个体依恋特征的二重性：特质性依恋与状态性依恋

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.00626

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

传统依恋理论认为个体依恋心理和行为模式具有相对稳定性, 但无论在信息加工还是个体发展过程中, 个体依恋模式均表现出二重性, 即既具有相对稳定性, 又具有情境敏感性。个体在情境中所表现出的依恋模式是个体相对稳定的特质性依恋和情境特征相互作用的结果。依恋启动研究中特质性依恋特征与依恋启动效应之间的交互作用模式为理解依恋二重特征及其关系提供了窗口。依恋系统激活的两阶段模型为整合和解释这些相互作用模式提供了框架。未来研究应优化依恋二重特征关系研究中启动效应的操作检验, 考虑依恋焦虑和回避维度的交互作用, 关注高焦虑群体内的依恋差异, 以理析依恋二重特征之间的相互作用方式, 同时关注依恋策略影响依恋启动效应的时间进程, 探究依恋二重特征相互作用的机制。

关键词: 依恋, 依恋启动, 特质性依恋, 状态性依恋

Abstract:

Traditional attachment theory suggests that an individual’s attachment-related psychological and behavioral patterns are relatively stable. However, from information processes or life-span development perspective, attachment patterns have trait-state duality, i.e. attachment patterns are both relatively stable and context-sensitive. An individual’s attachment pattern in a particular context is the consequence of his or her trait attachment and contextual feature interactions. The interaction patterns between trait attachment and attachment priming effects provide a window to understand the duality of attachment and their relationships. And the two-stages model of attachment activation offers a framework for integrating and understanding these patterns. Future studies should optimize the manipulation check of attachment priming, meanwhile, take the interaction between attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety in consideration. More attention should be paid to the individual differences in the high attachment anxiety group which may clarify the patterns of interaction between trait and state attachment. Moreover, the time course of how attachment coping strategies impact the effects of attachment priming should be concerned, which could reveal the mechanism of the interactions between trait and state attachment.

Key words: attachment, attachment priming, trait attachment, state attachment

中图分类号:

B844

贾成龙, 刘廷廷, 孙莉, 秦金亮. (2020). 个体依恋特征的二重性：特质性依恋与状态性依恋. 心理科学进展 , 28(4), 626-637.

JIA Chenglong, LIU Tingting, SUN Li, QIN Jinliang. (2020). The duality of attachment pattern: Trait attachment and state attachment. Advances in Psychological Science, 28(4), 626-637.

