Application of sulcal morphometry analysis in cognitive neuroscience of language

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00994

Abstract

Abstract:

Language was the most remarkable ability of human beings. Numerous neuroimaging studies attempted to investigate its neurophysiological basis. Recent findings of abnormal sulcal patterns in psychiatric syndromes and neurological disorders shed new light on the relationship between language ability and complicated morphology of cerebral cortex. Here we described the studies using sulcal morphometry analysis in cognitive neuroscience of language and outlined some possible research directions for further studies. Combining sulci quantification with multimodal data will contribute to a better understanding of the neural mechanisms of language ability.

Key words: language-cognition, sulcus, disorder

CLC Number:

B842
B845

CUI Xin, SU Mengmeng, SHU Hua. Application of sulcal morphometry analysis in cognitive neuroscience of language[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2018, 26(6): 994-1003.

Figures/Tables 1

References 94

[1]	Armstrong E., Schleicher A., Omran H., Curtis M., & Zilles K . ( 1995). The ontogeny of human gyrification. Cerebral Cortex, 5( 1), 56-63. doi: 10.1093/cercor/5.1.56 URL
[2]	Ashburner, J., & Friston, K. J . ( 2000). Voxel-based morphometry—the methods. NeuroImage, 11( 6), 805-821. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0582 URL
[3]	Auzias G., Brun L., Deruelle C., & Coulon O . ( 2015). Deep sulcal landmarks: Algorithmic and conceptual improvements in the definition and extraction of sulcal pits. NeuroImage, 111, 12-25. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.008 URL pmid: 25676916
[4]	Borst G., Cachia A., Tissier C., Ahr E., Simon G., & Houdé O . ( 2016). Early cerebral constraints on reading skills in school-age children: An MRI study. Mind, Brain, and Education, 10( 1), 47-54. doi: 10.1111/mbe.12098 URL
[5]	Bouhali F., de Schotten M. T., Pinel P., Poupon C., Mangin J. F., Dehaene S., & Cohen L . ( 2014). Anatomical connections of the visual word form area. Journal of Neuroscience, 34( 46), 15402-15414. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4918-13.2014 URL pmid: 25392507
[6]	Cachia A., Borst G., Tissier C., Fisher C., Plaze M., Gay O., .. Raznahan A . ( 2016). Longitudinal stability of the folding pattern of the anterior cingulate cortex during development. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 122-127. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.02.011 URL pmid: 26974743
[7]	Cachia A., Paillère-Martinot M. L., Galinowski A., Januel D., de Beaurepaire R., Bellivier F., .. Martinot J. L . ( 2008). Cortical folding abnormalities in schizophrenia patients with resistant auditory hallucinations. NeuroImage, 39( 3), 927-935. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.049 URL pmid: 17988891
[8]	Cachia A., Roell M., Mangin J. F., Sun Z. Y., Jobert A., Braga L., .. Borst G . ( 2017). How interindividual differences in brain anatomy shape reading accuracy. Brain Structure and Function, 1-12 doi: 10.1007/s00429-017-1516-x URL pmid: 28916842
[9]	Catts H. W., Fey M. E., Ellis Weismer, S., & Bridges, M. S.( 2014) . The relationship between language and reading abilities. In J. B. Tomblin & M. A. Nippold (Eds.), Understanding individual differences in language development across the school years (pp. 144-165). New York: Psychology Press.
