正常老化对视觉早期注意的影响——来自ERP的证据

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.02746

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

选择性注意能够作用于视觉信息加工的不同阶段。各个注意阶段均受到老化过程的影响, 其中注意早期阶段的老化研究对于理解认知老化的发生机制有重要意义。本文系统地梳理了刺激前的注意预期阶段以及刺激后200 ms内的早期感知注意阶段的正常老年人和青年人ERP比较研究, 以探讨正常老化对视觉早期注意的影响。现有证据表明, 相对于青年人, 正常老年人：(1)多个早期ERP注意效应(包括注意预期ADAN, 早期空间注意N1, 以及特征注意SP和SN)在潜伏期上都存在显著延迟; (2)在振幅上, 不同ERP注意效应的老化表现存在差异：某些ERP成分(包括注意预期EDAN, 以及早期空间注意P1)的注意效应没有明显减弱, 而某些ERP成分(包括注意预期alpha, 早期空间注意N1, 以及特征注意SN)的注意效应受到老化调控; (3)一些注意效应(包括特征注意SP成分, 以及客体注意P1和N1成分)的目标增强机制保留, 而干扰抑制机制缺损。目前已有研究在老化对注意效应振幅的调控上还存在不一致, 这可能与研究的信噪比、任务难度、注意机制分离以及老年人的个体差异有关。未来研究应考虑这些因素以更好地探究正常老化对视觉早期注意的影响。

关键词: 视觉早期注意, 正常老化, 注意预期, ERP

Abstract:

Selective attention modulates multiple stages of visual processing, and nearly all the attentional modulations are affected by normal aging. Studies about the influence of aging on early stages of attentional processing can greatly help to understand the mechanism of cognitive aging. However, the related studies are insufficient and sometimes exhibit inconsistent results. Till now, there is still lack of reviews focusing the aging mechanism of early visual attention from the perspective of time course.
This paper systematically reviews the ERP (event-related potential) studies investigating the aging effect on both pre-stimulus anticipatory attention and sensory stages of attentional processing (less than 200ms post-stimulus). Current evidence shows that: (1) early attentional effects reflected by many ERP components (e.g., ADAN and EDAN reflecting anticipatory attention, N1 reflecting early spatial attention, SP and SN reflecting early feature attention) are delayed in older adults compared to young adults; (2) the amplitudes of early attentional effects showed diverse age-related patterns in different ERP components : while some components (e.g., ADAN, EDAN, and P1 reflecting early spatial attention) appear to be resistant to aging, some other components (e.g., alpha power lateralization reflecting anticipatory attention, N1 reflecting early spatial attention, and SN reflecting early feature attention) seem to be influenced easily by aging, albeit some inconsistent results (e.g., the age-related spatial attention effect on N1 amplitudes is found to be enhanced, preserved, or declined in different studies); (3) while target facilitation reflected by some ERP components (e.g., SP reflecting early feature attention, P1 and N1 reflecting early object attention) is retained in healthy older adults, there is an age-related decline in distractor suppression.
Regarding to the diverse and inconsistent findings about how normal aging affects early attentional effects in ERP amplitudes, there might be multiple reasons. On one hand, it might be due to different task demands and/or different attentional processes (distractor suppression vs. target facilitation) engaged in different studies: (1) different task demands will confuse the observation of, even exert distinct influences on different stages of early attention in healthy older adults; (2) target facilitation and distractor suppression might be two distinguished age-related attentional processes, with distractor suppression more sensitive to normal aging. On the other hand, it might be ascribable to some confounding factors, such as signal-to-noise ratio and individual differences of the elderly across studies: (1) the low signal-to-noise ratio in s aging-related ERP studies might lead to unstable and unconvincing results; (2) the range of age and cognitive function of the elderly samples are different across studies, which might also leads to inconsistent results. Future research should control the confounding factors to obtain stable and comparable results, such as ensuring sufficient trials and/or matching the task demands between the elderly and young. To further understand the aging mechanism, future research can also manipulate these factors to explore their specific effects on early stages of attention, such as providing a neutral condition to separate target facilitation and distractor suppression processes.

