自我损耗降低决策理性:心理机制与边界条件

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.01911

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

处于自我损耗状态时, 个体在意愿上偏好即时利益和目标, 并且会做出许多非理性决策行为。在梳理自我损耗对行为决策的影响基础上, 指出自我损耗降低决策理性的注意机制和执行机制:一方面, 损耗使个体注意力更容易为即时利益所捕获, 进而重视短期利益而忽视长远利益, 即降低个体关注未来的能力; 另一方面, 损耗导致个体缺少计划性和行为实施的执行力, 即降低个体坚守未来的能力。此外, 损耗对决策理性的影响存在个体和情境两个方面的重要边界。未来可结合眼动技术验证损耗降低决策理性的注意机制, 进一步探究潜在边界条件以及寻找助推理性决策的方法。

关键词: 自我损耗, 决策, 理性, 注意机制, 执行机制, 长远利益

Abstract:

Ego depletion leads to preference for immediate interests and goals, which is likely to induce irrational decision making. Based on systematic literature reviews, ego depletion impedes rational decision making through two mechanisms. In regard to the attention mechanism, depleted individuals are more likely to be attracted by immediate rewards but ignore the importance of long-term benefit (i.e., failure of “focusing on the future”). In terms of the execution mechanism, depletion impairs individuals’ abilities of planning and executing (i.e., failure of “sticking to the future”). Moreover, two critical boundaries affect such processes: (1) individual characteristics, including susceptibility to resource depletion and internal moral restraint; (2) situational characteristics, including external provocation, social norms and decision costs. Future research should adopt eye tracking technology to extend the research in attention mechanism and explore other boundary conditions, which helps to nudge rational decision making.

Key words: ego depletion, decision making, rationality, attention mechanism, execution mechanism, long-term benefit

中图分类号:

B849:C91

马钰, 肖晨洁, 车敬上, 王海侠, 李爱梅. (2020). 自我损耗降低决策理性:心理机制与边界条件. 心理科学进展 , 28(11), 1911-1925.

MA Yu, XIAO Chenjie, CHE Jingshang, WANG Haixia, LI Aimei. (2020). Ego depletion impedes rational decision making: Mechanisms and boundary conditions. Advances in Psychological Science, 28(11), 1911-1925.

图/表 1

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来源	相关描述
Russell (1955)	理性意味着选择正确的方式达到所希望达到的目标。
Simon (1976)和Simon (1986)	理性分为两类:实质理性(substantive rationality, “根据所进行的选择来判断”)和程序理性(procedural rationality, “根据所采用的过程来判断”)。实质理性关注的是对特定目标的主观选择结果, 假设所有相关的可用信息都以某种(接近)最佳的方式组合在一起, 其主要目标是最大化所做决策的效用, 而不考虑决策所需的流程的效率。而程序理性描述的是决策者的认知过程。
西蒙 (1989)	理性是逻辑指引下的思考, 非理性则是依靠情感机制做出的决策。
Manktelow和Over (1993)	理性在广义上包括思维和行为的合理性或逻辑性, 具有三种形式:(1)理性信念:具有内在一致性; (2)理性论证:遵循逻辑规则; (3)理性偏好:满足完整性(completeness)、传递性(transitivity)和情景独立性(context-free)原则。
Colman (2003)	理性决策或选择是指行为人根据他们的偏好, 相对于他们在行动时的知识和信念而采取的行动, 这就是工具理性(instrumental rationality; 或意义-目的理性, means-end rationality), 强调“描述-不变性”。
Thaler和Sunstein (2003)	非理性指人们对自己的行为没有理性的预期, 不能做出符合贝叶斯定理的预测, 使用引导他们犯系统性错误的启发式, 表现出偏好反转, 以及仅仅因为措辞不同而对同一问题做出不同选择(引自Gerd Gigerenzer et al., 2019)。
张结海和张玲(2003)	在经济学中, 所谓理性是指每个人都会在给定的约束条件下追求自身效用最大化。
Baron (2009)	理性就是帮助我们实现目标的思维, 理性决策就是能最好地服务于目标的决策。理性往往是蕴含在选择中的, 它是一个程度的问题, 说某种选择或决策比另一种选择更为理性或更不理性才是有意义的。
Evans (2008)	理性加工是控制的、系统的、分析式的、有意识的、反思性的、需要付出努力且合乎逻辑的, 而非理性加工是自动化的、启发式的、直觉的、冲动性的、快速、不费力且依赖于情景的(引自胡金生等, 2012)。
Nicolis等(2011)	选择偏好违背不相关选项之间的独立性, 则是“非理性”的。
唐辉等(2014)、Zhao等(2018)、Zheng等(2019)	提出两种决策模式:(1) “基于‘价’选择” (value-based choice):个体选择追求自身当下利益最大化; (2) “基于‘值’选择” (worth-based choice):个体选择令自己当下吃亏或损失的选项且认为“值得”。前者符合经典决策理性中个人选择遵循价值或效用最大化的原则, 属于理性选择; 后者违背了该原则, 可被归类为非理性。