[10]	Clark K. A., Helland T., Specht K., Narr K. L., Manis F. R., Toga A. W., & Hugdahl K . ( 2014). Neuroanatomical precursors of dyslexia identified from pre-reading through to age 11. Brain, 137( 12), 3136-3141. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu229 URL pmid: 25125610
[11]	Cykowski M. D., Kochunov P. V., Ingham R. J., Ingham J. C., Mangin J. F., Rivière D., .. Fox P. T . ( 2008). Perisylvian sulcal morphology and cerebral asymmetry patterns in adults who stutter. Cerebral Cortex, 18( 3), 571-583. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm093 URL pmid: 17584852
[12]	Dehaene S., Cohen L., Morais J., & Kolinsky R . ( 2015). Illiterate to literate: Behavioural and cerebral changes induced by reading acquisition. Nature Review Neuroscience, 16( 4), 234-244. doi: 10.1038/nrn3924 URL pmid: 25783611
[13]	Dehaene-Lambertz, G. (2017). The human infant brain: A neural architecture able to learn language. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 24( 1), 48-55. doi: 10.3758/s13423-016-1156-9 URL pmid: 28120318
[14]	Dehaene-Lambertz, G., & Spelke, E. S . ( 2015). The infancy of the human brain. Neuron, 88( 1), 93-109. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.026 URL pmid: 26447575
[15]	DeWitt, I., & Rauschecker, J. P . ( 2012). Phoneme and word recognition in the auditory ventral stream. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109( 8), E505-E514. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1113427109 URL
[16]	Dorsaint-Pierre R., Penhune V. B., Watkins K. E., Neelin P., Lerch J. P., Bouffard M., & Zatorre R. J . ( 2006). Asymmetries of the planum temporale and Heschl's gyrus: Relationship to language lateralization. Brain, 129( 5), 1164-1176. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl055 URL pmid: 16537567
[17]	Dubois J., Benders M., Borradori-Tolsa C., Cachia A., Lazeyras F., Ha-Vinh Leuchter R., .. Hüppi P. S . ( 2008). Primary cortical folding in the human newborn: An early marker of later functional development. Brain, 131( 8), 2028-2041. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn137 URL pmid: 2724902
[18]	Dubois J., Benders M., Cachia A., Lazeyras F., Ha-Vinh Leuchter R., Sizonenko S. V., .. Hüppi P. S . ( 2008). Mapping the early cortical folding process in the preterm newborn brain. Cerebral Cortex, 18( 6), 1444-1454. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm180 URL pmid: 17934189
[19]	Dubois J., Hertz-Pannier L., Cachia A., Mangin J. F., Le Bihan D., & Dehaene-Lambertz G . ( 2009). Structural asymmetries in the infant language and sensori-motor networks. Cerebral Cortex, 19( 2), 414-423. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhn097 URL pmid: 18562332
[20]	Dubois J., Poupon C., Thirion B., Simonnet H., Kulikova S., Leroy F., .. Dehaene-Lambertz G . ( 2016). Exploring the early organization and maturation of linguistic pathways in the human infant brain. Cerebral Cortex, 26( 5), 2283-2298. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhv082 URL pmid: 25924951
[21]	Eckert M. A., Galaburda A. M., Karchemskiy A., Liang A., Thompson P., Dutton R. A., .. Reiss A. L . ( 2006). Anomalous sylvian fissure morphology in Williams syndrome. NeuroImage, 33( 1), 39-45. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.062 URL pmid: 16876437
[22]	Fahim C., Yoon U., Nashaat N. H., Khalil A. K., El-Belbesy M., Mancini-Marie A., .. Meguid N . ( 2012). Williams syndrome: A relationship between genetics, brain morphology and behaviour. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56( 9), 879-894. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01490.x URL pmid: 22044458
[23]	Geffroy D., Rivière D., Denghien I., Souedet N., Laguitton S., & Cointepas Y . ( 2011). BrainVISA: A complete software platform for neuroimaging. Paper presented at the Python in neuroscience workshop.