Key words: early stages of visual attention, normal aging, anticipatory attention, ERP

中图分类号:

B842

叶丽群, 谭欣, 姚堃, 丁玉珑. (2022). 正常老化对视觉早期注意的影响——来自ERP的证据. 心理科学进展 , 30(12), 2746-2763.

YE Liqun, TAN Xin, YAO Kun, DING Yulong. (2022). Influence of normal aging on early stages of visual attention: Evidence from ERP studies. Advances in Psychological Science, 30(12), 2746-2763.

图/表 6

图1 空间线索范式及青年人研究的经典结果。 (A) 概率性空间线索范式, 图中呈现了提示有效试次(目标大概率出现在提示侧, 例如70~80%)和提示无效试次(目标小概率出现非提示侧, 例如20~30%), 被试要对随机出现在左视野或右视野的目标刺激进行反应; (B) 指示性空间线索范式1, 刺激等概率出现在线索提示侧或非提示侧。被试只对出现在提示侧的刺激进行反应, 对出现在非提示侧的刺激不进行反应; (C)指示性空间线索范式2, 刺激只出现在线索提示侧, 即只要刺激出现, 被试都要对其进行反应; (D) 指示性空间线索范式3, 在提示与非提示侧同时都出现刺激, 被试只需对提示侧的刺激反应, 同时忽略非提示侧的刺激; (E) 注意预期alpha偏侧化的青年人经典结果, 提示位置对侧半球的alpha活动能量比同侧更弱; 资料来源：修改自“Anticipatory biasing of visuospatial attention indexed by retinotopically specific α-bank electroencephalography increases over occipital cortex. ” by M. S. Worden, J. J. Foxe, N. Wang and G. V. Simpson. (2000). Journal of Neuroscience, 20(6), 3. (F) 内源性空间线索范式下的青年人经典ERP结果, 图中波形为刺激诱发的ERP活动, 注意条件下的P1和N1振幅比非注意条件更大。资料来源：修改自“Modulations of sensory-evoked brain potentials indicate changes in perceptual processing during visual-spatial priming. ” by G. R. Mangun and S. A. Hillyard (1991). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17(4), 1060.

图2 空间注意预期alpha偏侧化的老化研究结果。 (A) 图为提示左右侧alpha活动能量差异的地形图, 从图中可以看到无论是在400~800 ms还是在800~1200 ms的时间窗(以线索出现为零时刻点), 青年人均有明显的alpha偏侧化活动, 老年人则没有。资料来源：修改自“Normal aging selectively diminishes alpha lateralization in visual spatial attention. ” by X. Hong, J. Sun, J. J. Bengson, G. R. Mangun, and S. Tong. (2015). NeuroImage, 106, 359. (B)左图为对同侧神经振荡活动差异的时频分析图, 对侧指的是非提示侧, 同侧指的是提示侧, 零时刻点为线索出现时间, 红线为目标刺激出现时间, 图中白圈指该时频区域的活动达到统计显著。右图为提示左右侧神经振荡活动能量差异的地形图, 时间窗为线索出现后300~650 ms, 分析频率为8~24 Hz。由上至下分别为老年人、青年人以及老年人与青年人差异的活动。从图中可以看出：老年人有与青年人相似的alpha能量偏侧化活动(8~12 Hz), 且在beta频段(13~24 Hz)上也有偏侧化活动。资料来源：修改自“Anticipatory neural dynamics of spatial-temporal orienting of attention in younger and older adults. ” by S. G. Heideman, G. Rohenkohl, J. J. Chauvin, C. E. Palmer, F. van Ede, and A. C. Nobre. (2018). NeuroImage, 178, 49.

