Application of contact intervention to reduce public stigma of mental disorders

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.00843

Abstract

Abstract:

Contact intervention is an important way to reduce the public stigma of mental disorders. Various forms of contact have been widely used in intervention studies of this approach, and have proven to be effective in reducing stigma in terms of attitude, emotion, behavior intention and so on. The effect of contact intervention depends on how the intervention is carried out and individual differences of the intervention object. Regarding implementation, effective contact intervention involves three key ingredients: people with mental disorders, information and interaction, which may be affected by certain characteristics. During study, the presence of multi-form contact, continuous contact, contact quality and other ingredients can further magnify the effect of the intervention. As for the intervention object, the effect varies according to individual differences. In the future, the study design for contact intervention should be further improved, to enrich the study of the theoretical mechanism of contact intervention, and promote development of evidence-based practices of contact intervention. In addition, further study will focus on application of contact intervention in reducing public stigma of specific groups and specific types of mental disorders, as well as verification of the effect of contact intervention in the culture of China.

Key words: public stigma of mental disorder, contact intervention, key ingredients, individual difference

CLC Number:

ZHAO Hebin, XIA Mian, CAO Ben, JIANG Guangrong. Application of contact intervention to reduce public stigma of mental disorders[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2019, 27(5): 843-857.

References 105

[1]	李强, 高文珺, 许丹 . ( 2008). 心理疾病污名形成理论述评. 心理科学进展, 16( 4), 582-589.
[2]	李森森, 龙长权, 陈庆飞, 李红 . ( 2010). 群际接触理论——一种改善群际关系的理论. 心理科学进展, 18( 5), 831-839.
[3]	Ahuja K. K., Dhillon M., Juneja A., & Sharma B . ( 2017). Breaking barriers: An education and contact intervention to reduce mental illness stigma among Indian college students. Psychosocial Intervention, 26( 2), 103-109.
[4]	Al Ramiah A., & Hewstone M. , ( 2013). Intergroup contact as a tool for reducing, resolving, and preventing intergroup conflict: Evidence, limitations, and potential. American Psychologist, 68( 7), 527-542.
[5]	Allport G. W . ( 1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
[6]	Ashton L. J., Gordon S. E., & Reeves R. A . ( 2017). Key ingredients—Target groups, methods and messages, and evaluation—of local-level, public interventions to counter stigma and discrimination: A lived experience informed selective narrative literature review. Community Mental Health Journal, 54( 3), 312-333.
[7]	Brennan M., & McGrew J. H . ( 2013). Evaluating the effects of NAMI’s consumer presentation program, In Our Own Voice. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 36( 2), 72-79.
[8]	Brown S. A . ( 2012). The contribution of previous contact and personality traits to severe mental illness stigma. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 15( 3), 274-289.
[9]	Brown S. A., Evans Y., Espenschade K., & O’Connor M . ( 2010). An examination of two brief stigma reduction strategies: Filmed personal contact and hallucination simulations. Community Mental Health Journal, 46( 5), 494-499.
[10]	Booth A., Scantlebury A., Hughes-Morley A., Mitchell N., Wright K., Scott W., & McDaid C . ( 2017). Mental health training programmes for non-mental health trained professionals coming into contact with people with mental ill health: A systematic review of effectiveness. BMC Psychiatry, 17( 1), 196.
[11]	Campbell M., Shryane N., Byrne R., & Morrison A. P . ( 2011). A mental health promotion approach to reducing discrimination about psychosis in teenagers. Psychosis, 3( 1), 41-51.
[12]	Carroll S.M.., .( 2018). Destigmatizing mental illness: An innovative evidence-based undergraduate curriculum. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 56( 5), 50-55
[13]	Casados A. T . ( 2017). Reducing the stigma of mental illness: Current approaches and future directions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 24( 3), 306-323
[14]	Cerully J. L., Collins R. L., Wong E., Seelam R., & Yu J . ( 2017). Differential response to contact-based stigma reduction programs: Perceived quality and personal experience matter. Psychiatry research, 259, 302-309.