[24]	Gilmore J. H., Lin W. L., Prastawa M. W., Looney C. B., Vetsa Y. S. K., Knickmeyer R. C., .. Gerig G . ( 2007). Regional gray matter growth, sexual dimorphism, and cerebral asymmetry in the neonatal Brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 27( 6), 1255-1260. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3339-06.2007 URL pmid: 2886661
[25]	Gullick, M. M., & Booth, J. R . ( 2015). The direct segment of the arcuate fasciculus is predictive of longitudinal reading change. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 68-74. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.05.002 URL
[26]	Habas P. A., Scott J. A., Roosta A., Rajagopalan V., Kim K., Rousseau F., .. Studholme C . ( 2012). Early folding patterns and asymmetries of the normal human brain detected from in utero MRI. Cerebral Cortex, 22( 1), 13-25. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr053 URL pmid: 21571694
[27]	Hagoort, P. (2014). Nodes and networks in the neural architecture for language: Broca's region and beyond. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 28, 136-141. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.07.013 URL pmid: 25062474
[28]	Hamelin L., Bertoux M., Bottlaender M., Corne H., Lagarde J., Hahn V., .. Sarazin M . ( 2015). Sulcal morphology as a new imaging marker for the diagnosis of early onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 36( 11), 2932-2939. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.019 URL
[29]	Harris J. M., Moorhead T. W. J., Miller P., McIntosh A. M., Bonnici H. M., Owens D. G. C., .. Lawrie S. M . ( 2007). Increased prefrontal gyrification in a large high-risk cohort characterizes those who develop schizophrenia and reflects abnormal prefrontal development. Biological Psychiatry, 62( 7), 722-729. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.027 URL pmid: 17509536
[30]	Hilgetag, C. C., & Barbas, H. (2005). Developmental mechanics of the primate cerebral cortex. Anatomy and Embryology, 210( 5-6), 411-417. doi: 10.1007/s00429-005-0041-5 URL pmid: 16175385
[31]	Hill J., Dierker D., Neil J., Inder T., Knutsen A., Harwell J., .. van Essen D . ( 2010). A surface-based analysis of hemispheric asymmetries and folding of cerebral cortex in term-born human infants. Journal of Neuroscience, 30( 6), 2268-2276. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4682-09.2010 URL pmid: 20147553
[32]	Hopkins, W. D., & Nir, T. M . ( 2010). Planum temporale surface area and grey matter asymmetries in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): The effect of handedness and comparison with findings in humans. Behavioural Brain Research, 208( 2), 436-443. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.012 URL pmid: 20035802
[33]	Im K., Jo H. J., Mangin J. F., Evans A. C., Kim S. I., & Lee J. M . ( 2010). Spatial distribution of deep sulcal landmarks and hemispherical asymmetry on the cortical surface. Cerebral Cortex, 20( 3), 602-611. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp127 URL pmid: 19561060
[34]	Im K., Lee J. M., Jeon S., Kim J. H., Seo S. W., Na D. L., & Grant P. E . ( 2013). Reliable identification of deep sulcal pits: The effects of scan session, scanner, and surface extraction tool. PLoS One, 8( 1), e53678.
[35]	Im K., Pienaar R., Lee J. M., Seong J. K., Choi Y. Y., Lee K. H., & Grant P. E . ( 2011). Quantitative comparison and analysis of sulcal patterns using sulcal graph matching: A twin study. NeuroImage, 57( 3), 1077-1086. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.04.062 URL pmid: 21596139
[36]	Im K., Lee J. M., Jeon S., Kim J. H., Seo S. W., Na D. L., & Grant P. E . ( 2013). Reliable identification of deep sulcal pits: the effects of scan session, scanner, and surface extraction tool. PloS One, 8( 1), e53678. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053678 URL
[37]	Im K., Pienaar R., Paldino M. J., Gaab N., Galaburda A. M., & Grant P. E . ( 2013). Quantification and discrimination of abnormal sulcal patterns in polymicrogyria. Cerebral Cortex, 23( 12), 3007-3015. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs292 URL pmid: 3888213
