Is the individual subjective well-being of gratitude stronger?A meta-analysis

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.01749

Abstract

Abstract:

This meta-analysis was designed to explore the relationship between gratitude and subjective well-being. Through literature retrieval, 62 cases and 167 independent effect sizes together with 31975 participants which met the inclusion criteria of meta-analysis were selected. Heterogeneity test indicated that random effects model was appropriate for the meta-analysis. TheSensitivity analysis showed that there existed a significant positive correlation between gratitude with subjective well-being, satisfaction with life, positive affect, yet there existed a negative correlation between gratitude and negative affect after progressively deleting the higher heterogeneity studies. The Subgroups analysis and Meta-regression analysis revealed that the relationship between gratitude and subjective well-being was moderated and influenced by gratitude measurement tools, type of participants, and culture background. The above results indicated that grateful individuals have stronger subjective well-being, meanwhile, the function of the gratitude measurement tool, the subjects and the cultural background is also taken into consideration.

Key words: gratitude, subjective well-being, meta-analysis, moderate effect

DING Fengqin, ZHAO Huying. Is the individual subjective well-being of gratitude stronger?A meta-analysis[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2018, 26(10): 1749-1763.

Figures/Tables 11

References 122

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作者(发表时间)	样本量	工具	群体	文化	结果变量	效应量(r)
卜琳, 2013	379	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS	0.44
曾妍, 2013	300	SCSG	A	E	SW & LS	0.32 & 0.39
曾昱, 2013	762	GQ-6	Ad	E	SW	0.55
陈郑, 2013	353	SCSG	A	E	SW	0.21
董霞, 2008	597	SCSG	A	E	SW	0.38
甘启颖, 2009	260	GQ-6	A	E	SW & LS & PE & NE	0.37 & 0.26 & 0.39 & -0.28
和娟, 2015	382	GRAT	A	E	LS	0.68
黄慧, 2014	572	GQ-6	A	E	SW & LS & PE & NE	0.29 & 0.21 & 0.36 & -0.13
惠秋平, 2010	582	GQ-6	A	E	LS	0.22
蒋怀滨, 2015	133	GQ-6	A	E	SW & LS	0.23 & 0.35
李霞, 2015	587	GQ-6	A	E	LS	0.25
李旭, 2015	206	GRAT	A	E	LS & PE & NE	0.64 & 0.35 & -0.42
李艳, 2014	206	GQ-6	A	E	SW	0.40
连灵, 2017	538	GQ-6	A	E	SW	0.54
廖军和, 2015	677	SCSG	A	E	SW & LS & PE & NE	0.42 & 0.27 & 0.43 & -0.20
林婵, 2014	328	GRAT	A	E	SW	0.53
刘静, 2012	495	GRAT	A	E	SW & LS & NE	0.48 & 0.38 & -0.41
陆超祥, 2016	519	GQ-6	A	E	SW	0.12
罗利, 2015	865	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS	0.02
马丽, 2011	100	GQ-6	A	E	SW & LS & NE	0.36 & 0.17 & -0.28
马永泽, 2016	561	GQ-6	A	E	LS	0.28
苗静宇, 2013	342	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS & NE	0.31 & -0.25
彭秀, 2015	502	SCSG	A	E	SW	0.34
邱会霞, 2017	497	SCSG	Ad	E	SW	0.61
施艳, 2012	504	GRAT	Ad	E	LS	0.53
舒亚丽, 2014	300	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS & PE & NE	0.35 & 0.52 & -0.23
孙配贞, 2010	839	GRAT	Ad	E	LS & PE & NE	0.41 & 0.32 & -0.17
王华云, 2012	600	GRAT	A	E	SW & LS	0.36 & 0.32
王艳辉, 2012	390	GQ-6	A	E	LS	0.15
王元元, 2012	521	SCSG	A	E	SW & LS	0.22 & 0.28
谢晓东, 2013	701	GQ-6	Ad	E	SW & LS & NE	0.45 & 0.22 & -0.09
谢振旺, 2013	1000	SCSG	A	E	LS	0.35
谢振旺, 2010	378	SCSG	A	E	LS & PE & NE	0.46 & 0.37 & -0.26
