慈悲冥想对利他行为的影响及其认知神经机制

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.00978

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

慈悲冥想是一类旨在培养对自己和他人无条件的善意与同情的冥想练习方法, 主要包括慈心禅和怜悯禅修。诸多研究表明, 慈悲冥想可以促进练习者的利他行为。就影响机制而言, 慈悲冥想可能是通过增强对他人不幸的共情反应, 促进情绪的有效调控和提高亲社会动机来影响练习者的利他行为。未来的研究需选择更具生态效度的利他行为测量方法, 深入挖掘慈悲冥想影响利他行为的动态神经加工过程, 并尝试将慈悲冥想应用于临床群体。

关键词: 慈悲冥想, 利他行为, 共情, 情绪调节, 亲社会动机

Abstract:

Loving-kindness and compassion meditation is a type of meditation practice that aims to cultivate the unconditional kindness and compassion for oneself and others. Specifically, interventions related to such meditation practice mainly include Loving-Kindness Meditation (LKM) and Compassion Meditation (CM). A large number of studies have demonstrated that LKM and CM can promote practitioners’ altruistic behaviors. By reviewing its mechanisms, LKM and CM seem to influence practitioners’ altruistic behaviors by enhancing their empathetic responses to others’ distress, promoting emotion regulation, and improving prosocial motivation. Future research would benefit from selecting more ecologically valid measurements of altruistic behaviors, further exploring the dynamic neural processes of how LKM and CM influence on altruistic behaviors, and applying the practice of LKM and CM to clinical populations.

Key words: loving-kindness and compassion meditation, altruistic behavior, empathy, emotion regulation, prosocial motivation

中图分类号:

金国敏, 李丹. (2020). 慈悲冥想对利他行为的影响及其认知神经机制. 心理科学进展 , 28(6), 978-986.

JIN Guomin, LI Dan. (2020). The effects of loving-kindness and compassion meditation on altruistic behavior and its cognitive neural mechanisms. Advances in Psychological Science, 28(6), 978-986.

