空间导航能力性别差异的三水平元分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2025.0843

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 空间导航是不可或缺的基本认知能力, 尽管已有大量研究探讨其性别差异, 但关于差异的存在和大小尚无定论。本研究对173项研究(总样本量N = 26604)和372个独立效应量进行三水平元分析, 结果表明, 大多数条件下男性的空间导航能力强于女性, 但性别差异受年龄、表征方式、时间限制、任务环境、测试场景、辅+助装备的调节, 在婴幼儿期、成年晚期的人群中, 以及室内−室外双重测试和无辅助设备条件下, 空间导航能力的性别差异不显著。本研究明确了空间导航能力的性别差异及其调节因素, 为教育实践中缩小性别差异提供了参考。

关键词: 空间导航能力, 性别差异, 三水平元分析, 调节效应

Abstract:

Spatial navigation refers to an individual's ability to update his or her position and orientation in space, learn the layout of new locations, and plan and follow routes to reach a destination. This ability is one of the fundamental abilities essential for the survival of both humans and animals. Gender is a significant factor contributing to individual differences in spatial navigation ability. Although numerous studies have explored gender differences in spatial navigation, findings regarding the existence and extent of these differences remain inconsistent. In these studies, gender often interacts with various factors, such as study design, collectively influencing spatial navigation ability. Therefore, it is essential to systematically investigate whether significant differences exist between men and women in spatial navigation ability and to analyze how moderating factors shape the relationship between gender and spatial navigation performance.

The present study integrated 173 original papers involving 372 independent effect sizes and 26,604 subjects between 2007 and 2023 through a three-level meta-analysis to clarify gender differences in spatial navigation ability and their potential moderating variables. The results indicate that males outperform females in spatial navigation ability under most conditions and that this gender difference is significantly moderated by age, mode of representation, time constraints, task environment, test scenario, and assistive equipment. Specifically, age was a significant moderating variable: males significantly outperformed females in spatial navigation between the ages of 4 and 65 years, whereas there were no significant differences in infancy (0~4 years) and late adulthood (65 years and older). Representational modality in task design also played a role, with smaller gender differences in egocentric representational tasks and larger differences in allocentric representational tasks. Gender differences were more significant in time-constrained tasks and less so when there were no time constraints. Task environment and test conditions also significantly affected results, with smaller gender differences in indoor environments only, real-scene tests, or conditions using paper-and-pencil instruments and no assistive devices, and more significant differences in dual indoor-outdoor test conditions or conditions using assistive devices. In addition, the study found that geographic region did not influence gender differences in spatial navigation ability, as participants from various continents consistently exhibited significant gender differences. On the one hand, this may be due to the uneven focus on different regions in previous research, resulting in an imbalanced distribution of participants. On the other hand, economic conditions and living environments may serve as more proximal factors influencing gender differences, potentially moderating these differences by providing varying resources and challenges. Furthermore, gender differences in spatial navigation ability remained consistent across different task types and measurement metrics, indicating the reliability of these assessments. However, in real-life situations, spatial environmental cues are considerably more complex and multifaceted than what simplified tasks in laboratory settings can fully capture. Therefore, future research should continue to explore evaluation methods that are more closely aligned with real-world conditions.

This study examined gender differences in spatial navigation ability and its moderators through a three-level meta-analysis. The findings not only confirmed the phenomenon of male superiority in spatial navigation ability but also identified several key variables that moderate these gender differences. Future research should involve more diverse and representative population samples and employ task designs and measurement methods that closely reflect real-world environments to further explore the relationship between gender and spatial navigation ability. Moreover, in practical terms, educators should prioritize the development of students' spatial navigation skills, particularly through targeted teaching and hands-on activities aimed at enhancing women's confidence and ability in handling navigation tasks. These efforts will not only contribute to narrowing the gender gap but also improve students' ability to tackle spatial challenges in real-world contexts, ultimately promoting educational equity and social progress.

Key words: spatial navigation, gender differences, there-level meta-analysis, moderating effect

中图分类号:

B842

薛笑然, 崔伟, 张丽. (2025). 空间导航能力性别差异的三水平元分析. 心理科学进展 , 33(5), 843-862.

XUE Xiaoran, CUI Wei, ZHANG Li. (2025). A three-level meta-analysis of gender differences in spatial navigation ability. Advances in Psychological Science, 33(5), 843-862.