徐璐璐, 2016	589	GRAT	A	E	SW	0.59
荀龄萱, 2016	306	GQ-6	Ad	E	SW & LS & PE & NE	0.57 & 0.55 & 0.47 & -0.37
杨强, 2014	1319	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS	0.41
禹玉兰, 2013	227	SCSG	A	E	SW & LS & PE & NE	0.68 & 0.56 & 0.54 & -0.20
袁书杰, 2012	231	GRAT	A	E	SW	0.60
张惠, 2014	370	GQ-6	A	E	LS	0.39
朱桂萍, 2009	208	GRAT	A	E	SW	0.48
朱攀华, 2016	717	SCSG	A	E	LS	0.34
祝伟娜, 2008	806	GRAT	Ad	E	LS & PE	0.63 & 0.43
作者(发表时间)	样本量	工具	群体	文化	结果变量	效应量(r)
Wood, 2010	289	GQ-6	A	W	PE	0.43
Wood, 2009	201	GQ-6	A	W	PE	0.51
Wood, 2008 E1	253	GQ-6	Ad	W	PE	0.51
Wood, 2008 E2	389	GQ-6	Ad	W	PE	0.43
Lin, 2014	504	GQ-6	A	E	LS & PE	0.41 & 0.46
Lin, 2016	750	GRAT	Ad	E	SW	0.58
Chan, 2013	145	GQ-6	A	E	LS & PE & NE	0.41 & 0.43 & -0.2
Kong, 2015	427	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS	0.20
Froh, 2008	221	GRAT	Ad	W	LS	0.13
Froh, 2011 E1	274	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.44 & 0.31 & -0.16
Froh, 2011 E2	274	GRAT	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.42 & 0.36 & -0.24
Froh, 2011 E3	260	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.46 & 0.37 & -0.21
Froh,2011 E4	260	GRAT	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.43 & 0.30 & -0.17
Froh,2011 E5	249	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.47 & 0.39 & -0.21
Froh,2011 E6	249	GRAT	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.46 & 0.41 & -0.25
Froh,2011 E7	207	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.59 & 0.44 & -0.35
Froh,2011 E8	207	GRAT	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.45 & 0.33 & -0.32
Froh,2011 E9	194	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.58 & 0.28 & -0.23
Froh,2011 E10	194	GRAT	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.16 & 0.19 & -0.03
Froh, 2011 E11	217	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.56 & 0.34 & -0.09
Datu, 2014	210	GQ-6	A	W	SW & LS	0.42 & 0.47
Datu, 2015	409	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS	0.43
Jun, 2015	411	GQ-6	A	W	SW	0.55
Tian, 2016	881	GQ-6	A	W	SW	0.27
Tian, 2015 E1	375	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.43 & 0.27 & -0.08
Tian, 2015 E2	331	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.38 & 0.34 & -0.14
Chen,2008 E1	169	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS	0.30
Chen, 2008 E2	365	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS	0.70
McCullough, 2004	96	GRAT	A	W	SW & LS & PE	0.27 & 0.31 & 0.39
Emmons, 2003 E1	238	GQ-6	A	W	SW& PE	0.22 & 0.14
Emmons, 2003 E2	238	GQ-6	A	W	SW & PE & NE	0.13 & 0.28 & -0.17
Emmons, 2003 E3	192	GQ-6	A	W	SW	0.15
Hasemeye, 2013	154	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS	0.37
Adler, 2005 E1	420	SCSG	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.27 & 0.43 & -0.10
Adler, 2005 E2	420	SCSG	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.32 & 0.42 & -0.10
Adler, 2005 E3	418	SCSG	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.22 & 0.22 & -0.03
Watkins, 2003 E1	154	GRAT	A	W	LS & PE & NE	0.50 & 0.36 & -0.15
Watkins, 2003 E2	66	GRAT	A	W	PE & NE	0.52 & -0.20
Watkins, 2003 E3	57	GRAT	A	W	PE & NE	0.23 & -0.15
Watkins, 2003 E4	237	GRAT	A	W	PE & NE	0.28 & -0.35
Watkins, 2003 E5	157	GRAT	A	W	PE & NE	0.32 & -0.43
Watkins, 2003 E6	157	GRAT	A	W	PE & NE	0.31 & -0.51