参考文献 73

[1]	丁凤琴, 陆朝晖 . (2016). 共情与亲社会行为关系的元分析. 心理科学进展, 24(8), 1159-1174.
[2]	李丹, 黄芸 . (1996). 中学生利他态度和行为倾向的调查研究. 心理发展与教育, 12(1), 14-16.
[3]	彭彦琴 . (2018). 慈悲喜舍——慈心禅与心身健康. 南京师大学报(社会科学版), (3), 120-129.
[4]	谢晓非, 王逸璐, 顾思义, 李蔚 . (2017). 利他仅仅利他吗? ——进化视角的双路径模型. 心理科学进展, 25(9), 1441-1455.
[5]	徐富明, 李燕, 邓颖, 史燕伟, 刘程浩 . (2016). 正念禅修与成瘾行为. 心理科学进展, 24(6), 985-994.
[6]	曾祥龙, 刘双阳, 刘翔平 . (2013). 慈心禅在心理学视角下的应用. 心理科学进展, 21(8), 1466-1472.
[7]	Ashar, Y. K., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Dimidjian, S & Wager, T. D . (2016) . Toward a neuroscience of compassion: A brain systems-based model and research agenda In J D Greene, I Morrison, & M E P Seligman (Eds), Positive neuroscience (pp 125-142). Oxford University Press.
[8]	Ashar, Y. K., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Yarkoni, T., Sills, J., Halifax, J., Dimidjian, S., & Wager, T. D . (2016). Effects of compassion meditation on a psychological model of charitable donation. Emotion, 16(5), 691-705.
[9]	Bartels, A., & Zeki, S . (2004). The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. NeuroImage, 21(3), 1155-1166.
[10]	Batson, C. D. ( 2012). The empathy- altruism hypothesis: Issues and implications. In J. Decety (Ed.), Empathy: From bench to bedside (pp. 41-54). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
[11]	Blair, R. J. J . (2013). The neurobiology of psychopathic traits in youths. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(11), 786-799.
[12]	Böckler, A., Tusche, A., Schmidt, P., & Singer, T . (2018). Distinct mental trainings differentially affect altruistically motivated, norm motivated, and self-reported prosocial behaviour. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 13560.
[13]	Clay, Z., & de, Waal, F. B., M . (2013). Development of socio-emotional competence in bonobos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(45), 18121-18126.
[14]	Condon, P., Desbordes, G., Miller, W. B., & DeSteno, D . (2013). Meditation increases compassionate responses to suffering. Psychological Science, 24(10), 2125-2127.
[15]	Dahl, C. J., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J . (2015). Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: Cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(9), 515-523.
[16]	Dahl, C. J., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J . (2016). Cognitive processes are central in compassion meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(3), 161-162.
[17]	de, Waal, F. B., M., & Preston, S. D . (2017). Mammalian empathy: Behavioural manifestations and neural basis. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(8), 498-509.
[18]	Eisenberg, N . (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 665-697.
[19]	Eisenberg, N., & Eggum, N. D . (2009) . Empathic responding: Sympathy and personal distress In J Decety & W Ickes (Eds) The social neuroscience of empathy (pp 71-83). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
[20]	Eisenberg, N., VanSchyndel, S. K., & Spinrad, T. L . (2016). Prosocial motivation: Inferences from an opaque body of work. Child Development, 87(6), 1668-1678.
[21]	Eisenberger, N. I., & Cole, S. W . (2012). Social neuroscience and health: Neurophysiological mechanisms linking social ties with physical health. Nature Neuroscience, 15(5), 669-674.
[22]	Engen, H. G., Bernhardt, B. C., Skottnik, L., Ricard, M., & Singer, T . (2018). Structural changes in socio-affective networks: Multi-modal MRI findings in long-term meditation practitioners. Neuropsychologia, 116, 26-33.
[23]	Engen, H. G., & Singer, T . (2015). Compassion-based emotion regulation up-regulates experienced positive affect and associated neural networks. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(9), 1291-1301. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsv008 URL
[24]	Engen, H. G., & Singer, T . (2016). Affect and motivation are critical in constructive meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(3), 159-160.
[25]	Etkin, A., Büchel, C., & Gross, J. J . (2015). The neural bases of emotion regulation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(11), 693-700.
[26]	Floresco, S. B . (2015). The nucleus accumbens: An interface between cognition, emotion, and action. Annual Review of Psychology, 66(1), 25-52.
[27]	Fox, K. C. R., Dixon, M. L., Nijeboer, S., Girn, M., Floman, J. L., Lifshitz, M., … Christoff, K . (2016). Functional neuroanatomy of meditation: A review and meta-analysis of 78 functional neuroimaging investigations. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 65, 208-228.
