Dynamic processing mechanisms of cognitive maps in navigation in visually cue-restricted environments

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2025.0673

Abstract

Abstract:

Spatial navigation, as a complex cognitive behavior involving human-environment interaction, depends on the support of cognitive maps. Current research on spatial navigation primarily focuses on vision-dominated terrestrial environments. However, with the growing exploration of aerial, space, and maritime domains, the demands on individuals’ spatial cognitive abilities and navigation strategies are evolving. Compared to conventional ground-based navigation environments, these domains typically offer fewer effective visual cues. This study defines such conditions as visually cue-restricted environments, encompassing aerial and space environments, as well as dark settings, low-light conditions, and visually obstructed environments (e.g., dense fog).

In visually cue-restricted environments, individuals face significant navigation challenges due to blurred visual attributes and a limited field of view. These difficulties are particularly pronounced in professional contexts, such as those encountered by pilots and astronauts. For example, during high-altitude flights, the scarcity of effective visual cues, the effects of inertia, the limitations of bodily movement information, and the low visibility of nighttime conditions collectively reduce navigation efficiency. These factors place higher demands on pilots' spatial cognitive abilities, particularly in constructing cognitive maps. This study aims to investigate how the dynamic processing mechanisms of cognitive maps support spatial navigation, ultimately seeking to enhance individuals' adaptability to visually cue-restricted environments.

This study summarizes the environmental and cognitive elements included in cognitive maps from the perspective of human-environment interaction. Based on existing research categorizing spatial environment knowledge, key elements from the perspective of route knowledge include visual elements of landmarks, semantic features, and effectiveness. From orientation knowledge perspective, the critical components involve landmark visibility, spatial axes, spatial boundaries, and turns or intersections. Additionally, from the cognitive processing perspective of individuals, cognitive maps may also incorporate event elements, representing the states of individuals at different times and places, which are closely tied to episodic memory. These elements in cognitive maps do not exist independently but are interrelated, collectively influencing the spatial navigation process. Elements in cognitive maps are organized in forms such as Euclidean space, cognitive graphs, and schemas.

Building on this foundation, this study proposes a two-stage dynamic processing mechanism for cognitive maps in navigation within visually cue-restricted environments: the construction stage and the updating-correction stage. During the construction stage, individuals gather environmental information through multiple sensory channels and integrate these elements into a cognitive map. In the updating-correction stage, individuals abstract spatial mental models from the cognitive map based on environmental features and navigation goals. They perform reasoning and decision-making to plan routes, achieving spatial orientation through multisensory integration. As navigation progresses, individuals dynamically update and correct the cognitive map with environmental information to support navigation in visually cue-restricted environments, a process that is further regulated by metacognitive monitoring. This dynamic processing mechanism plays a unique role in navigation under visually restricted conditions.

By elucidating the dynamic processing mechanisms of cognitive maps under visually cue-restricted conditions, this study provides theoretical insights into changes in individuals’ spatial navigation behaviors across complex environments. It also broadens future research directions in applications such as human-computer collaborative navigation systems and spatial navigation training.

Key words: navigation in visually cue−restricted environments, spatial navigation, cognitive map, dynamic processing mechanism

CLC Number:

B842

HUANG Lei, ZHANG Junheng, JI Ming. Dynamic processing mechanisms of cognitive maps in navigation in visually cue-restricted environments[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2025, 33(4): 673-679.

Figures/Tables 6

References 118

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要素组织形式	概念	来源	表征内容
认知地图	依赖重要线索构建出的独立于自身而存在的环境全景地图	Tolman, 1948	空间环境信息的物理表征
认知图谱	是对空间环境的灵活表征, 它允许个体在导航过程中理解和记忆路线网络	Chrastil & Warren, 2014	仅包含节点和链接的动作序列集合
认知空间	由刺激的物理特征(如位置、方向)和抽象特征(如颜色、形状)的多组质量维度构成的空间表征形式	Bellmund et al., 2018	反映知识层次或嵌套概念的多尺度表征

要素组织形式	概念	来源	表征内容
认知地图	依赖重要线索构建出的独立于自身而存在的环境全景地图	Tolman, 1948	空间环境信息的物理表征
认知图谱	是对空间环境的灵活表征, 它允许个体在导航过程中理解和记忆路线网络	Chrastil & Warren, 2014	仅包含节点和链接的动作序列集合
认知空间	由刺激的物理特征(如位置、方向)和抽象特征(如颜色、形状)的多组质量维度构成的空间表征形式	Bellmund et al., 2018	反映知识层次或嵌套概念的多尺度表征