图/表 4

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调节变量	k	Intercept/mean d [95% CI]		B [95% CI]	F (df₁, df₂)		p	水平2方差	水平3方差
(1)样本特征
a. 年龄	368
婴幼儿期(0至4岁)	2	−0.83 [−1.73, 0.07]			F(6, 361) = 2.91		0.009^**	0.02^***	0.13^***
儿童期(4至12岁)	39	0.43 [0.24, 0.62]^***		1.25 [0.01, 0.03]^**
青春期(12至18岁)	2	0.59 [0.23, 1.41]^**		1.42 [0.20, 3.63]^*
成年早期(18至40岁)	243	0.43 [0.36, 0.51]^***		1.26 [0.36, 2.16]^**
成年中期(40至65岁)	9	0.68 [0.11, 1.25]^*		1.51 [0.44, 2.57]^**
成年晚期(65岁以上)	6	0.32 [−0.16, 0.80]		1.14 [0.12, 2.16]^*
跨年龄	67	0.22 [0.09, 0.36]^***		1.05 [0.14, 1.96]^*
b. 地区	372
亚洲	44	0.35 [0.17, 0.53]^***			F(6, 365) = 0.53		0.786	0.02^***	0.14^***
欧洲	146	0.39 [0.28, 0.49]^***	0.03 [−0.18, 0.24]
北美洲	156	0.40 [0.29, 0.50]^***	0.04 [−0.17, 0.25]
南美洲	2	0.69 [−0.17, 1.56]	0.34 [−0.55, 1.23]
非洲	5	0.20 [−0.30, 0.69]	−0.16 [−0.68, 0.37]
大洋洲	8	0.67 [0.27, 1.07]^**	0.31 [−0.12, 0.75]
跨国	11	0.43 [0.11, 0.76]^**	0.08 [−0.29, 0.46]
(2)研究设计特征
a. 表征方式	372
自我中心	208	0.34 [0.26, 0.43]^***				F(1, 370) = 3.44	0.064^†	0.02^***	0.13^***
环境中心	164	0.43 [0.35, 0.51]^***	0.09 [−0.18, 0.01]
b. 时间限制	372
限时	173	0.44 [0.36, 0.53]^***				F(1, 370) = 3.42	0.065^†	0.02^***	0.13^***
不限时	199	0.35 [0.27, 0.43]^***	−0.096 [−0.20, 0.01]
c. 任务环境	372
室内	190	0.38 [0.30, 0.46]^***				F(3, 368) = 3.28	0.022^*	0.13^***	0.08^***
室外	146	0.35 [0.26, 0.44]^***	−0.02 [−0.13, 0.08]
水迷宫	34	0.66 [0.47, 0.86]^***	0.29 [0.08, 0.50]^**
室内−室外	2	−0.06 [−0.73, 0.61]	−0.44 [−1.11, 0.23]
d. 测试场景	372
真实场景	101	0.25 [0.14, 0.36]^***				F(1, 370) = 9.74	0.002^**	0.02^***	0.13^***
视频场景	271	0.45 [0.37, 0.52]^***	0.20 [0.07, 0.33]^**
e. 辅助装备	372
电子设备	277	0.45 [0.38, 0.52]^***				F(2, 369) = 7.41	0.000^***	0.02^***	0.13^***
纸笔工具	50	0.37 [0.22, 0.51]^***	−0.08 [−0.23, 0.07]
无设备	45	0.13 [−0.02, 0.28]	−0.32 [−0.48, −0.15]^***
(3)评估特征
a. 任务类型
闭环任务	2	0.07 [−0.43, 0.57]				F(7, 364) = 1.17	0.32	0.02	0.14
地图绘制任务	13	0.31 [0.09, 0.53]^**	0.24 [−0.30, 0.78]
地图使用任务	9	0.32 [0.06, 0.59]^*	0.25 [−0.31, 0.81]
路标再认记忆任务	34	0.31 [0.18, 0.43]^***	0.24 [−0.27, 0.74]
路线描述任务	8	0.41 [0.14, 0.67]^**	0.34 [−0.22, 0.90]
路线学习与重走任务	150	0.38 [0.29, 0.46]^***	0.30 [−0.19, 0.80]
目标指向任务	114	0.38 [0.29, 0.48]^***	0.31 [−0.19, 0.82]
虚拟水迷宫任务	42	0.58 [0.40, 0.76]^***	0.51 [−0.02, 1.03]
b. 测量指标	372
反应时	85	0.47 [0.37, 0.57]^***				F(5, 366) = 1.92	0.09	0.02^***	0.14^***
总距离	38	0.29 [0.16, 0.41]^***	−0.19 [−0.32, −0.05]^**
正确率	139	0.39 [0.30, 0.47]^***	−0.09 [−0.20, 0.03]
速度	16	0.48 [0.27, 0.70]^***	0.01 [−0.22, 0.23]
偏差程度	78	0.35 [0.24, 0.46]^***	−0.12 [−0.25, 0.01]
效率	16	0.31 [0.09, 0.52]^**	−0.17 [−0.40, 0.06]