[28]	Galante, J., Bekkers, M.-J., Mitchell, C., & Gallacher, J . (2016). Loving-kindness meditation effects on well-being and altruism: A mixed-methods online RCT. Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being, 8(3), 322-350.
[29]	Galante, J., Galante, I., Bekkers, M.-J., & Gallacher, J . (2014). Effect of kindness-based meditation on health and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(6), 1101-1114.
[30]	Gluth, S., & Fontanesi, L . (2016). Wiring the altruistic brain. Science, 351(6277), 1028-1029.
[31]	Gold, A. L., Morey, R. A., & McCarthy, G . (2015). Amygdala-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity during threat-induced anxiety and goal distraction. Biological Psychiatry, 77(4), 394-403.
[32]	Grossmann, T., Missana, M., & Krol, K. M . (2018). The neurodevelopmental precursors of altruistic behavior in infancy. PLOS Biology, 16(9), e2005281.
[33]	Harbaugh, W. T., Mayr, U., & Burghart, D. R . (2007). Neural responses to taxation and voluntary giving reveal motives for charitable donations. Science, 316(5831), 1622-1625. doi: 10.1126/science.1140738 URL
[34]	Hein, G., Morishima, Y., Leiberg, S., Sul, S., & Fehr, E . (2016). The brain’s functional network architecture reveals human motives. Science, 351(6277), 1074-1078.
[35]	Hofmann, S. G., Grossman, P., & Hinton, D. E . (2011). Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(7), 1126-1132.
[36]	Hutcherson, C. A., Bushong, B., & Rangel, A . (2015). A neurocomputational model of altruistic choice and its implications. Neuron, 87(2), 451-462.
[37]	Hutcherson, C. A., Seppala, E. M., & Gross, J. J . (2008). Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness. Emotion, 8(5), 720-724.
[38]	Jazaieri, H., Lee, I. A., McGonigal, K., Jinpa, T., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R . (2015). A wandering mind is a less caring mind: Daily experience sampling during compassion meditation training. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(1), 37-50.
[39]	Kang, Y., Gray, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F . (2014). The nondiscriminating heart: Loving-kindness meditation training decreases implicit intergroup bias. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1306-1313.
[40]	Kanske, P., Böckler, A., Trautwein, F.-M., & Singer, T . (2015). Dissecting the social brain: Introducing the EmpaToM to reveal distinct neural networks and brain-behavior relations for empathy and Theory of Mind. NeuroImage, 122, 6-19.
[41]	Klimecki, O. M . (2015). The plasticity of social emotions. Social Neuroscience, 10(5), 466-473.
[42]	Klimecki, O. M . (2019). The role of empathy and compassion in conflict resolution. Emotion Review, 11(4), 310-325.
[43]	Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Lamm, C., & Singer, T . (2013). Functional neural plasticity and associated changes in positive affect after compassion training. Cerebral Cortex, 23(7), 1552-1561. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs142 URL
[44]	Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Ricard, M., & Singer, T . (2014). Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(6), 873-879. doi: 10.1093/scan/nst060 URL
[45]	Leiberg, S., Klimecki, O., & Singer, T . (2011). Short-term compassion training increases prosocial behavior in a newly developed prosocial game. PLoS ONE, 6(3), e17798. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017798 URL
[46]	Leung, M.-K., Chan, C. C. H., Yin, J., Lee, C.-F., So, K.-F., & Lee, T. M. C . (2013). Increased gray matter volume in the right angular and posterior parahippocampal gyri in loving-kindness meditators. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(1), 34-39.
[47]	Lieberman, M. D . (2007). Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 259-289.
[48]	Luberto, C. M., Shinday, N., Song, R., Philpotts, L. L., Park, E. R., Fricchione, G. L., & Yeh, G. Y . (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of meditation on empathy, compassion, and prosocial behaviors. Mindfulness, 9(3), 708-724.
[49]	Lutz, A., Brefczynski-Lewis, J., Johnstone, T., & Davidson, R. J . (2008). Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: Effects of meditative expertise. PLoS ONE, 3(3), e1897.
[50]	Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Perlman, D. M., & Davidson, R. J . (2009). BOLD signal in insula is differentially related to cardiac function during compassion meditation in experts vs. novices. NeuroImage, 47(3), 1038-1046.
[51]	Marsh, A. A . (2019). The caring continuum: Evolved hormonal and proximal mechanisms explain prosocial and antisocial extremes. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 347-371.
