	情绪加工	双侧内侧前额叶	MRI/CT引导	250	0.5	100	5	20 min	/	0.6	改变θ、β、θ功率	未报告
Chou et al., 2024	健康人群	情绪加工	左侧杏仁核	MRI引导	650	5	10	5	20 min (30 s 开/关)	I_SPPA= 14.4 I_SPTA= 0.72 (衰减后)	/	降低恐惧诱发任务中的杏仁核激活	断开换能器连接线
Hoang-Dang et al., 2024	健康人群	情绪加工	右侧杏仁核	MRI引导	650	5	10	5	/	I_SPPA=/ I_SPTA= 0.72 (衰减后)	/	增强负性情绪任务中的主观体验和心理生理反应	左侧内嗅皮层主动对照
Barksdale et al., 2025	情绪、焦虑和创伤相关障碍患者	情绪加工	左侧杏仁核	MRI引导	/	5	10	5	10 min (30 s 开/关); 连续3周, 每个工作日1次	I_SPPA= 14.4 I_SPTA= 0.72 (衰减后)	/	降低杏仁核BOLD信号	开放标签、单臂、无对照
Mahdavi et al., 2023	难治性广泛性焦虑障碍患者	情绪加工	右侧杏仁核	MRI引导	650	5	10	5	10 min (30 s 开/关); 连续八周, 每周一次	I_SPPA= 14.39 I_SPTA= 0.72 (衰减后)	0.75	降低焦虑水平	开放标签、单臂、无对照
Riis et al., 2023	难治性抑郁症患者	情绪加工	膝下扣带皮层后部、前部、膝前扣带回	MRI引导	650	30	/	0.80	20~180 s (30 ms 开/4 s 关)	/	/	减轻抑郁症状	个案报告
Fan et al., 2024	难治性抑郁症患者	情绪加工	腹侧内囊区、终纹床核、丘脑前核	MRI引导	500	/	25	13	300 s × 8次	I_SPPA= 42.2~50.2 I_SPTA= / (靶点处)	/	减轻抑郁症状	个案报告
文献信息	被试	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要测试指标	TUS对照条件
Zhai et al., 2023	精神分裂症患者	情绪加工	左侧背外侧前额叶皮层	/	500	0.5	100	5	15 min (刺激0.5 s, 间隔8 s); 连续3周, 每个工作日1次	/	/	改善阴性症状和持续性注意	超声强度设置为0 W/cm²
Darmani et al., 2025 (实验2)	健康人群	反应抑制	双侧苍白球内侧	MRI引导	500	20	5	10	120 s	I_SPPA= 1.6~8 I_SPTA= 0.2~0.85 (靶点处)	0.38-0.67	延长停止信号反应时	丘脑枕核主动对照
Nakajima et al., 2022	健康人群	反应抑制	右侧丘脑底核、壳核前部、额下回	MRI引导	500	30	10	30	40 s	I_SPPA= 35.8 I_SPTA= 10.7 (自由场)	/	延长停止信号反应时	1、壳核后部主动对照; 2、额中回皮层主动对照
Osada et al., 2024	健康人群	反应抑制	右侧背侧前脑岛	MRI引导	500	30	10	30	40 s	I_SPPA= 15.2 I_SPTA= 4.5 (靶点处)	/	延长停止信号反应时	腹侧前岛叶主动对照
Jung et al., 2026	健康人群	记忆加工	左侧腹内侧颞叶前部	MRI引导	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 11.46 I_SPTA= / (靶点处)	0.80	提高语义联想任务正确率	左侧脑室主动对照
Jeong et al., 2021	阿尔茨海默病患者	记忆加工	右侧海马	MRI/CT引导	250	20	2	4	180 s	I_SPPA= 0.5~3 I_SPTA= 0.02~0.12 (靶点处)	0.27	轻度改善行为表现	单臂试验、无对照
Peng et al., 2024	健康人群	奖赏加工	左侧NAcc	MRI引导	650	5	10	5	10 min (30 s 开/关)	I_SPPA= / I_SPTA= 0.719 (衰减后)	/	降低局部活动	不发射声波
Yaakub et al., 2025	健康人群	奖赏加工	左侧NAcc、dACC	MRI引导	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 35 I_SPTA= / (自由场)	/	增强个体对奖赏信息的敏感性	关闭换能器、有听觉掩蔽
Mahoney, Haut, et al., 2023	物质使用障碍患者	成瘾渴求	双侧NAcc	MRI引导	220	100	0.33	3.3	20 min (5 s 开/10 s 关)	/	/	降低线索诱发的渴求度	不发射声波
文献信息	被试	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要测试指标	TUS对照条件
Mahoney, Thompson-Lake, et al., 2023	物质使用障碍患者	成瘾渴求	双侧NAcc	MRI引导	220	/	/	/	10 min (5 s 开/10 s 关)	/	/	降低线索诱发的渴求度	个案报告
Rezai, Thompson-Lake, et al., 2025	严重阿片类药物使用障碍患者	成瘾渴求	双侧NAcc	MRI引导	220	100	0.33	3.3	20 min (5 s 开/10 s 关)	/	/	降低线索诱发的渴求度	开放标签、单臂、无对照
Badran et al., 2020	健康人群	疼痛体验	右侧前丘脑	MRI引导	650	5	10	5	10 min (30 s 开/关) × 2次	I_SPPA=/ I_SPTA= 0.719 (衰减后)	/	提高疼痛阈限、增强个体对热痛刺激的耐受性	关闭超声设备
In et al., 2024	健康人群	疼痛体验	左侧前岛叶、后岛叶、dACC	MRI引导	500	0.36	1000	36	10 min (1s 开/5 s关)	前岛叶、后岛叶： I_SPPA= 4.2 I_SPTA= 1.5; dACC： I_SPPA= 4.5 I_SPTA= 1.62 (自由场)	前岛叶、后岛叶：0.2、dACC：0.23	降低疼痛时间累积效应	不发射声波、有听觉掩蔽