[15]	Chen S-P., Dobson K., Kirsh B., Knaak S., Koller M., Krupa T. , .. Pietrus M .( 2017). Fighting stigma in Canada: Opening minds anti-stigma initiative. In W. Gaebel, W. Rössler, & N. Sartorius. (Eds). The stigma of mental illness-end of the story? (pp. 237-261). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
[16]	Chen S-P., Koller M., Krupa T., & Stuart H . ( 2016). Contact in the classroom: Developing a program model for youth mental health contact-based anti-stigma education. Community Mental Health Journal, 52( 3), 281-293.
[17]	Chan J. Y. N., Mak W. W. S & Law L. S. C. ., ( 2009). Combining education and video-based contact to reduce stigma of mental illness: “The Same or Not the Same” anti-stigma program for secondary schools in Hong Kong. Social Science & Medicine, 68( 8), 1521-1526.
[18]	Chiu I., & Graham J. A . ( 2017). The effect of a Peer-Based personal stories intervention on focus of anxiety and social distance towards people with mental illness. Journal of College Student Development, 58( 1), 101-107.
[19]	Chisholm K., Patterson P., Torgerson C., Turner E., Jenkinson D., & Birchwood M . ( 2016). Impact of contact on adolescents’ mental health literacy and stigma: The SchoolSpace cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 6( 2), e009435.
[20]	Clement S., van Nieuwenhuizen A., Kassam A., Flach C., Lazarus A., .. Castro M., .. Thornicroft G . ( 2012). Filmed v. live social contact interventions to reduce stigma: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 201( 1), 57-64.
[21]	Corrigan P. W . ( 2000). Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7( 1), 48-67.
[22]	Corrigan P. W . ( 2011). Best practices: Strategic stigma change (SSC): Five principles for social marketing campaigns to reduce stigma. Psychiatric Services, 62( 8), 824-826.
[23]	Corrigan P. W . ( 2016). Lessons learned from unintended consequences about erasing the stigma of mental illness. World Psychiatry, 15( 1), 67-73.
[24]	Corrigan P. W . ( 2017). Making the most of contact to erase stigma. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 24( 3), 324-326.
[25]	Corrigan P. W., Druss B. G., & Perlick D. A . ( 2014). The impact of mental illness stigma on seeking and participating in mental health care. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 15( 2), 37-70.
[26]	Corrigan P. W., Larson J., Sells M., Niessen N., & Watson A. C . ( 2007). Will filmed presentations of education and contact diminish mental illness stigma?. Community Mental Health Journal, 43( 2), 171-181.
[27]	Corrigan P. W., & Fong M. W. M . ( 2014). Competing perspectives on erasing the stigma of illness: What says the dodo bird?. Social Science & Medicine, 103, 110-117.
[28]	Corrigan P. W., Morris S. B., Michaels P. J., Rafacz J. D., & Rüsch N . ( 2012). Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: A meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatric Services, 63( 10), 963-973.
[29]	Corrigan P. W., Rowan D., Green A., Lundin R., River P., Uphoff-Wasowski K., .. Kubiak M. A . ( 2002). Challenging two mental illness stigmas: Personal responsibility and dangerousness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 28( 2), 293-309.
[30]	Corrigan P. W., River L. P., Lundin R. K., Penn D. L., Uphoff-Wasowski K., Campion J., .. Kubiak M. A . ( 2001). Three strategies for changing attributions about severe mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27( 2), 187-195.
[31]	Corrigan P. W., Rüsch N., & Scior K . ( 2018). Adapting disclosure programs to reduce the stigma of mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 69( 7), 826-828.
[32]	Corrigan P. W., Michaels P. J., Vega E., Gause M., Larson J., Krzyzanowski R., & Botcheva L . ( 2014). Key ingredients to contact-based stigma change: A cross- validation. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 37( 1), 62-64.
