Value Analysis determines when and how to strive

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.00877

Abstract

Abstract:

The optimization of effort investment, which minimizes the cost of effort and maximizes benefits, is a core issue in every field. “What factors influence how much effort we invest?” is gaining more and more attention. This study aims to review previous theoretical and empirical studies on effort. Based on the Paradox of Effort theory, this study expounds on the two sides of effort: inherent cost and potential value. Even though there are intrinsic costs associated with effort, the concept of effort solely in terms of costs is inadequate. The Paradox of Effort theory indicates that analyzing the value of effort at different time stages is more in line with daily activities. The key to effort-based decision-making is weighing the rewards and effort required to accomplish a goal. On this basis, we discussed the non-social and social factors and the neural mechanisms involved in effort investment according to the Expected Value of Control (EVC) theory. EVC theory discusses models of effort optimization in terms of conflict monitoring, cost-benefit integration of cognitive control, and implementation of control, emphasizing the role of integrating the expected value in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Both social and non-social factors have impacts on the adaptive control allocation during the integration, but few empirical studies have explored the two-level interaction. Therefore, we developed the topic of cost-benefit analysis in EVC theory and highlighted its application to motivational behavior in social circumstances, which is conducive to exploring the plasticity of social behavior. The cognitive and neural mechanisms of effort play an essential role in understanding the adaptive allocation of effort in social life and provide references for treating motivational disorders, shaping learned industriousness and prosocial behavior. Future research needs to explore the adaptive changes in the expected value of control during the dynamic process using methods of neurophysiology and combine computational modeling to complement and validate the EVC theory in social contexts.

Key words: effort, Expected Value of Control theory, cost-benefit trade-off

CLC Number:

CAO Si-Qi, TANG Chen-Chen, WU Hai-Yan, LIU Xun. Value Analysis determines when and how to strive[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2022, 30(4): 877-887.

Figures/Tables 5

References 83

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努力类型	研究发现	参考文献
体力	纹状体的前部区域编码奖赏信息纹状体的后部区域表征努力的行动启动(effortful action initiation)	(Gangopadhyay et al., 2020)
	腹内侧前额皮质、纹状体参与主观价值的表征	(Sidarus et al., 2019)
	腹内侧前额皮质编码主观价值, 而前扣带回皮质编码决策困难	(Hogan et al., 2019)
认知	哌醋甲酯通过调节纹状体多巴胺信号来提高认知努力任务中收益的敏感性	(Westbrook et al., 2020)
	背侧前扣带回和脑岛编码主观价值计算的努力成本信息	(Westbrook et al., 2019)
	前扣带回皮质的病变损害了涉及努力成本的决策	(Rudebeck et al., 2006)
	前扣带回皮质活动调节伏隔核对努力折扣的响应程度	(Botvinick et al., 2009)

努力类型	研究发现	参考文献
体力	纹状体的前部区域编码奖赏信息纹状体的后部区域表征努力的行动启动(effortful action initiation)	(Gangopadhyay et al., 2020)
	腹内侧前额皮质、纹状体参与主观价值的表征	(Sidarus et al., 2019)
	腹内侧前额皮质编码主观价值, 而前扣带回皮质编码决策困难	(Hogan et al., 2019)
认知	哌醋甲酯通过调节纹状体多巴胺信号来提高认知努力任务中收益的敏感性	(Westbrook et al., 2020)
	背侧前扣带回和脑岛编码主观价值计算的努力成本信息	(Westbrook et al., 2019)
	前扣带回皮质的病变损害了涉及努力成本的决策	(Rudebeck et al., 2006)
	前扣带回皮质活动调节伏隔核对努力折扣的响应程度	(Botvinick et al., 2009)