Empowerment or disempowerment: The influence of using AI on creative personality

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01990

Abstract

Abstract:

Creative personality is often considered stable and unique. However, when artificial intelligence (AI) participates in creative tasks, the “digital authority” role of AI may cause automation bias in human use of AI, making it difficult for humans to maintain a leading role in creativity, even with a creative personality. Yet, significant research gaps persist. First, the organizational personality literature is dominated by the classic dispositional view that personality traits are stable. Second, despite calls to promote research on the impact of AI on personality traits, the field lacks theoretical and empirical research. Our knowledge regarding the effects of AI on human creative personality and its underlying mechanisms is notably limited.

Considering the above calls and limitations, this study adopts a developmental perspective on personality to clarify the impact of using AI in creative work on creative personality. Specifically, it encompasses three distinct sub-studies. Study 1 reveals the mechanisms by which the use of AI mediates creative personality. By drawing on the concepts of "I can" and "I should", we examine the negative effects of using AI and automation bias on creative self-efficacy and creative role identity. Study 2 explores the long-term effects of using AI and automation bias on individual creative personality. Furthermore, study 3 investigates the effectiveness of self-leadership, focusing on how individuals defend their innovative subjectivity.

This study makes three primary theoretical contributions. First, this study emphasizes the long-term effects of AI on creative personality. Although the potential influence of using AI on creativity has emerged as a prominent research topic, much of the focus has been on the impact of AI on the creative process, creative outcomes, and creative environment. Studies have shown that using AI can both foster and hinder creativity. Building on this, our research highlights a significant, yet potentially overlooked, drawback of using AI. It contributes to a more nuanced and complete picture of how emerging technologies can shape an individual's creative personality. This study posits that using AI may engender an individual's automation bias, which could disrupt the positive pathways of "I can create” and "I should create", ultimately diminishing individual creative personality. By doing so, we extend the literature on the negative effects of AI on creative personality and remind human beings of their unique roles as primary agents in creative work.

Second, this study introduces self-leadership as an effective strategy for reaffirming humans as the central agents of creativity. Prevailing research often positions AI at the core of creative work, inadvertently obscuring the subjectivity of human beings. This study, however, asserts that although AI has a certain degree of autonomy, human beings remain the essential protagonists in creative work. To this end, this study proposes a strategy of internal control that reinforces the subject position of human creativity, fundamentally shifting from external organizational supervision to self-regulation. By embracing self-leadership, individuals can counteract the tendencies towards "cognitive saving" and social loafing, thereby preventing the degradation of creative personality that arises from using AI. In this way, this study reveals a pathway to counteract the negative effects of AI on creative personality, thereby optimizing the benefits of AI applications on creativity.

Third, this study builds an overall theoretical model that encapsulates the impact of using AI on creative personality, the underlying mechanisms, and potential countermeasures. Prior research has predominantly examined how individuals with different personality traits respond to AI and the compatibility between personality traits and AI. However, there is still limited understanding about how AI affects individual personality traits as AI becomes more integrated into creative work. AI, with its exceptional capabilities, dynamism, and autonomy, stands out as a unique factor affecting creativity. Considering that particularity, there is an urgent need for a thorough and detailed theoretical framework. To this end, the theoretical model of this study encompasses the long-term effects of using AI on creative personality, elucidates the underlying mechanisms, and proposes effective coping strategies.

In summary, our theoretical framework aims to provide scholars with a more comprehensive and profound understanding of how using AI influences individual creative personality, while also offering guidance on how to prevent the erosion of human creativity and avoid becoming subservient to AI.

Key words: AI, creativity, personality, automation bias, self-leadership

CLC Number:

B849: C936

WANG Hongli, LI Zhen, ZHOU Mengnan, CHEN Zhengren. Empowerment or disempowerment: The influence of using AI on creative personality[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2024, 32(12): 1990-2004.

