高原运动对认知功能的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.00800

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高原地区低压低氧的环境特点, 会给机体生理功能带来挑战, 对认知表现产生影响。有氧运动能够增加神经可塑性, 改善认知功能, 但能否适用于高原环境, 受认知任务类型、海拔高度、运动强度和暴露类型等因素的调节。目前用于解释高原运动影响认知表现涉及的因素包括: 脑氧合、神经营养因子、氧化应激与神经免疫。未来研究应关注不同运动类型和运动强度对高原移、世居人群的影响, 并采用神经生理手段进一步探究高原运动对认知功能的影响机制, 为开具“高原运动处方”提供依据。

关键词: 高原, 高原运动, 认知功能, 调节因素, 作用机制

Abstract:

High-altitude (HA) environments are characterized by significant hypobaric hypoxia, and are both physiologically challenging and frequently associated with cognitive impairment. Conversely, aerobic exercise is documented to enhance cognitive function by the promotion of neural plasticity and improvement in brain functioning, thus enhancing overall cognitive performance. However, it is not clear whether the positive effects of exercise on cognition extend to the complex conditions associated with HA environments. Furthermore, the potential modulation of these effects by the type of cognitive task, exercise duration and intensity, and different altitudes and exposure types (real HA environment vs. simulated HA condition; acute exposure vs. long-term exposure) warrants further investigation.

This comprehensive review explores the influence of aerobic exercise on cognitive performance under conditions of both acute and long-term HA exposure. It is proposed that factors, such as hypoxia dose, specific cognitive function, exercise intensity, and type of exposure, modulate the interactive effects of HA hypoxia and exercise on cognitive function. The potential physiological mechanisms are also discussed, suggesting that changes in cerebral oxygenation, levels of neurotrophic factors, oxidative stress, and neuro-immunity may account for the combined effects of HA hypoxia and exercise on cognitive performance.

The findings indicate that HA exercise has a positive influence on psychomotor abilities, attention, working memory, and inhibitory control, and that these effects are modulated by the type of exposure, hypoxia dose, and exercise intensity. Specifically, while exercise may enhance cognitive performance under conditions of acute hypoxia exposure, positive effects during chronic HA exposure require adaptation to the hypoxic conditions of HA environments. While exercise influences cognitive function positively under low levels of hypoxia, it has little effect or even adverse effects on cognitive function when the hypoxia level is high. Furthermore, the intensity of exercise has a variable influence on cognitive function under HA conditions, seen in an inverted U-shaped relationship between exercise intensity and cognitive performance in acute HA exposure conditions, where moderate intensity maximizes cognitive performance. Both moderate and high exercise intensities under conditions of long-term HA exposure positively affect executive control, although the latter can lead to a reduction in aerobic exercise capacity.

Although HA exercise can improve cognitive function by upregulating the expression of neurotrophic factors, it may also reduce brain oxygenation and thus contribute to oxidative stress and neuroimmune responses that could adversely affect cognitive function. Increased expression of BDNF induced by hypoxic exercise can ensure adequate neuronal capacity and improve cognitive function. Nevertheless, exercise undertaken under acute HA exposure could reduce both blood and brain oxygen saturation, potentially impairing cognitive function. Moreover, high intensity exercise can intensify the levels of oxidative stress, disrupting the redox balance, and triggering an inflammatory response affecting the immune activity in the central nervous system and thus influencing cognitive performance.

Although this review provides substantial evidence of the relationship between HA exercise and cognitive performance, several controversial issues, contradictory conclusions, and unexplored topics remain. To formulate a specific "HA exercise prescription" for mitigating cognitive impairment under HA conditions, several directions for future research are proposed. These are 1) further clarification of the modulating effects of exposure type, hypoxia dose and exercise intensity, 2) consideration of demographic factors such as sex and age, 3) the application of advanced scientific techniques to explore the underlying neurological and molecular mechanisms, and 4) investigation of the effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in patients with chronic mountain sickness.

In conclusion, this review discusses the effects of HA exercise on different cognitive functions, summarizes the moderating variables and potential physiological mechanisms, and offers future perspectives. As the influx of individuals to HA areas for various purposes rises, addressing the adverse effects of HA on cognitive function has become crucial. This review indicates the significance of understanding the potential effects of HA exercise on cognitive function and provides insights into future research directions for the effective prevention of cognitive impairment.

Key words: high altitudes, high-alitude exercise, cognitive function, moderator, mechanisms

中图分类号:

B842

苏瑞, 王成志, 李昊, 马海林, 苏彦捷. (2024). 高原运动对认知功能的影响. 心理科学进展 , 32(5), 800-812.

SU Rui, WANG Chengzhi, LI Hao, MA Hailin, SU Yanjie. (2024). The effect of high-altitude exercise on cognitive function. Advances in Psychological Science, 32(5), 800-812.

图/表 1

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