图3 空间注意研究的范式和老年人ERP结果。 (A) 持续性空间注意范式。被试盯住中央注视点, 保持视线不要偏离, 并始终注意某一侧视野的刺激(图中举例为左侧)。在每个试次中, 注视点的左侧或右侧会随机呈现一个时间为50 ms的矩形条 (标准刺激)或时间为200 ms的矩形条 (非标准刺激), 被试只需在非标准刺激出现在注意侧时按键反应。为了排除刺激物理属性和反应诱发活动的影响, 一般分析标准刺激(无需按键)在特定位置上诱发的ERP活动。被试的注意侧与该刺激的空间位置一致时是注意条件, 不一致时是非注意条件。资料来源：修改自“Selective attention to spatial and non-spatial visual stimuli is affected differentially by age: Effects on event-related brain potentials and performance data. ” by D. Talsma, A. Kok, and K. R. Ridderinkhof (2006). International Journal of Psychophysiology, 62(2), 251-252. (B)外源性空间线索范式, 被试盯住中央注视点, 保持视线不要偏离。注视点左右两侧的方格中, 其中一个会突然闪烁(线索), 吸引被试注意。随后目标刺激将出现在任意一侧视野中, 目标刺激与线索提示位置一致(有效条件)和不一致(无效条件)的试次各占50%, 即线索没有提示性。被试需要忽略闪烁刺激, 只对目标刺激做反应。

图4 基于空间频率的特征注意任务。实验连续随机呈现四种刺激：空间频率高(低)且呈现时间长(短)的光栅。任务要求被试在一半组块中注意空间频率高的光栅(如图举例), 在另一半组块中注意空间频率低的光栅, 并在检测到需要注意的频率且呈现时间较长的光栅(非标准刺激)时(如图举例为高空间频率且呈现200 ms)按键反应。在该实验中, 被试无需对呈现时间较短(标准刺激)或非注意空间频率光栅进行反应。资料来源：修改自“Selective attention to spatial and non-spatial visual stimuli is affected differentially by age: Effects on event-related brain potentials and performance data ” by D. Talsma, A. Kok, and K. R. Ridderinkhof (2006). International Journal of Psychophysiology, 62(2), 256-257.

图5 延迟识别工作记忆任务及主要结果。资料来源：修改自“Age-related top-down suppression deficit in the early stages of cortical visual memory processing, ” by A. Gazzaley, W. Clapp, J. Kelley, K. McEvoy, R. T. Knight and M. D' Esposito (2008). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(35), 13123. (A)任务流程, 屏幕呈现面孔或场景图片, 并在不同的任务条件下要求被试注意特定类别的图片：注意面孔(忽略场景)、注意场景(忽略面孔)以及被动观看。在前两种条件下, 被试需要判断随后呈现的探测图片是否为之前注意过的图片, 而在被动观看条件(中性条件)下, 被试需要判断箭头方向(与图片无关)。刺激下面的线是用来强调任务相关性的, 而在实际的任务中并不存在。(B)图中显示了面孔图片诱发的P1振幅和N1潜伏期的结果, 中括号表明存在显著差异, 例如老年人注意条件的P1振幅显著大于忽略条件。

图6 青年人和老年人的特征注意ERP对比研究的结果。资料来源：修改自“Age-related differences in enhancement and suppression of neural activity underlying selective attention in matched young and old adults. ” by A. E. Haring, T. Y. Zhuravleva, B. R. Alperin, D. M. Rentz, P. J. Holcomb and K. R. Daffner. (2013). Brain Research, 1499, 74. (A) 标准刺激在注意条件、非注意条件和中性条件下诱发的前额正向ERP活动。SP为注意条件(黑线)比非注意条件(红线)更正的差异活动, 老年人的SP成分潜伏期比青年人更晚。(B) 任意两种条件间的差异波地形图。青年人的SP成分主要来源于中性与非注意条件的差异, 老年人的SP成分主要来源于注意与中性条件的差异。

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