References

[1] 高文阳, 李伟, 林伟鹏, 翁清雄, 王阳, 杨松. (2021). 潜变化分数模型在组织行为学追踪研究中的应用.中国人力资源开发, 38(11), 6-25.
[2] 李景理, 韩志勇, 张陶然, 丁棠丽. (2021). 新生代员工人格与创造力关系研究.科学学与科学技术管理, 42(5), 156-173.
[3] 宋志刚, 顾琴轩. (2015). 创造性人格与员工创造力: 一个被调节的中介模型研究.心理科学, 38(3), 700-707.
[4] 王艳平, 赵文丽. (2018). 人格特质对员工创造力的影响研究. 软科学, 32(3), 93-96+110.
[5] 肖萌, 马钦海. (2018). 价值共创中顾客创造角色认同对顾客价值的影响——共创程度的中介作用和支配度的调节作用.技术经济, 37(9), 36-45.
[6] 胥彦, 李超平. (2019). 追踪研究在组织行为学中的应用.心理科学进展, 27(4), 600-610.
[7] 杨晶照, 杨东涛, 赵顺娣, 姜林娣, 秦伟平. (2011). “我是”、“我能”、“我愿”——员工创新心理因素与员工创新的关系研究.科学学与科学技术管理, 32(4), 165-172.
[8] 张凌寒. (2022). 智慧司法中技术依赖的隐忧及应对.法制与社会发展, 28(4), 180-200.
[9] 张志学, 赵曙明, 连汇文, 谢小云. (2021). 数智时代的自我管理和自我领导:现状与未来.外国经济与管理, 43(11), 3-14.
[10] 赵国祥, 梁瀚中. (2011). 国外自我领导研究的现状述评.心理科学进展, 19(4), 589-598.
[11] Amabile T. M., Barsade S. G., Mueller J. S., & Staw B. M. (2005). Affect and creativity at work.Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 367-403.
[12] Asendorpf, J. B., & Van Aken, M. A. G. (2003). Personality- relationship transaction in adolescence: Core versus surface personality characteristics. Journal of Personality, 71(4), 629-666.
[13] Bahoo S., Cucculelli M., & Qamar D. (2023). Artificial intelligence and corporate innovation: A review and research agenda.Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 188, 122264.
[14] Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall.
[15] Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman and Company.
[16] Bleidorn W., Buyukcan-Tetik A., Schwaba T., van Scheppingen M. A., Denissen J. J. A., & Finkenauer C. (2016). Stability and change in self-esteem during the transition to parenthood.Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(6), 560-569.
[17] Bleidorn W., Hopwood C. J., & Lucas R. E. (2018). Life events and personality trait change.Journal of Personality, 86(1), 83-96.
[18] Bleidorn W., Kandler C., Hülsheger U. R., Riemann R., Angleitner A., & Spinath F. M. (2010). Nature and nurture of the interplay between personality traits and major life goals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(2), 366-379.
[19] Boyce C. J., Wood A. M., Daly M., & Sedikides C. (2015). Personality change following unemployment.Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(4), 991-1011.
[20] Brynjolfsson, E., & Mcafee, A. (2017). Artificial intelligence, for real.Harvard Business Review, 1, 1-31.
[21] Callero P. L., Howard J. A., & Piliavin J. A. (1987). Helping behavior as role behavior: Disclosing social structure and history in the analysis of prosocial action.Social Psychology Quarterly, 50(3), 247-256.
[22] Caprara G., Vecchione M., Barbaranelli C., & Alessandri G. (2013). Emotional stability and affective self-regulatory efficacy beliefs: Proofs of integration between trait theory and social cognitive theory.European Journal of Personality, 27(2), 145-154.
[23] Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (1993). When do individual differences matter? A paradoxical theory of personality coherence.Psychological Inquiry, 4(4), 247-271.
[24] Caspi A., Roberts B. W., & Shiner R. L. (2005). Personality development: Stability and change.Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1), 453-484.
[25] Cervone D., Jiwani N., & Wood R. (1991). Goal setting and the differential influence of self-regulatory processes on complex decision-making performance.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 257-266.
[26] Chamberlain R., Mullin C., Scheerlinck B., & Wagemans J. (2018). Putting the art in artificial: Aesthetic responses to computer-generated art.Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 12(2), 177-192.
[27] Chan, D., & Schmitt, N. (2000). Interindividual differences in intraindividual changes in proactivity during organizational entry: A latent growth modeling approach to understanding newcomer adaptation.Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(2), 190-210.
[28] Chatterjee, A. (2022). Art in an age of artificial intelligence.Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1024449.
[29] Cockburn I., Henderson R., & Stern, S. (2019). The impact of artificial intelligence on innovation: An exploratory analysis In A Agrawal, J Gans & A Goldfarb (Ed), The economics of artificial intelligence: An agenda (pp 115-148) University of Chicago Press An exploratory analysis. In A. Agrawal, J. Gans & A. Goldfarb (Ed.), The economics of artificial intelligence: An agenda (pp. 115-148). University of Chicago Press.
[30] Cymek D. H., Truckenbrodt A., & Onnasch L. (2023). Lean back or lean in? Exploring social loafing in human-robot teams.Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 10, 1249252.