[38]	Im K., Raschle N. M., Smith S. A., Ellen Grant P., & Gaab N . ( 2016). Atypical sulcal pattern in children with developmental dyslexia and at-risk kindergarteners. Cerebral Cortex, 26( 3), 1138-1148. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhu305 URL pmid: 25576531
[39]	Kasprian G., Langs G., Brugger P. C., Bittner M., Weber M., Arantes M., & Prayer D . ( 2011). The prenatal origin of hemispheric asymmetry: An in utero neuroimaging study. Cerebral Cortex, 21( 5), 1076-1083. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq179 URL pmid: 20851852
[40]	Kates W. R., Ikuta I., & Burnette C. P . ( 2009). Gyrification patterns in monozygotic twin pairs varying in discordance for autism. Autism Research, 2( 5), 267-278. doi: 10.1002/aur.98 URL pmid: 19890876
[41]	Keller S. S., Crow T., Foundas A., Amunts K., & Roberts N . ( 2009). Broca’s area: Nomenclature, anatomy, typology and asymmetry. Brain and Language, 109( 1), 29-48. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2008.11.005 URL pmid: 19155059
[42]	Kersbergen K. J., Leroy F., Išgum I., Groenendaal F., de Vries L. S., Claessens N. H. P ., .. Benders, M. J. N. L. (2016). Relation between clinical risk factors, early cortical changes, and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants. NeuroImage, 142, 301-310. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.010 URL pmid: 27395393
[43]	Klee, T., & Stokes, S. F . ( 2011). Language development. In Child psychology and psychiatry(pp. 45-50). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
[44]	Kochunov P., Glahn D. C., Fox P. T., Lancaster J. L., Saleem K., Shelledy W., .. Rogers J . ( 2010). Genetics of primary cerebral gyrification: Heritability of length, depth and area of primary sulci in an extended pedigree of Papio baboons. NeuroImage, 53( 3), 1126-1134. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.045 URL pmid: 2888833
[45]	Leroy F., Cai Q., Bogart S. L., Dubois J., Coulon O., Monzalvo K., .. Dehaene-Lambertz G . ( 2015). New human-specific brain landmark: The depth asymmetry of superior temporal sulcus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112( 4), 1208-1213. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1412389112 URL
[46]	Leroy F., Glasel H., Dubois J., Hertz-Pannier L., Thirion B., Mangin J. F., & Dehaene-Lambertz G . ( 2011). Early maturation of the linguistic dorsal pathway in human infants. Journal of Neuroscience, 31( 4), 1500-1506. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4141-10.2011 URL pmid: 21273434
[47]	Li G., Guo L., Nie J. X., & Liu T. M . ( 2010). An automated pipeline for cortical sulcal fundi extraction. Medical Image Analysis, 14( 3), 343-359. doi: 10.1016/j.media.2010.01.005 URL pmid: 2854848
[48]	Li G., Wang L., Shi F., Lyall A. E., Lin W., Gilmore J. H., & Shen D . ( 2014). Mapping longitudinal development of local cortical gyrification in infants from birth to 2 years of age. Journal of Neuroscience, 34( 12), 4228-4238. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3976-13.2014 URL pmid: 24647943
[49]	Libero L. E., DeRamus T. P., Deshpande H. D., & Kana R. K . ( 2014). Surface-based morphometry of the cortical architecture of autism spectrum disorders: Volume, thickness, area, and gyrification. Neuropsychologia, 62, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.001 URL pmid: 25019362
[50]	Liebenthal E., Desai R., Ellingson M. M., Ramachandran B., Desai A., & Binder J. R . ( 2010). Specialization along the left superior temporal sulcus for auditory categorization. Cerebral Cortex, 20( 12), 2958-2970. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq045 URL pmid: 2978244
[51]	Liu T., Sachdev P. S., Lipnicki D. M., Jiang J. Y., Geng G. Q., Zhu W. L., .. Wen W . ( 2013). Limited relationships between two-year changes in sulcal morphology and other common neuroimaging indices in the elderly. NeuroImage, 83, 12-17. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.058 URL pmid: 23800792