调节变量	k	Intercept/mean d [95% CI]		B [95% CI]	F (df₁, df₂)		p	水平2方差	水平3方差
(1)样本特征
a. 年龄	368
婴幼儿期(0至4岁)	2	−0.83 [−1.73, 0.07]			F(6, 361) = 2.91		0.009^**	0.02^***	0.13^***
儿童期(4至12岁)	39	0.43 [0.24, 0.62]^***		1.25 [0.01, 0.03]^**
青春期(12至18岁)	2	0.59 [0.23, 1.41]^**		1.42 [0.20, 3.63]^*
成年早期(18至40岁)	243	0.43 [0.36, 0.51]^***		1.26 [0.36, 2.16]^**
成年中期(40至65岁)	9	0.68 [0.11, 1.25]^*		1.51 [0.44, 2.57]^**
成年晚期(65岁以上)	6	0.32 [−0.16, 0.80]		1.14 [0.12, 2.16]^*
跨年龄	67	0.22 [0.09, 0.36]^***		1.05 [0.14, 1.96]^*
b. 地区	372
亚洲	44	0.35 [0.17, 0.53]^***			F(6, 365) = 0.53		0.786	0.02^***	0.14^***
欧洲	146	0.39 [0.28, 0.49]^***	0.03 [−0.18, 0.24]
北美洲	156	0.40 [0.29, 0.50]^***	0.04 [−0.17, 0.25]
南美洲	2	0.69 [−0.17, 1.56]	0.34 [−0.55, 1.23]
非洲	5	0.20 [−0.30, 0.69]	−0.16 [−0.68, 0.37]
大洋洲	8	0.67 [0.27, 1.07]^**	0.31 [−0.12, 0.75]
跨国	11	0.43 [0.11, 0.76]^**	0.08 [−0.29, 0.46]
(2)研究设计特征
a. 表征方式	372
自我中心	208	0.34 [0.26, 0.43]^***				F(1, 370) = 3.44	0.064^†	0.02^***	0.13^***
环境中心	164	0.43 [0.35, 0.51]^***	0.09 [−0.18, 0.01]
b. 时间限制	372
限时	173	0.44 [0.36, 0.53]^***				F(1, 370) = 3.42	0.065^†	0.02^***	0.13^***
不限时	199	0.35 [0.27, 0.43]^***	−0.096 [−0.20, 0.01]
c. 任务环境	372
室内	190	0.38 [0.30, 0.46]^***				F(3, 368) = 3.28	0.022^*	0.13^***	0.08^***
室外	146	0.35 [0.26, 0.44]^***	−0.02 [−0.13, 0.08]
水迷宫	34	0.66 [0.47, 0.86]^***	0.29 [0.08, 0.50]^**
室内−室外	2	−0.06 [−0.73, 0.61]	−0.44 [−1.11, 0.23]
d. 测试场景	372
真实场景	101	0.25 [0.14, 0.36]^***				F(1, 370) = 9.74	0.002^**	0.02^***	0.13^***
视频场景	271	0.45 [0.37, 0.52]^***	0.20 [0.07, 0.33]^**
e. 辅助装备	372
电子设备	277	0.45 [0.38, 0.52]^***				F(2, 369) = 7.41	0.000^***	0.02^***	0.13^***
纸笔工具	50	0.37 [0.22, 0.51]^***	−0.08 [−0.23, 0.07]
无设备	45	0.13 [−0.02, 0.28]	−0.32 [−0.48, −0.15]^***
(3)评估特征
a. 任务类型
闭环任务	2	0.07 [−0.43, 0.57]				F(7, 364) = 1.17	0.32	0.02	0.14
地图绘制任务	13	0.31 [0.09, 0.53]^**	0.24 [−0.30, 0.78]
地图使用任务	9	0.32 [0.06, 0.59]^*	0.25 [−0.31, 0.81]
路标再认记忆任务	34	0.31 [0.18, 0.43]^***	0.24 [−0.27, 0.74]
路线描述任务	8	0.41 [0.14, 0.67]^**	0.34 [−0.22, 0.90]
路线学习与重走任务	150	0.38 [0.29, 0.46]^***	0.30 [−0.19, 0.80]
目标指向任务	114	0.38 [0.29, 0.48]^***	0.31 [−0.19, 0.82]
虚拟水迷宫任务	42	0.58 [0.40, 0.76]^***	0.51 [−0.02, 1.03]
b. 测量指标	372
反应时	85	0.47 [0.37, 0.57]^***				F(5, 366) = 1.92	0.09	0.02^***	0.14^***
总距离	38	0.29 [0.16, 0.41]^***	−0.19 [−0.32, −0.05]^**
正确率	139	0.39 [0.30, 0.47]^***	−0.09 [−0.20, 0.03]
速度	16	0.48 [0.27, 0.70]^***	0.01 [−0.22, 0.23]
偏差程度	78	0.35 [0.24, 0.46]^***	−0.12 [−0.25, 0.01]
效率	16	0.31 [0.09, 0.52]^**	−0.17 [−0.40, 0.06]