[31] Donnellan M. B., Hill P. L., & Roberts B. W. (2015). Personality development across the life span: Current findings and future directions. In M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, M. L. Cooper, & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 4: Personality processes and individual differences(pp. 107-126). American Psychological Association.
[32] Dul J., Ceylan C., & Jaspers F. (2011). Knowledge workers’ creativity and the role of the physical work environment.Human Resource Management, 50(6), 715-734.
[33] Dwivedi Y. K., Hughes L., Ismagilova E., Aarts G., Coombs C., Crick T., … Williams M. D. (2021). Artificial intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy.International Journal of Information Management, 57, 101994.
[34] Farmer S. M., Tierney P., & Kung-McIntyre K. (2003). Employee creativity in Taiwan: An application of role identity theory.Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 618-630.
[35] Feist, G. J., & Barron, F. X. (2003). Predicting creativity from early to late adulthood: Intellect, potential, and personality.Journal of Research in Personality, 37(2), 62-88.
[36] Fisher, C. D. (1978). The effects of personal control, competence, and extrinsic reward systems on intrinsic motivation.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 21(3), 273-288.
[37] Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. McGraw-Hill.
[38] Fleeson, W., & Jolley, S. (2006). A proposed theory of the adult development of intraindividual variability in trait-manifesting behavior. In D. Mroczek & T. D. Little (Eds.), Handbook of personality development(pp. 41-60). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[39] Ford, C. M. (1996). A theory of individual creative action in multiple social domains.The Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1112-1142.
[40] Ford, C. M., & Gioia, D. A. (2000). Factors influencing creativity in the domain of managerial decision making.Journal of Management, 26(4), 705-732.
[41] Frayne, C. A., & Geringer, J. M. (2003). Self-management training for improving job performance: A field experiment involving salespeople.Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 361-372.
[42] Grundke, A. (2024). If machines outperform humans: Status threat evoked by and willingness to interact with sophisticated machines in a work-related context.Behaviour & Information Technology, 43(7), 1348-1364.
[43] Harari M. B., Williams E. A., Castro S. L., & Brant K. K. (2021). Self‐leadership: A meta‐analysis of over two decades of research.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 94(4), 890-923.
[44] Hass R. W., Katz-Buonincontro J., & Reiter-Palmon R. (2016). Disentangling creative mindsets from creative self-efficacy and creative identity: Do people hold fixed and growth theories of creativity?Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 10(4), 436-446.
[45] Helson R., Roberts B., & Agronick G. (1995). Enduringness and change in creative personality and the prediction of occupational creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1173-1183.
[46] Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect.Psychological Review, 94(3), 319-340.
[47] Higgins E. T.(1989). Self-discrepancy theory: What patterns of self-beliefs cause people to suffer? In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 93-136). Academic Press.
[48] Higgins E. T., Roney C. J. R., Crowe E., & Hymes C. (1994). Ideal versus ought predilections for approach and avoidance distinct self-regulatory systems.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(2), 276-286.
[49] Huang, X. (2022). Constructing the associations between creative role identity, creative self-efficacy, and teaching for creativity for primary and secondary teachers. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. https:// doi.org/10.1037/aca0000453
[50] Huang X., Lee J. C. -K., & Yang X. (2019). What really counts? Investigating the effects of creative role identity and self-efficacy on teachers’ attitudes towards the implementation of teaching for creativity.Teaching and Teacher Education, 84, 57-65.
[51] Hudson N. W., Roberts B. W., & Lodi-Smith J. (2012). Personality trait development and social investment in work.Journal of Research in Personality, 46(3), 334-344.
[52] Hutchinson, P. (2021). Reinventing innovation management: The impact of self-innovating artificial intelligence.IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 68(2), 628-639.
[53] Jaiswal, N. K., & Dhar, R. L. (2015). Transformational leadership, innovation climate, creative self-efficacy and employee creativity: A multilevel study. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 51, 30-41.
[54] Jaussi K. S., Randel A. E., & Dionne S. D. (2007). I am, I think I can, and I do: The role of personal identity, self-efficacy, and cross-application of experiences in creativity at work.Creativity Research Journal, 19(2-3), 247-258.