[33]	Corrigan P. W., & Shapiro J. R . ( 2010). Measuring the impact of programs that challenge the public stigma of mental illness. Clinical Psychology Review, 30( 8), 907-922.
[34]	Corrigan P. W., Vega E., Larson J., Michaels P. J., McClintock G., Krzyzanowski R., & Buchholz B . ( 2013). The California schedule of key ingredients for contact- based antistigma programs. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 36( 3), 173-179.
[35]	Couture S. & Penn D. , ( 2003). Interpersonal contact and the stigma of mental illness: A review of the literature. Journal of Mental Health, 12( 3), 291-305.
[36]	Couture S. M., & Penn D. L . ( 2006). The effects of prospective naturalistic contact on the stigma of mental illness. Journal of Community Psychology, 34( 5), 635-645.
[37]	Crisp R. J., & Turner R. N . ( 2009). Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions? Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact. American Psychologist, 64( 4), 231-240.
[38]	Cunningham R., Peterson D. & Collings S. , ( 2017). Like minds, like mine: Seventeen years of countering stigma and discrimination against people with experience of mental distress in New Zealand. In W. Gaebel, W. Rössler, & N. Sartorius, (Eds), The stigma of mental illness-end of the story? (pp. 263-287). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
[39]	Dovidio J. F., Love A., Schellhaas F. M., & Hewstone M . ( 2017). Reducing intergroup bias through intergroup contact: Twenty years of progress and future directions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20( 5), 606-620.
[40]	Doley J. R., Hart L. M., Stukas A. A., Petrovic K., Bouguettaya A., & Paxton S. J . ( 2017). Interventions to reduce the stigma of eating disorders: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50( 3), 210-230.
[41]	Desforges D. M., Lord C. G., Ramsey S. L., Mason J. A., van Leeuwen M. D., West S. C., & Lepper M. R . ( 1991). Effects of structured cooperative contact on changing negative attitudes toward stigmatized social groups. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 60( 4), 531-544.
[42]	Evans-Lacko S., London J., Japhet S., Rüsch N., Flach C., Corker E., .. Thornicroft G . ( 2012). Mass social contact interventions and their effect on mental health related stigma and intended discrimination. BMC Public Health, 12( 1), 489-496.
[43]	Evans-Lacko S., Malcolm E., West K., Rose D., London J., Rüsch N., .. Thornicroft G . ( 2013). Influence of time to change’s social marketing interventions on stigma in England 2009-2011. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s55), s77-s88. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.126672 URL
[44]	Faigin D. A., & Stein C. H . ( 2008). Comparing the effects of live and video-taped theatrical performance in decreasing stigmatization of people with serious mental illness. Journal of Mental Health, 17( 6), 594-606.
[45]	Frías V. M., Fortuny J. R., Guzmán S., Santamaría P., Martínez M., & Pérez V . ( 2017). Stigma: The relevance of social contact in mental disorder. Enfermería Clínica (English Edition), 28( 2), 111-117.
[46]	Fung E., Lo T. L., Chan R. W., Woo F. C., Ma C. W., & Mak B. S . ( 2016). Outcome of a knowledge contact-based anti-stigma programme in adolescents and adults in the Chinese population. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry, 26( 4), 129-136.
[47]	Griffiths K. M., Carron‐Arthur B., Parsons A., & Reid R . ( 2014). Effectiveness of programs for reducing the stigma associated with mental disorders. A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry, 13( 2), 161-175.
[48]	Gronholm P. C., Henderson C., Deb T., & Thornicroft G . ( 2017). Interventions to reduce discrimination and stigma: The state of the art. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52( 3), 249-258.
[49]	Guruge S., Wang A. Z., Jayasuriya-Illesinghe V., & Sidani S . ( 2016). Knowing so much, yet knowing so little: A scoping review of interventions that address the stigma of mental illness in the Canadian context. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22( 5), 507-523.
[50]	Hackler A. H., Cornish M. A., & Vogel D. L . ( 2016). Reducing mental illness stigma: Effectiveness of hearing about the normative experiences of others. Stigma and Health, 1( 3), 201-205.