[52]	Liu T., Wen W., Zhu W. L., Kochan N. A., Trollor J. N., Reppermund S., .. Sachdev P. S . ( 2011). The relationship between cortical sulcal variability and cognitive performance in the elderly. NeuroImage, 56( 3), 865-873. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.015 URL pmid: 21397704
[53]	Lohmann G., von Cramon D. Y., & Colchester, A. C. F. (2008). Deep sulcal landmarks provide an organizing framework for human cortical folding. Cerebral Cortex, 18( 6), 1415-1420. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm174 URL pmid: 17921455
[54]	Lyttelton O. C., Karama S., Ad-Dab'bagh Y., Zatorre R. J., Carbonell F., Worsley K., & Evans A. C . ( 2009). Positional and surface area asymmetry of the human cerebral cortex. NeuroImage, 46( 4), 895-903. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.063 URL pmid: 19345735
[55]	Mahmoudzadeh M., Wallois F., Kongolo G., Goudjil S., & Dehaene-Lambertz G . ( 2017). Functional maps at the onset of auditory inputs in very early preterm human neonates. Cerebral Cortex, 27( 4), 2500-2512. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhw103 URL pmid: 27102655
[56]	Mangin J. F., Jouvent E., & Cachia A . ( 2010). In-vivo measurement of cortical morphology: Means and meanings. Current Opinion in Neurology, 23( 4), 359-367. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e32833a0afc URL pmid: 20489617
[57]	Mangin J. F., Rivière D., Cachia A., Duchesnay E., Cointepas Y., Papadopoulos-Orfanos D., .. Régis J . ( 2004). A framework to study the cortical folding patterns. NeuroImage, 23, S129-S138. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.019 URL pmid: 15501082
[58]	Melbourne A., Kendall G. S., Cardoso M. J., Gunny R., Robertson N. J., Marlow N., & Ourselin S . ( 2014). Preterm birth affects the developmental synergy between cortical folding and cortical connectivity observed on multimodal MRI. NeuroImage, 89, 23-34. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.048 URL pmid: 24315841
[59]	Meng Y., Li G., Lin W. L., Gilmore J. H., & Shen D. G . ( 2014). Spatial distribution and longitudinal development of deep cortical sulcal landmarks in infants. NeuroImage, 100, 206-218. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.004 URL pmid: 4138270
[60]	Mirakhur A., Moorhead T. W. J., Stanfield A. C., McKirdy J., Sussmann J. E. D., Hall J., .. McIntosh A. M . ( 2009). Changes in gyrification over 4 years in bipolar disorder and their association with the brain-derived neurotrophic factor valine 66 methionine variant. Biological Psychiatry, 66( 3), 293-297. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.12.006 URL pmid: 19167700
[61]	Ochiai T., Grimault S., Scavarda D., Roch G., Hori T., Riviere D., .. Régis J . ( 2004). Sulcal pattern and morphology of the superior temporal sulcus. NeuroImage, 22( 2), 706-719. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.023 URL pmid: 15193599
[62]	Olulade O. A., Napoliello E. M., & Eden G. F . ( 2013). Abnormal visual motion processing is not a cause of dyslexia. Neuron, 79( 1), 180-190. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.002 URL pmid: 23746630
[63]	Panizzon M. S., Fennema-Notestine C., Eyler L. T., Jernigan T. L., Prom-Wormley E., Neale M., .. Kremen W. S . ( 2009). Distinct genetic influences on cortical surface area and cortical thickness. Cerebral Cortex, 19( 11), 2728-2735. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp026 URL
[64]	Penttilä J., Paillére-Martinot M. L., Martinot J. L., Mangin J. F., Burke L., Corrigall R., .. Cachia A . ( 2008). Global and temporal cortical folding in patients with early-onset schizophrenia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47( 10), 1125-1132. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181825aa7 URL pmid: 18725863
[65]	Peterson, R. L., & Pennington, B. F . ( 2012). Developmental dyslexia. The Lancet, 379( 9830), 1997-2007. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60198-6 URL
[66]	Platt M. P., Adler W. T., Mehlhorn A. J., Johnson G. C., Wright K. A., Choi R. T., .. Rosen G. D . ( 2013). Embryonic disruption of the candidate dyslexia susceptibility gene homolog Kiaa0319-like results in neuronal migration disorders. Neuroscience, 248, 585-593.