[55] Jia N., Luo X., Fang Z., & Liao C. (2023). When and how artificial intelligence augments employee creativity.Academy of Management Journal, 67(1), 5-32.
[56] Ji-Eun, K. (2019). The impact of creative role identity and creative self-efficacy on employee creativity in the hotel business. The Journal of Asian Finance,Economics and Business, 6(2), 123-133.
[57] Judge T. A., Jackson C. L., Shaw J. C., Scott B. A., & Rich B. L. (2007). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: The integral role of individual differences.Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 107-127.
[58] Kakatkar C., Bilgram V., & Füller J. (2020). Innovation analytics: Leveraging artificial intelligence in the innovation process.Business Horizons, 63(2), 171-181.
[59] Kandler C., Zimmermann J., & McAdams D. P. (2014). Core and surface characteristics for the description and theory of personality differences and development.European Journal of Personality, 28(3), 231-243.
[60] Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681-706.
[61] Karwowski, M. (2012). Did curiosity kill the cat? Relationship between trait curiosity, creative self-efficacy and creative personal identity.Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(4), 547-558.
[62] Karwowski M., Lebuda I., Wisniewska E., & Gralewski J. (2013). Big five personality traits as the predictors of creative self‐efficacy and creative personal identity: Does gender matter?The Journal of Creative Behavior, 47(3), 215-232.
[63] Konradt U., Andreßen P., & Ellwart T. (2009). Self- leadership in organizational teams: A multilevel analysis of moderators and mediators.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 18(3), 322-346.
[64] Kundro, T. G. (2023). The benefits and burdens of work moralization on creativity.Academy of Management Journal, 66(4), 1183-1208.
[65] Layton C., Smith P. J., & McCoy C. E. (1994). Design of a cooperative problem-solving system for en-route flight planning: An empirical evaluation.Human Factors, 36(1), 94-119.
[66] Lebovitz S., Lifshitz-Assaf H., & Levina N. (2022). To engage or not to engage with AI for critical judgments: How professionals deal with opacity when using AI for medical diagnosis.Organization Science, 33(1), 126-148.
[67] Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004). Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance.Human Factors, 46(1), 50-80.
[68] Li C. -R., Yang Y., Lin C. -J., & Liu J. (2020). The complex within-person relationship between individual creative expression and subsequent creative process engagement.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(6), 822-840.
[69] Li W. D., Fay D., Frese M., Harms P. D., & Gao X. Y. (2014). Reciprocal relationship between proactive personality and work characteristics: A latent change score approach.Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(5), 948-965.
[70] Li W. D., Li S., Feng J. (J.), Wang M., Zhang H., Frese M., & Wu C. -H. (2021). Can becoming a leader change your personality? An investigation with two longitudinal studies from a role-based perspective.Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(6), 882-901.
[71] Lüdtke O., Trautwein U., & Husemann N. (2009). Goal and personality trait development in a transitional period: Assessing change and stability in personality development.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(4), 428-441.
[72] Magidson J. F., Roberts B. W., Collado-Rodriguez A., & Lejuez C. W. (2014). Theory-driven intervention for changing personality: Expectancy value theory, behavioral activation, and conscientiousness.Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1442-1450.
[73] Mahoney, M. J., & Thoresen, C. E. (1972). Behavioral self-control: Power to the person.Educational Researcher, 1(10), 5-7.
[74] Manz, C. C. (1986). Self-leadership: Toward an expanded theory of self-influence processes in organizations.Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 585-600.
[75] Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (1980). Self-management as a substitute for leadership: A social learning theory perspective.The Academy of Management Review, 5(3), 361.
[76] Manz, C., & Sims, H. (2001). The new superleadership: Leading others to lead themselves. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
[77] McAdams, D. P., & Olson, B. D. (2010). Personality development: Continuity and change over the life course.Annual Review of Psychology, 61(1), 517-542.
[78] McArdle, J. J. (2009). Latent variable modeling of differences and changes with longitudinal data.Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 577-605.
[79] McCrae R. R., Costa P. T. J., Ostendorf F., Angleitner A., Hrebickova M., Avia M. D., .. Smith P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 173-186.