[52]	Mascaro, J. S., Rilling, J. K., Tenzin Negi, L., & Raison, C. L . (2013). Compassion meditation enhances empathic accuracy and related neural activity. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(1), 48-55. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss095 URL
[53]	McCall, C., Steinbeis, N., Ricard, M., & Singer, T . (2014). Compassion meditators show less anger, less punishment, and more compensation of victims in response to fairness violations. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 424.
[54]	Morelli, S. A., Rameson, L. T., & Lieberman, M. D . (2014). The neural components of empathy: Predicting daily prosocial behavior. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(1), 39-47.
[55]	Motzkin, J. C., Philippi, C. L., Wolf, R. C., Baskaya, M. K., & Koenigs, M . (2015). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex is critical for the regulation of amygdala activity in humans. Biological Psychiatry, 77(3), 276-284.
[56]	Park, S. Q., Kahnt, T., Dogan, A., Strang, S., Fehr, E., & Tobler, P. N . (2017). A neural link between generosity and happiness. Nature Communications, 8, 15964.
[57]	Reb, J., Junjie, S., & Narayanan, J . (2010, July 24). Compassionate dictators? The effects of loving-kindness meditation on offers in a dictator game. Paper presented at the 23rd Annual International Association of Conflict Management Conference, Boston, MA.
[58]	Ricard, M., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J . (2014). Mind of the meditator. Scientific American, 311(5), 38-45.
[59]	Rogers, J. C., & de, Brito, S., A . (2016). Cortical and subcortical gray matter volume in youths with conduct problems: A meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(1), 64-72.
[60]	Rosenberg, E. L., Zanesco, A. P., King, B. G., Aichele, S. R., Jacobs, T. L., Bridwell, D. A., … Saron, C. D . (2015). Intensive meditation training influences emotional responses to suffering. Emotion, 15(6), 775-790.
[61]	Sanfey, A. G., Rilling, J. K., Aronson, J. A., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D . (2003). The neural basis of economic decision-making in the ultimatum game. Science, 300(5626), 1755-1758.
[62]	Shamay-Tsoory, S.G . (2011). The neural bases for empathy. Neuroscientist, 17(1), 18-24.
[63]	Shonin, E., van Gordon, W., Compare, A., Zangeneh, M., & Griffiths, M. D . (2014). Buddhist-derived loving-kindness and compassion meditation for the treatment of psychopathology: A systematic review. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1161-1180.
[64]	Singer, T., & Klimecki, O. M . (2014). Empathy and compassion. Current Biology, 24(18), R875-R878.
[65]	Song, J.-H., Colasante, T., & Malti, T . (2018). Helping yourself helps others: Linking children’s emotion regulation to prosocial behavior through sympathy and trust. Emotion, 18(4), 518-527.
[66]	Tang, Y.-Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I . (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213-225.
[67]	Tankersley, D., Stowe, J. C., & Huettel, S. A . (2007). Altruism is associated with an increased neural response to agency. Nature Neuroscience, 10(2), 150-151.
[68]	Trautwein, F.-M., Kanske, P., Böckler, A., & Singer, T . (2020). Differential benefits of mental training types for attention, compassion, and theory of mind. Cognition, 194, 104039.
[69]	Tusche, A., Böckler, A., Kanske, P., Trautwein, F.-M., & Singer, T . (2016). Decoding the charitable brain: Empathy, perspective taking, and attention shifts differentially predict altruistic giving. Journal of Neuroscience, 36(17), 4719-4732.
[70]	Valk, S. L., Bernhardt, B. C., Trautwein, F.-M., Böckler, A., Kanske, P., Guizard, N., ... Singer, T . (2017). Structural plasticity of the social brain: Differential change after socio-affective and cognitive mental training. Science Advances, 3(10), e1700489.
[71]	Weng, H. Y., Fox, A. S., Hessenthaler, H. C., Stodola, D. E., & Davidson, R. J . (2015). The role of compassion in altruistic helping and punishment behavior. PLoS One, 10(12), e0143794. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143794 URL
[72]	Weng, H. Y., Fox, A. S., Shackman, A. J., Stodola, D. E., Caldwell, J. Z. K., Olson, M. C., … Davidson, R. J . (2013). Compassion training alters altruism and neural responses to suffering. Psychological Science, 24(7), 1171-1180.
[73]	Weng, H. Y., Lapate, R. C., Stodola, D. E., Rogers, G. M., & Davidson, R. J . (2018). Visual attention to suffering after compassion training is associated with decreased amygdala responses. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 771.