[51]	Hansson L., Stjernswärd S., & Svensson B . ( 2016). Changes in attitudes, intended behaviour, and mental health literacy in the Swedish population 2009-2014: An evaluation of a national antistigma programme. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134( S446), 71-79.
[52]	Hewstone M., . ( 1996). Contact and categorization: Social psychological. Stereotypes and stereotyping. In N. Macrae, C. Stangor & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 323-368). London: Guilford Press.
[53]	Henderson C., Stuart H., & Hansson L . ( 2016). Lessons from the results of three national antistigma programmes. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134( S446), 3-5.
[54]	Howard H. R . ( 2014). Imagined contact and its impact on the stigma of mental illness: relationship and secondary transfer effects. (Unpublished Master dissertation). University of California.
[55]	Janoušková M., Tušková E., Weissová A., Trančík P., Pasz J., Evans-Lacko S., & Winkler P . ( 2017). Can video interventions be used to effectively destigmatize mental illness among young people? A systematic review. European Psychiatry, 41, 1-9.
[56]	Ke S., Lai J., Sun T., Yang M. M. H., Wang J. C. C., & Austin J . ( 2015). Healthy young minds: The effects of a 1-hour classroom workshop on mental illness stigma in high school students. Community Mental Health Journal, 51( 3), 329-337.
[57]	Klarić M. & Lovrić S. ,( 2017). Methods to fight mental illness stigma. Psychiatria Danubina, 29(Suppl 5), 910-917.Knaak, S., Karpa, J., Robinson, R., & Bradley, L. (2016). “They are us—We are them” Transformative learning through nursing education leadership. In Healthcare Management Forum, 29( 3), 116-120.
[58]	Knaak S., Modgill G., & Patten S. B . ( 2014). Key ingredients of anti-stigma programs for health care providers: A data synthesis of evaluative studies. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59( 1_suppl), 19-26.
[59]	Knaak S., & Patten S. B . ( 2015). Building and delivering successful anti-stigma programs for healthcare providers: Results of a qualitative study. Mental Health Commission of Canada.
[60]	Knaak S. & Patten S. , ( 2016). A grounded theory model for reducing stigma in health professionals in Canada. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134( S446), 53-62.
[61]	Kosyluk K. A., Al-Khouja M., Bink A., Buchholz B., Ellefson S., Fokuo K., .. Corrigan P. W . ( 2016). Challenging the stigma of mental illness among college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59( 3), 325-331.
[62]	Koike S., Yamaguchi S., Ojio Y., Ohta K., Shimada T., Watanabe K., .. Ando S . ( 2016). A randomised controlled trial of repeated filmed social contact on reducing mental illness-related stigma in young adults. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 27( 2), 199-208.
[63]	Koller M. & Stuart H. , ( 2016). Reducing stigma in high school youth. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134( S446), 63-70.
[64]	Kolodziej M. E., & Johnson B. T . ( 1996). Interpersonal contact and acceptance of persons with psychiatric disorders: A research synthesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64( 6), 1387-1396.
[65]	Kosyluk K., Marshall J., Macias D. R., Andrus D., Guerra D., Robinson M., .. Chapman S . ( 2018). Examining the impact of this is my brave on mental illness stigma and willingness to seek help: A pilot study. Community Mental Health Journal, 54( 3), 276-281.
[66]	Lee M., & Seo M. , ( 2017). Effect of direct and indirect contact with mental illness on dangerousness and social distance. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64( 2), 112-119.
[67]	Lemmer G., & Wagner U. , ( 2015). Can we really reduce ethnic prejudice outside the lab? A meta‐analysis of direct and indirect contact interventions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45( 2), 152-168.
[68]	Li Y., Sorrentino R. M., Norman R. M., Hampson E., & Ye Y . ( 2017). Effects of symptom versus recovery video, similarity, and uncertainty orientation on the stigmatization of schizophrenia. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 117-121.