[67]	Régis J., Mangin J. F., Ochiai T., Frouin V., Riviére D., Cachia A., .. Samson Y . ( 2005). “Sulcal Root” generic model: A hypothesis to overcome the variability of the human cortex folding patterns. Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica, 45( 1), 1-17. doi: 10.2176/nmc.45.1 URL
[68]	Raschle N. M., Becker B. L. C., Smith S., Fehlbaum L. V., Wang Y. Y., & Gaab N . ( 2017). Investigating the influences of language delay and/or familial risk for dyslexia on brain structure in 5-year-olds. Cerebral Cortex, 27( 1), 764-776. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhv267 URL pmid: 26585334
[69]	Raschle N. M., Chang M., & Gaab N . ( 2011). Structural brain alterations associated with dyslexia predate reading onset. NeuroImage, 57( 3), 742-749. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.055 URL pmid: 3499031
[70]	Raschle N. M., Stering P. L., Meissner S. N., & Gaab N . ( 2014). Altered neuronal response during rapid auditory processing and its relation to phonological processing in prereading children at familial risk for dyslexia. Cerebral Cortex, 24( 9), 2489-2501. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht104 URL pmid: 4184369
[71]	Saygin Z. M., Osher D. E., Norton E. S., Youssoufian D. A., Beach S. D., Feather J., .. Kanwisher N . ( 2016). Connectivity precedes function in the development of the visual word form area. Nature Neuroscience, 19( 9), 1250-1255. doi: 10.1038/nn.4354 URL pmid: 27500407
[72]	Shim G., Jung W. H., Choi J. S., Jung M. H., Jang J. H., Park J. Y., .. Kwon J. S . ( 2009). Reduced cortical folding of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 34( 6), 443-449. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01434.x URL pmid: 19949720
[73]	Shultz S., Vouloumanos A., Bennett R. H., & Pelphrey K . ( 2014). Neural specialization for speech in the first months of life. Developmental Science, 17( 5), 766-774. doi: 10.1111/desc.12151 URL pmid: 24576182
[74]	Skeide M. A., Kraft I., Müller B., Schaadt G., Neef N. E., Brauer J., .. Friederici A. D . ( 2016). NRSN1 associated grey matter volume of the visual word form area reveals dyslexia before school. Brain, 139( 10), 2792-2803. doi: 10.1093/brain/aww153 URL pmid: 27343255
[75]	Striedter G. F., Srinivasan S., & Monuki E. S . ( 2015). Cortical folding: When, where, how, and why?. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 38, 291-307. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-034128 URL pmid: 25897870
[76]	Striem-Amit E., Hertz U., & Amedi A . ( 2011). Extensive cochleotopic mapping of human auditory cortical fields obtained with phase-encoding FMRI. PLoS One, 6( 3), e17832. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017832 URL pmid: 3063163
[77]	Sun, T., & Hevner, R. F . ( 2014). Growth and folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex: From molecules to malformations. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15( 4), 217-232. doi: 10.1038/nrn3707 URL pmid: 24646670
[78]	Sun T., Patoine C., Abu-Khalil A., Visvader J., Sum E., Cherry T. J., .. Walsh C. A . ( 2005). Early asymmetry of gene transcription in embryonic human left and right cerebral cortex. Science, 308( 5729), 1794-1798. doi: 10.1126/science.1110324 URL pmid: 2756725
[79]	Sun, T., & Walsh, C. A . ( 2006). Molecular approaches to brain asymmetry and handedness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7( 8), 655-662. doi: 10.1038/nrn1930 URL pmid: 16858393
[80]	Sun Z. Y., Rivière D., Poupon F., Régis J., & Mangin J.-F . ( 2007). Automatic inference of sulcus patterns using 3D moment invariants. In N. Ayache, S. Ourselin, & A. Maeder (Eds.), Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention - MICCAI 2007 (Vol. 4791, pp. 515-522). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