作者(发表时间)	样本量	工具	群体	文化	结果变量	效应量(r)
卜琳, 2013	379	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS	0.44
曾妍, 2013	300	SCSG	A	E	SW & LS	0.32 & 0.39
曾昱, 2013	762	GQ-6	Ad	E	SW	0.55
陈郑, 2013	353	SCSG	A	E	SW	0.21
董霞, 2008	597	SCSG	A	E	SW	0.38
甘启颖, 2009	260	GQ-6	A	E	SW & LS & PE & NE	0.37 & 0.26 & 0.39 & -0.28
和娟, 2015	382	GRAT	A	E	LS	0.68
黄慧, 2014	572	GQ-6	A	E	SW & LS & PE & NE	0.29 & 0.21 & 0.36 & -0.13
惠秋平, 2010	582	GQ-6	A	E	LS	0.22
蒋怀滨, 2015	133	GQ-6	A	E	SW & LS	0.23 & 0.35
李霞, 2015	587	GQ-6	A	E	LS	0.25
李旭, 2015	206	GRAT	A	E	LS & PE & NE	0.64 & 0.35 & -0.42
李艳, 2014	206	GQ-6	A	E	SW	0.40
连灵, 2017	538	GQ-6	A	E	SW	0.54
廖军和, 2015	677	SCSG	A	E	SW & LS & PE & NE	0.42 & 0.27 & 0.43 & -0.20
林婵, 2014	328	GRAT	A	E	SW	0.53
刘静, 2012	495	GRAT	A	E	SW & LS & NE	0.48 & 0.38 & -0.41
陆超祥, 2016	519	GQ-6	A	E	SW	0.12
罗利, 2015	865	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS	0.02
马丽, 2011	100	GQ-6	A	E	SW & LS & NE	0.36 & 0.17 & -0.28
马永泽, 2016	561	GQ-6	A	E	LS	0.28
苗静宇, 2013	342	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS & NE	0.31 & -0.25
彭秀, 2015	502	SCSG	A	E	SW	0.34
邱会霞, 2017	497	SCSG	Ad	E	SW	0.61
施艳, 2012	504	GRAT	Ad	E	LS	0.53
舒亚丽, 2014	300	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS & PE & NE	0.35 & 0.52 & -0.23
孙配贞, 2010	839	GRAT	Ad	E	LS & PE & NE	0.41 & 0.32 & -0.17
王华云, 2012	600	GRAT	A	E	SW & LS	0.36 & 0.32
王艳辉, 2012	390	GQ-6	A	E	LS	0.15
王元元, 2012	521	SCSG	A	E	SW & LS	0.22 & 0.28
谢晓东, 2013	701	GQ-6	Ad	E	SW & LS & NE	0.45 & 0.22 & -0.09
谢振旺, 2013	1000	SCSG	A	E	LS	0.35
谢振旺, 2010	378	SCSG	A	E	LS & PE & NE	0.46 & 0.37 & -0.26
徐璐璐, 2016	589	GRAT	A	E	SW	0.59
荀龄萱, 2016	306	GQ-6	Ad	E	SW & LS & PE & NE	0.57 & 0.55 & 0.47 & -0.37
杨强, 2014	1319	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS	0.41
禹玉兰, 2013	227	SCSG	A	E	SW & LS & PE & NE	0.68 & 0.56 & 0.54 & -0.20
袁书杰, 2012	231	GRAT	A	E	SW	0.60
张惠, 2014	370	GQ-6	A	E	LS	0.39
朱桂萍, 2009	208	GRAT	A	E	SW	0.48
朱攀华, 2016	717	SCSG	A	E	LS	0.34
祝伟娜, 2008	806	GRAT	Ad	E	LS & PE	0.63 & 0.43
作者(发表时间)	样本量	工具	群体	文化	结果变量	效应量(r)
Wood, 2010	289	GQ-6	A	W	PE	0.43
Wood, 2009	201	GQ-6	A	W	PE	0.51
Wood, 2008 E1	253	GQ-6	Ad	W	PE	0.51
Wood, 2008 E2	389	GQ-6	Ad	W	PE	0.43
Lin, 2014	504	GQ-6	A	E	LS & PE	0.41 & 0.46
Lin, 2016	750	GRAT	Ad	E	SW	0.58
Chan, 2013	145	GQ-6	A	E	LS & PE & NE	0.41 & 0.43 & -0.2
Kong, 2015	427	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS	0.20
Froh, 2008	221	GRAT	Ad	W	LS	0.13
Froh, 2011 E1	274	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.44 & 0.31 & -0.16
Froh, 2011 E2	274	GRAT	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.42 & 0.36 & -0.24
Froh, 2011 E3	260	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.46 & 0.37 & -0.21