[69]	Livingston J. D., & Boyd J. E . ( 2010). Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 71( 12), 2150-2161.
[70]	Livingston J. D., Milne T., Fang M. L., & Amari E . ( 2012). The effectiveness of interventions for reducing stigma related to substance use disorders: A systematic review. Addiction, 107( 1), 39-50.
[71]	London J., & Evans-Lacko S. E . ( 2010). Challenging mental health-related stigma through social contact. European Journal of Public Health, 20( 2), 130-131.
[72]	Maiorano A., Lasalvia A., Sampogna G., Pocai B., Ruggeri M., & Henderson C . ( 2017). Reducing stigma in media professionals: Is there room for improvement? Results from a systematic review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62( 10), 702-715.
[73]	Maulik P. K., Devarapalli S., Kallakuri S., Tewari A., Chilappagari S., Koschorke M., & Thornicroft G . ( 2017). Evaluation of an anti-stigma campaign related to common mental disorders in rural India: A mixed methods approach. Psychological Medicine, 47( 3), 565-575.
[74]	Mehta N., Clement S., Marcus E., Stona A.-C., Bezborodovs N., Evans-Lacko S., .. Thornicroft G . ( 2015). Evidence for effective interventions to reduce mental health-related stigma and discrimination in the medium and long term: Systematic review. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 207( 5), 377-384.
[75]	Moll S. E., VandenBussche J., Brooks K., Kirsh B., Stuart H., Patten S., & MacDermid J. C . ( 2018). Workplace mental health training in health care: Key ingredients of implementation. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, published online February 26, 2018.
[76]	Moll S. E., Patten S., Stuart H., MacDermid J. C., & Kirsh B . ( 2018). Beyond Silence: A randomized, parallel-group trial exploring the impact of workplace mental health literacy training with healthcare employees. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, published online April 19, 2018.
[77]	Morgan A. J., Reavley N. J., Ross A., Too L. S., & Jorm A. F . ( 2018). Interventions to reduce stigma towards people with severe mental illness: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 103, 120-133.
[78]	Na J. J., & Chasteen A. L . ( 2016). Does imagery reduce stigma against depression? Testing the efficacy of imagined contact and perspective‐taking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 46( 5), 259-275.
[79]	National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine. ( 2016). Ending discrimination against people with mental and substance use disorders: The evidence for stigma change. National Academies Press.
[80]	Nguyen E., Chen T. F., & O’Reilly C. L . ( 2012). Evaluating the impact of direct and indirect contact on the mental health stigma of pharmacy students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47( 7), 1087-1098.
[81]	Norman R. M. G., Li Y., Sorrentino R., Hampson E., & Ye Y . ( 2017). The differential effects of a focus on symptoms versus recovery in reducing stigma of schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52( 11), 1385-1394.
[82]	Painter K., Phelan J. C., DuPont-Reyes M. J., Barkin K. F., Villatoro A. P., & Link B. G . ( 2016). Evaluation of antistigma interventions with sixth-grade students: A school-based field experiment. Psychiatric Services, 68( 4), 345-352.
[83]	Patten S. B., Remillard A., Phillips L., Modgill G., Szeto A. C., Kassam A., & Gardner D. M . ( 2012). Effectiveness of contact-based education for reducing mental illness-related stigma in pharmacy students. BMC Medical Education, 12( 1), 120-128.
[84]	Petkari E., .( 2017). Building beautiful minds: Teaching through movies to tackle stigma in psychology students in the UAE. Academic Psychiatry, 41( 6), 724-732.
[85]	Pettigrew T. F., & Tropp L. R . ( 2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90( 5), 751-783.
[86]	Pettigrew T. F., & Tropp L. R . ( 2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta‐analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38( 6), 922-934.
[87]	Reinke R. R., Corrigan P. W., Leonhard C., Lundin R. K., & Kubiak M. A . ( 2004). Examining two aspects of contact on the stigma of mental illness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23( 3), 377-389.