[81]	Takerkart S., Auzias G., Brun L., & Coulon O . ( 2017). Structural graph-based morphometry: A multiscale searchlight framework based on sulcal pits. Medical Image Analysis, 35, 32-45. doi: 10.1016/j.media.2016.04.011 URL pmid: 27310172
[82]	Tallinen T., Chung J. Y., Rousseau F., Girard N., Lefèvre J., & Mahadevan L . ( 2016). On the growth and form of cortical convolutions. Nature Physics, 12( 6), 588-593. doi: 10.1038/nphys3632 URL
[83]	Trefler A., Sadeghi N., Thomas A. G., Pierpaoli C., Baker C. I., & Thomas C . ( 2016). Impact of time-of-day on brain morphometric measures derived from T₁-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. NeuroImage, 133, 41-52. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.034 URL
[84]	Vandermosten M., Boets B., Wouters J., & Ghesquière P . ( 2012). A qualitative and quantitative review of diffusion tensor imaging studies in reading and dyslexia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36( 6), 1532-1552. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.04.002 URL pmid: 22516793
[85]	Vandermosten M., Vanderauwera J., Theys C., De Vos A., Vanvooren S., Sunaert S., .. Ghesquière P . ( 2015). A DTI tractography study in pre-readers at risk for dyslexia. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 8-15. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.05.006 URL pmid: 26048528
[86]	van Essen, D. C . ( 1997). A tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system. Nature, 385( 6614), 313-318. doi: 10.1038/385313a0 URL
[87]	Wallace G. L., Robustelli B., Dankner N., Kenworthy L., Giedd J. N., & Martin A . ( 2013). Increased gyrification, but comparable surface area in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Brain, 136( 6), 1956-1967. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt106 URL pmid: 3673467
[88]	Wang Y. Y., Mauer M. V., Raney T., Peysakhovich B., Becker B. L. C., Sliva D. D., & Gaab N . ( 2017). Development of tract-specific white matter pathways during early reading development in at-risk children and typical controls. Cerebral Cortex, 27( 4), 2469-2485. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhw095 URL pmid: 27114172
[89]	Weiner K. S., Barnett M. A., Lorenz S., Caspers J., Stigliani A., Amunts K., .. Grill-Spector K . ( 2017). The cytoarchitecture of domain-specific regions in human high-level visual cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 27( 1), 146-161. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhw361 URL pmid: 27909003
[90]	Williams V. J., Juranek J., Cirino P., & Fletcher J. M . ( 2017). Cortical thickness and local gyrification in children with developmental dyslexia. Cerebral Cortex, doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhx001 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhx001 URL pmid: 28108497
[91]	Xia Z. C., Hoeft F., Zhang L. J., & Shu H . ( 2016). Neuroanatomical anomalies of dyslexia: Disambiguating the effects of disorder, performance, and maturation. Neuropsychologia, 81, 68-78. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.003 URL pmid: 4790432
[92]	Xu G., Knutsen A. K., Dikranian K., Kroenke C. D., Bayly P. V., & Taber L. A . ( 2010). Axons pull on the brain, but tension does not drive cortical folding. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 132( 7), 071013. doi: 10.1115/1.4001683 URL pmid: 3170872
[93]	Zilles K., Armstrong E., Schleicher A., & Kretschmann H.-J . ( 1988). The human pattern of gyrification in the cerebral cortex. Anatomy and Embryology, 179( 2), 173-179. doi: 10.1007/BF00304699 URL
[94]	Zilles K., Palomero-Gallagher N., & Amunts K . ( 2013). Development of cortical folding during evolution and ontogeny. Trends in Neurosciences, 36( 5), 275-284. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.006 URL pmid: 23415112