来源	相关描述
Russell (1955)	理性意味着选择正确的方式达到所希望达到的目标。
Simon (1976)和Simon (1986)	理性分为两类:实质理性(substantive rationality, “根据所进行的选择来判断”)和程序理性(procedural rationality, “根据所采用的过程来判断”)。实质理性关注的是对特定目标的主观选择结果, 假设所有相关的可用信息都以某种(接近)最佳的方式组合在一起, 其主要目标是最大化所做决策的效用, 而不考虑决策所需的流程的效率。而程序理性描述的是决策者的认知过程。
西蒙 (1989)	理性是逻辑指引下的思考, 非理性则是依靠情感机制做出的决策。
Manktelow和Over (1993)	理性在广义上包括思维和行为的合理性或逻辑性, 具有三种形式:(1)理性信念:具有内在一致性; (2)理性论证:遵循逻辑规则; (3)理性偏好:满足完整性(completeness)、传递性(transitivity)和情景独立性(context-free)原则。
Colman (2003)	理性决策或选择是指行为人根据他们的偏好, 相对于他们在行动时的知识和信念而采取的行动, 这就是工具理性(instrumental rationality; 或意义-目的理性, means-end rationality), 强调“描述-不变性”。
Thaler和Sunstein (2003)	非理性指人们对自己的行为没有理性的预期, 不能做出符合贝叶斯定理的预测, 使用引导他们犯系统性错误的启发式, 表现出偏好反转, 以及仅仅因为措辞不同而对同一问题做出不同选择(引自Gerd Gigerenzer et al., 2019)。
张结海和张玲(2003)	在经济学中, 所谓理性是指每个人都会在给定的约束条件下追求自身效用最大化。
Baron (2009)	理性就是帮助我们实现目标的思维, 理性决策就是能最好地服务于目标的决策。理性往往是蕴含在选择中的, 它是一个程度的问题, 说某种选择或决策比另一种选择更为理性或更不理性才是有意义的。
Evans (2008)	理性加工是控制的、系统的、分析式的、有意识的、反思性的、需要付出努力且合乎逻辑的, 而非理性加工是自动化的、启发式的、直觉的、冲动性的、快速、不费力且依赖于情景的(引自胡金生等, 2012)。
Nicolis等(2011)	选择偏好违背不相关选项之间的独立性, 则是“非理性”的。
唐辉等(2014)、Zhao等(2018)、Zheng等(2019)	提出两种决策模式:(1) “基于‘价’选择” (value-based choice):个体选择追求自身当下利益最大化; (2) “基于‘值’选择” (worth-based choice):个体选择令自己当下吃亏或损失的选项且认为“值得”。前者符合经典决策理性中个人选择遵循价值或效用最大化的原则, 属于理性选择; 后者违背了该原则, 可被归类为非理性。