Riis et al., 2024	慢性疼痛患者	疼痛体验	前扣带回皮层	MRI引导	650	5	100	50	Block A： 30 s×16次; Block B： 180 s ×12次;	I_SPPA= 31 I_SPTA= 0.66 (衰减后)	1.2	降低疼痛评分	超声强度设置为0 W/cm²、有听觉掩蔽
Shin et al., 2023	慢性神经病理性疼痛患者	疼痛体验	双侧dACC	MRI/CT引导	250	5~10	/	50~70	< 30 min, 共2周、每周3次	I_SPTA < 0.72	< 1.9	降低当前疼痛、平均疼痛和最大疼痛评分	开放标签、单臂、无对照
文献信息	被试	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要测试指标	TUS对照条件
Desai et al., 2025	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 2.93 I_SPTA= 0.29 (衰减后)	/	增强运动诱发电位	换能器翻转、有听觉掩蔽
Zeng et al., 2022	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 2.26 I_SPTA= 0.23	/	增强运动诱发电位	换能器翻转、有听觉掩蔽
Zhang et al., 2022	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	APB热点	800	/	/	/	10 min (1 s 开/2 s 关)	/	/	增强运动诱发电位	换能器翻转
Zhang et al., 2021	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	APB热点	500	0.5	100	5	15 min (8 s刺激间隔)	I_SPPA= 8.053 I_SPTA= 0.403 (自由场)	0.696	增强运动诱发电位	关闭超声设备、戴耳塞
Ren et al., 2023	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	APB热点	500	0.5	100	5	15 min (8 s刺激间隔)	I_SPPA= 8.056 I_SPTA= 0.404 (自由场)	0.698	增强运动诱发电位	超声强度设置为0 W/cm²
Xia et al., 2024	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 2.93 I_SPTA= 0.29 (衰减后)	/	增强运动诱发电位	换能器翻转、有听觉掩蔽
Bao et al., 2024	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	MRI引导	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 2.38 I_SPTA= 0.24 (靶点处)	0.378	抑制运动诱发电位	不发射超声有听觉掩蔽
Fong et al., 2025	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 1.2 I_SPTA= / (靶点处)	0.26	未观察到显著效应	Matlab控制、有听觉掩蔽
Samuel et al., 2022	健康人群	运动控制	左侧M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 2.26 I_SPTA= 0.23 (衰减后)	/	降低运动相关alpha和beta功率、增强运动网络功能连接	换能器翻转、有听觉掩蔽
文献信息	被试	认知功能	刺激靶点	定位方式	基频(kHz)	脉冲宽度(ms)	脉冲重复频率(Hz)	占空比 (%)	超声持续时间	强度 (W/cm²)¹	机械指数	主要测试指标	TUS对照条件
Samuel et al., 2023	帕金森疾病患者	运动控制	双侧M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s, 连续三次, 间隔30 min	I_SPPA= 2.26 I_SPTA= 0.23 (衰减后)	/	增强运动诱发电位	换能器翻转
Grippe et al., 2024	帕金森疾病患者	运动控制	M1	FDI热点	500	20	5	10	80 s	I_SPPA= 2.93 I_SPTA= 0.29 (衰减后)	/	降低运动迟缓程度	无
Lin et al., 2026	帕金森疾病患者	运动控制	双侧M1、苍白球内	FDI热点/MRI引导	500	20	5	10	120 s	M1：I_SPPA= 20 苍白球内侧：I_SPTA= 30 (自由场)	/	降低帕金森病评定量表评分和运动迟缓程度	超声强度设置为0 W/cm²、有听觉掩蔽

比较维度	在线刺激	离线刺激
基本定义	在任务执行、感觉输入或特定心理加工过程中同步施加TUS, 刺激与目标事件或加工阶段在时间上重叠	在任务执行前或任务间歇施加TUS, 主要观察刺激结束后持续存在的神经和行为效应
参数组织	多采用较短刺激窗口, 如数百毫秒至数秒	多采用重复脉冲或较长时程刺激方案, 持续数十秒至数十分钟
效应时间	主要关注刺激期间或刺激后极短时间内的即时效应	主要关注刺激结束后数分钟至数十分钟, 甚至更长时间内的持续效应
研究目的	检验特定脑区在某一心理加工阶段中的即时因果作用	检验TUS对脑区兴奋性、网络功能状态或可塑性样改变的持续调节作用
对照条件	需要特别控制听觉混杂、体感提示和事件同步线索, 如主动声掩蔽、有效对照、非靶点刺激或时间错位刺激	需要控制刺激前后测量顺序、学习效应、疲劳效应、安慰剂效应和长时间任务重复效应
应用取向	更适合用于基础认知神经科学研究, 回答“某脑区是否在某一加工阶段发挥作用”	更适合用于神经调控、康复干预和临床转化研究, 回答“刺激能否改变脑状态并产生持续效应”