[80] Mednick, S. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process.Psychological Review, 69(3), 220-232.
[81] Mikalef, P., & Gupta, M. (2021). Artificial intelligence capability: Conceptualization, measurement calibration, and empirical study on its impact on organizational creativity and firm performance.Information & Management, 58(3), 103434.
[82] Millet K., Buehler F., Du G., & Kokkoris M. D. (2023). Defending humankind: Anthropocentric bias in the appreciation of AI art.Computers in Human Behavior, 143, 107707.
[83] Miron-Spektor E., Gino F., & Argote L. (2011). Paradoxical frames and creative sparks: Enhancing individual creativity through conflict and integration.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116(2), 229-240.
[84] Mosier, K. L., & Skitka, L. J. (1996). Human decision makers and automated decision aids: Made for each other? In R. Parasuraman & M. Mouloua (Eds.), Automation and human performance: Theory and application(pp. 201- 220). Erlbaum.
[85] Mueller J. S., Melwani S., & Goncalo J. A. (2012). The bias against creativity: Why people desire but reject creative ideas.Psychological Science, 23(1), 13-17.
[86] Mueller S., Wagner J., Drewelies J., Duezel S., Eibich P., Specht J., … Gerstorf D. (2016). Personality development in old age relates to physical health and cognitive performance: Evidence from the Berlin Aging Study II.Journal of Research in Personality, 65, 94-108.
[87] Navis, C., & Glynn, M. A. (2011). Legitimate distinctiveness and the entrepreneurial identity: Influence on investor judgments of new venture plausibility.Academy of Management Review, 36(3), 479-499.
[88] Neck, C., & Houghton, J. (2006). Two decades of self-leadership theory and research: Past developments, present trends, and future possibilities.Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(4), 270-295.
[89] Ng, T. W. H., & Lucianetti, L. (2023). Within-individual increases in innovative behavior and creative, persuasion, and change self-efficacy over time: A social-cognitive theory perspective.Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(1), 14-34.
[90] Onnasch L., Wickens C. D., Li H., & Manzey D. (2014). Human performance consequences of stages and levels of automation.Human Factors, 56(3), 476-488.
[91] Parasuraman, R., & Manzey, D. H. (2010). Complacency and bias in human use of automation: An attentional integration.Human Factors, 52(3), 381-410.
[92] Porra J., Lacity M., & Parks M. S. (2020). “Can computer based human-likeness endanger humanness?”-A philosophical and ethical perspective on digital assistants expressing feelings they can’t have.Information Systems Frontiers, 22(3), 533-547.
[93] Puente-Díaz, R. (2016). Creative self-efficacy: An exploration of its antecedents, consequences, and applied implications.The Journal of Psychology, 150(2), 175-195.
[94] Raihan, T., & Uddin, M. A. (2023). The influence of creative self-efficacy, creative self-identity, and creative process engagement on innovative behaviour.International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 30(1), 18-35.
[95] Rietzschel E. F., Nijstad B. A., & Stroebe W. (2007). Relative accessibility of domain knowledge and creativity: The effects of knowledge activation on the quantity and originality of generated ideas.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(6), 933-946.
[96] Roberts B. W., Caspi A., & Moffitt T. E. (2003). Work experiences and personality development in young adulthood.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 582-593.
[97] Roberts, B. W., & Jackson, J. J. (2008). Sociogenomic personality psychology.Journal of Personality, 76(6), 1523-1544.
[98] Ryan, R. M. (1982). Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(3), 450-461.
[99] Sarter, N. B., & Schroeder, B. (2001). Supporting decision making and action selection under time pressure and uncertainty: The case of in-flight icing.Human Factors, 43(4), 573-583.
[100] Schoen J. L., Bowler J. L., & Schilpzand M. C. (2016). Conditional reasoning test for creative personality: Rationale, theoretical development, and validation.Journal of Management, 44(4), 1651-1677.
[101] Shalley C. E., Gilson L. L., & Blum T. C. (2009). Interactive effects of growth need strength, work context, and job complexity on self-reported creative performance.Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 489-505.
[102] Shavelson R. J., Hubner J. J., & Stanton G. C. (1976). Self-concept: Validation of construct interpretations.Review of Educational Research, 46(3), 407-441.
[103] Silvia, P. J., & Phillips, A. G. (2011). Evaluating self- reflection and insight as self-conscious traits.Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 234-237.