Froh,2011 E4	260	GRAT	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.43 & 0.30 & -0.17
Froh,2011 E5	249	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.47 & 0.39 & -0.21
Froh,2011 E6	249	GRAT	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.46 & 0.41 & -0.25
Froh,2011 E7	207	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.59 & 0.44 & -0.35
Froh,2011 E8	207	GRAT	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.45 & 0.33 & -0.32
Froh,2011 E9	194	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.58 & 0.28 & -0.23
Froh,2011 E10	194	GRAT	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.16 & 0.19 & -0.03
Froh, 2011 E11	217	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.56 & 0.34 & -0.09
Datu, 2014	210	GQ-6	A	W	SW & LS	0.42 & 0.47
Datu, 2015	409	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS	0.43
Jun, 2015	411	GQ-6	A	W	SW	0.55
Tian, 2016	881	GQ-6	A	W	SW	0.27
Tian, 2015 E1	375	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.43 & 0.27 & -0.08
Tian, 2015 E2	331	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.38 & 0.34 & -0.14
Chen,2008 E1	169	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS	0.30
Chen, 2008 E2	365	GQ-6	Ad	E	LS	0.70
McCullough, 2004	96	GRAT	A	W	SW & LS & PE	0.27 & 0.31 & 0.39
Emmons, 2003 E1	238	GQ-6	A	W	SW& PE	0.22 & 0.14
Emmons, 2003 E2	238	GQ-6	A	W	SW & PE & NE	0.13 & 0.28 & -0.17
Emmons, 2003 E3	192	GQ-6	A	W	SW	0.15
Hasemeye, 2013	154	GQ-6	Ad	W	LS	0.37
Adler, 2005 E1	420	SCSG	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.27 & 0.43 & -0.10
Adler, 2005 E2	420	SCSG	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.32 & 0.42 & -0.10
Adler, 2005 E3	418	SCSG	Ad	W	LS & PE & NE	0.22 & 0.22 & -0.03
Watkins, 2003 E1	154	GRAT	A	W	LS & PE & NE	0.50 & 0.36 & -0.15
Watkins, 2003 E2	66	GRAT	A	W	PE & NE	0.52 & -0.20
Watkins, 2003 E3	57	GRAT	A	W	PE & NE	0.23 & -0.15
Watkins, 2003 E4	237	GRAT	A	W	PE & NE	0.28 & -0.35
Watkins, 2003 E5	157	GRAT	A	W	PE & NE	0.32 & -0.43
Watkins, 2003 E6	157	GRAT	A	W	PE & NE	0.31 & -0.51

结果变量	K	Classic Fail-safe N	FSR	Egger’s Intercept	SE	LL	UL	p
SW	32	19963	117.42	-1.76	2.49	-5.98	2.47	0.50
LS	57	44365	150.39	1.15	1.52	-1.40	3.70	0.45
PE	41	18455	85.84	-0.75	0.91	-2.30	0.79	0.42
NE	37	5842	29.96	1.17	1.11	-0.71	3.05	0.30

结果变量	K	Classic Fail-safe N	FSR	Egger’s Intercept	SE	LL	UL	p
SW	32	19963	117.42	-1.76	2.49	-5.98	2.47	0.50
LS	57	44365	150.39	1.15	1.52	-1.40	3.70	0.45
PE	41	18455	85.84	-0.75	0.91	-2.30	0.79	0.42
NE	37	5842	29.96	1.17	1.11	-0.71	3.05	0.30

结果变量	k	Q	df	p	I²	Tau-squared	H
SW	32	430.30	31	< 0.001	92.79	0.03	3.73
LS	57	676.85	56	< 0.001	91.73	0.03	3.47
PE	41	109.69	40	< 0.001	63.53	0.01	1.66
NE	37	159.88	36	< 0.001	77.48	0.01	2.11