调节变量		k	B [95% CI]
	Intercept		−0.57 [−1.46, 0.33]
年龄	儿童期(4至12岁)	39	1.10 [0.20, 1.99]^*
	青春期(12至18岁)	2	1.20 [0.02, 2.38]^*
	成年早期(18至40岁)	243	1.07 [0.19, 1.96]^*
	成年中期(40至65岁)	9	1.12 [0.08, 2.16]^*
	成年晚期(65岁以上)	6	1.05 [0.07, 2.03]^*
	跨年龄	67	0.81 [−0.07, 1.70]
任务环境	室外	146	0.01 [−0.09, 0.12]
	水迷宫	34	0.23 [0.01, 0.44]^*
	室内−室外	2	−0.37 [−1.06, 0.31]
表征方式	环境中心	164	−0.10 [−0.19, 0.00]
时间限制	不限时	199	−0.07 [−0.17, 0.03]
测试场景	视频场景	271	0.03 [−0.18, 0.25]
辅助装备	纸笔工具	50	−0.02 [−0.23, 0.19]
	无设备	45	−0.26 [−0.51, −0.01]^*
多重回归模型 k = 368 F(14, 353) = 3.42 p < 0.001			水平2方差水平3方差
多重回归模型 k = 368 F(14, 353) = 3.42 p < 0.001			0.02^* 0.11^*

调节变量		k	B [95% CI]
	Intercept		−0.57 [−1.46, 0.33]
年龄	儿童期(4至12岁)	39	1.10 [0.20, 1.99]^*
	青春期(12至18岁)	2	1.20 [0.02, 2.38]^*
	成年早期(18至40岁)	243	1.07 [0.19, 1.96]^*
	成年中期(40至65岁)	9	1.12 [0.08, 2.16]^*
	成年晚期(65岁以上)	6	1.05 [0.07, 2.03]^*
	跨年龄	67	0.81 [−0.07, 1.70]
任务环境	室外	146	0.01 [−0.09, 0.12]
	水迷宫	34	0.23 [0.01, 0.44]^*
	室内−室外	2	−0.37 [−1.06, 0.31]
表征方式	环境中心	164	−0.10 [−0.19, 0.00]
时间限制	不限时	199	−0.07 [−0.17, 0.03]
测试场景	视频场景	271	0.03 [−0.18, 0.25]
辅助装备	纸笔工具	50	−0.02 [−0.23, 0.19]
	无设备	45	−0.26 [−0.51, −0.01]^*
多重回归模型 k = 368 F(14, 353) = 3.42 p < 0.001			水平2方差水平3方差
多重回归模型 k = 368 F(14, 353) = 3.42 p < 0.001			0.02^* 0.11^*