[88]	Rubio-Valera M., Aznar-Lou I., Vives-Collet M., Fernández A., Gil-Girbau M., & Serrano-Blanco A . ( 2018). Reducing the mental health-related stigma of social work students: A cluster RCT. Research on Social Work Practice, 28( 2), 164-172.
[89]	Semrau M., Evans-Lacko S., Koschorke M., Ashenafi L., & Thornicroft G . ( 2015). Stigma and discrimination related to mental illness in low- and middle-income countries. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 24( 5), 382-394.
[90]	Stathi S., Tsantila K., & Crisp R. J . ( 2012). Imagining intergroup contact can combat mental health stigma by reducing anxiety, avoidance and negative stereotyping. The Journal of Social Psychology, 152( 6), 746-757.
[91]	Stuart H., . ( 2016). Reducing stigma of mental illness. Global Mental Health, 3( 104), 30-33.
[92]	Stubbs A., . ( 2014). Reducing mental illness stigma in health care students and professionals: A review of the literature. Australasian Psychiatry, 22( 6), 579-584.
[93]	Thonon B., Pletinx A., Grandjean A., Billieux J., & Larøi F . ( 2016). The effects of a documentary film about schizophrenia on cognitive, affective and behavioural aspects of stigmatisation. Journal of Pehavior Aherapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 50, 196-200.
[94]	Thornicroft G., Mehta N., Clement S., Evans-Lacko S., Doherty M., Rose D., .. Henderson C . ( 2016). Evidence for effective interventions to reduce mental-health-related stigma and discrimination. The Lancet, 387( 10023), 1123-1132.
[95]	Vaghee S., Salarhaji A., Lotfabadi M. K., & Vaghei N . ( 2017). Comparing the effect of contact-based education with acceptance and commitment training on destigmatization toward psychiatric disorders in nursing students. Irnlan Journal of Psychlatry and Behavioral Sciences, 11( 2), e9672.
[96]	Vinson E. S., Abdullah T., & Brown T. L . ( 2016). Mental illness stigma intervention in African Americans: Examining two delivery methods. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204( 5), 400-403.
[97]	Vogel D. L., Bitman R. L., Hammer J. H., & Wade N. G . ( 2013). Is stigma internalized? The longitudinal impact of public stigma on self-stigma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60( 2), 311-316.
[98]	West K., Holmes E., & Hewstone M . ( 2011). Enhancing imagined contact to reduce prejudice against people with schizophrenia. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14( 3), 407-428.
[99]	West K., & Turner R. , ( 2014). Using extended contact to improve physiological responses and behavior toward people with schizophrenia. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 57-64.
[100]	Wong E. C., Collins R. L., Cerully J. L., Jennifer W. Y., & Seelam R . ( 2018). Effects of contact-based mental illness stigma reduction programs: Age, gender, and Asian, Latino, and white American differences. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53( 3), 299-308.
[101]	World Health Organization. ( 2010). Mental health and development: Targeting people with mental health conditions as a vulnerable group. In Mental health and development: Targeting people with mental health conditions as a vulnerable group. Geneva: WHO.
[102]	World Health Organization. ( 2015). Mental health action plan 2013-2020. Geneva: WHO; 2013.
[103]	Xu Z., Huang F., Kösters M., & Rüsch N . ( 2017). Challenging mental health related stigma in China: Systematic review and meta-analysis. II. Interventions among people with mental illness. Psychiatry Research, 255, 449-456.
[104]	Yamaguchi S., Mino Y., & Uddin S . ( 2011). Strategies and future attempts to reduce stigmatization and increase awareness of mental health problems among young people: A narrative review of educational interventions. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 65( 5), 405-415.
[105]	Yamaguchi S., Wu S. I., Biswas M., Yate M., Aoki Y., Barley E. A., & Thornicroft G . ( 2013). Effects of short-term interventions to reduce mental health-related stigma in university or college students: A systematic review. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201( 6), 490-503.