[104] Simondon G., Mellamphy N., & Hart J. (1980). On the mode of existence of technical objects. University of Western Ontario.
[105] Skitka L. J., Mosier K. L., Burdick M., & Rosenblatt B. (2000). Automation bias and errors: Are crews better than individuals?The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 10(1), 85-97.
[106] Sternberg R. J.(Ed.). (1998). The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives Cambridge University Press Contemporary psychological perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
[107] Storey, K. (2007). Review of research on self-management interventions in supported employment settings for employees with disabilities.Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 30(1), 27-34.
[108] Sung, S. Y., & Choi, J. N. (2009). Do big five personality factors affect individual creativity? The moderating role of extrinsic motivation.Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(7), 941-956.
[109] Tang P. M., Koopman J., McClean S. T., Zhang J. H., Li C. H., De Cremer D., … Ng, C. T. S. (2021). When conscientious employees meet intelligent machines: An integrative approach inspired by complementarity theory and role theory.Academy of Management Journal, 65(3), 1019-1054.
[110] Tasselli S., Kilduff M., & Landis B. (2018). Personality change: Implications for organizational behavior.Academy of Management Annals, 12(2), 467-493.
[111] Thundiyil T. G., Chiaburu D. S., Li N., & Wagner D. T. (2016). Joint effects of creative self-efficacy, positive and negative affect on creative performance.Chinese Management Studies, 10(4), 726-745.
[112] Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002). Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance.Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1137-1148.
[113] Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. (2007). Leader behavior, creativity, and the creative self-concept. Paper for the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New York City.
[114] Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2004). The pygmalion process and employee creativity.Journal of Management, 30(3), 413-432.
[115] Tolli, A. P., & Schmidt, A. M. (1987). The role of feedback, causal attributions, and self-efficacy in goal revision.Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 692-701.
[116] Uhl-Bien, M., & Graen, G. B. (1998). Individual self- management: Analysis of professionals’ self-managing activities in functional and cross-functional work teams.Academy of Management Journal, 41(3), 340-350.
[117] Vaidya J. G., Gray E. K., Haig J., & Watson D. (2002). On the temporal stability of personality: Evidence for differential stability and the role of life experiences.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1469-1484.
[118] Verganti R., Vendraminelli L., & Iansiti M. (2020). Innovation and design in the age of artificial intelligence. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 37(3), 212-227.
[119] Walley K., Goodall S., Humphries A., Huntington J., White D., & Asson T. (2017). Key dimensions of personal innovativeness.International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 12(2), 259-276.
[120] Wang C. J., Tsai H. T., & Tsai M. T. (2014). Linking transformational leadership and employee creativity in the hospitality industry: The influences of creative role identity, creative self-efficacy, and job complexity.Tourism Management, 40, 79-89.
[121] West, M. A. (2002). Ideas are ten a penny: It’s team implementation not idea generation that counts.Applied Psychology, 51(3), 411-424.
[122] Wickens, C. D., & Hollands, J. G. (2000). Engineering psychology and human performance. Prentice Hall.
[123] Wood, D., & Roberts, B. W. (2006). Cross‐sectional and longitudinal tests of the personality and role identity structural model (PRISM).Journal of Personality, 74(3), 779-809.
[124] Wu C. H., Wang Y., Parker S. K., & Griffin M. A. (2020). Effects of chronic job insecurity on Big Five personality change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(11), 1308-1326.
[125] Zare, M., & Flinchbaugh, C. (2019). Voice, creativity, and big five personality traits: A meta-analysis.Human Performance, 32(1), 30-51.
[126] Zhang C., Nahrgang J. D., Ashford S. J., & DeRue D. S. (2020). The risky side of leadership: Conceptualizing risk perceptions in informal leadership and investigating the effects of their over-time changes in teams.Organization Science, 31(5), 1138-1158.
[127] Zhou, J., & Oldham, G. R. (2001). Enhancing creative performance: Effects of expected developmental assessment strategies and creative personality.The Journal of Creative Behavior, 35(3), 151-167.
[128] Zhang T., Gino F., & Margolis J. D. (2018). Does “could” lead to good? On the road to moral insight.Academy of Management Journal, 61(3), 857-895.