参考文献 76

1	Ainsworth M. D. S., Bell S. M., & Stayton D. J .( 1971). Individual differences in strange-situation behaviour of one-year-olds. In H. R. Schaffer (Ed.), The origins of human social relations (pp. 17-58). London: Academic Press.
2	Ainsworth M. D. S., Bell S. M., & Stayton D. J . ( 1972). Individual differences in the development of some attachment behaviors. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 18( 2), 123-143.
3	Ainsworth M. D. S., Blehar M. C., Waters E., & Wall S . ( 1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4	Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T . ( 1987). The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16( 5), 427-454.
5	Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M . ( 1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61( 2), 226-244.
6	Bartz J. A., Tchalova K., & Fenerci C . ( 2016). Reminders of social connection can attenuate anthropomorphism: A replication and extension of Epley, Akalis, Waytz, and Cacioppo (2008). Psychological Science, 27( 12), 1644-1650.
7	Birnbaum G., Hirschberger G., & Goldenberg J . ( 2011). Desire in the face of death: Terror management, attachment, and sexual motivation. Personal Relationships, 18( 1), 1-19.
8	Birnbaum G. E., Simpson J. A., Weisberg Y. J., Barnea E., & Assulin-Simhon Z . ( 2012). Is it my overactive imagination? The effects of contextually activated attachment insecurity on sexual fantasies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29( 8), 1131-1152.
9	Boag, E. M., & Carnelley, K. B . ( 2016). Attachment and prejudice: The mediating role of empathy. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55( 2), 337-356.
10	Bowlby, J . ( 1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. I. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
11	Bowlby J . ( 1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. II. Separation, anxiety, and anger . London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
12	Brennan K. A., Clark C. L., & Shaver P. R . ( 1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: The Guilford Press.
13	Bretherton I . ( 1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50( 1-2), 3-35.
14	Bretherton I., Ridgeway D., & Cassidy J., . ( 1990). Assessing internal working models of the attachment relationship: An attachment story completion task for 3-year-olds. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years (pp. 273-308). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15	Bryant, R. A., & Bali, A. . ( 2018). Activating attachment representations impact how we retrieve autobiographical memories. Memory, 26( 4), 462-467.
16	Bryant, R. A., & Chan, I . ( 2017). Activating attachment representations during memory retrieval modulates intrusive traumatic memories. Consciousness and Cognition, 55, 197-204.
17	Bryant, R. A., & Foord, R . ( 2016). Activating attachments reduces memories of traumatic images. Plos One, 11( 9), e0162550.
18	Bryant, R. A., & Hutanamon, T . ( 2018). Activating attachments enhances heart rate variability. Plos One, 13( 2), e0151747.
19	Carnelley K. B., Bejinaru M.-M., Otway L., Baldwin D. S., & Rowe A. C . ( 2018). Effects of repeated attachment security priming in outpatients with primary depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 234, 201-206.
20	Carr, S., & Landau, S . ( 2012). Consciously identified attachment hierarchies: Cognitive accessibility of attachment figure names as a function of threat primes in a lexical decision task. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53( 1), 17-25.
21	Cassidy J., Stern J. A., Mikulincer M., Martin D. R., & Shaver P. R . ( 2018). Influences on care for others: Attachment security, personal suffering, and similarity between helper and care recipient. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44( 4), 574-588.
22	Chopik W. J., Moors A. C., & Edelstein R. S . ( 2014). Maternal nurturance predicts decreases in attachment avoidance in emerging adulthood. Journal of Research in Personality, 53, 47-53.
23	Clear, S. J., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J . ( 2017). Associations between attachment and emotion-specific emotion regulation with and without relationship insecurity priming. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41( 1), 64-73.
24	Collins, T. J., & Gillath, O . ( 2012). Attachment, breakup strategies, and associated outcomes: The effects of security enhancement on the selection of breakup strategies. Journal of Research in Personality, 46( 2), 210-222.
25	Conway M. A., Singer J. A., & Tagini A . ( 2004). The self and autobiographical memory: Correspondence and coherence. Social Cognition, 22( 5), 491-529.
26	Crowell, J. A., & Owens, G . ( 1996). Current Relationship Interview and scoring system. Unpublished manuscript, The State University of New York at Stony Brook.
27	Dewitte, M., & Koster, E. H. W . ( 2014). Attentional breadth and proximity seeking in romantic attachment relationships. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53( 1), 74-92.
28	Dykas, M. J., & Cassidy, J . ( 2011). Attachment and the processing of social information across the life span: Theory and evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 137( 1), 19-46.
29	Evraire L. E., Ludmer J. A., & Dozois D. J. A . ( 2014). The influence of priming attachment styles on excessive reassurance seeking and negative feedback seeking in depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33( 4), 295-318.
30	Feeney J. A. (2016). Adult romantic attachment: Developments in the study of couple relationships. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3nd ed., pp. 435-463). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
31	Fraley, R. C . ( 2007). A connectionist approach to the organization and continuity of working models of attachment. Journal of Personality, 75( 6), 1157-1180.
32	Fraley R. C., Hudson N. W., Heffernan M. E., & Segal N . ( 2015). Are adult attachment styles categorical or dimensional? A taxometric analysis of general and relationship-specific attachment orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109( 2), 354-368.
33	Fraley, R. C., & Roisman, G. I . ( 2019). The development of adult attachment styles: Four lessons. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 26-30.
34	Fraley R. C., Roisman G. I., Booth-Laforce C., Owen M. T., & Holland A. S . ( 2013). Interpersonal and genetic origins of adult attachment styles: A longitudinal study from infancy to early adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104( 5), 817-838.
35	Fredrickson B. L., Cohn M. A., Coffey K. A., Pek J., & Finkel S. M . ( 2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95( 5), 1045-1062.
36	Gabriel S., Kawakami K., Bartak C., Kang S. J., & Mann N . ( 2010). Negative self-synchronization: Will I change to be like you when it is bad for me? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98( 6), 857-871.
37	Gillath O., Hart J., Noftle E. E., & Stockdale G. D . ( 2009). Development and validation of a state adult attachment measure (SAAM). Journal of Research in Personality, 43( 3), 362-373.
38	Gillath, O., & Karantzas, G . ( 2018). Attachment security priming: A systematic review. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 86-95.
39	Gillath O., Karantzas G. C., & Selcuk E . ( 2017). A net of friends: Investigating friendship by integrating attachment theory and social network analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43( 11), 1546-1565.
40	Gillath O., Mikulincer M., Fitzsimons G. M., Shaver P. R., Schachner D. A., & Bargh J. A . ( 2006). Automatic activation of attachment-related goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32( 10), 1375-1388.
41	Gokce, A., & Harma, M . ( 2018). Attachment anxiety benefits from security priming: Evidence from working memory performance. Plos One, 13( 3), e0193645.
42	Granqvist P., Mikulincer M., Gewirtz V., & Shaver P. R . ( 2012). Experimental findings on God as an attachment figure: Normative processes and moderating effects of internal working models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103( 5), 804-818.
43	Hazan, C., & Shaver, P . ( 1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52( 3), 511-524.
44	Hudson, N. W., & Fraley, R. C . ( 2018). Moving toward greater security: The effects of repeatedly priming attachment security and anxiety. Journal of Research in Personality, 74, 147-157.
45	Jarvinen, M. J., & Paulus, T. B . ( 2017). Attachment and cognitive openness: Emotional underpinnings of intellectual humility. Journal of Positive Psychology, 12( 1), 74-86.
46	Karreman A., Vingerhoets A. J. J. M., & Bekker M. H. J . ( 2019). Attachment styles and secure base priming in relation to emotional reactivity after frustration induction. Cognition & Emotion, 33( 3), 428-441.
47	Li C., Liu J., Zhang S. P., Huo Y. Q., You J., & Wang K . ( 2016). Effects of dispositional and temporarily primed attachment security on response inhibition following ego-depletion among Chinese college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 368-375.
48	Liu J., Huo Y. Q., Chen Y. Y., & Song P . ( 2018). Dispositional and experimentally primed attachment security reduced cyber aggression after cyber ostracism. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 334-341.
49	Mallinckrodt B., McNett A. M. S., Celebi E., Birks K. M., Tsai C.-L., & Williams B. E . ( 2013). Cognitive primes for attachment security can increase cultural empathy, but also interact negatively with attachment anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32( 10), 1013-1039.
50	Mancini, A. D., & Bonanno, G. A . ( 2012). The persistence of attachment: Complicated grief, threat, and reaction times to the deceased's name. Journal of Affective Disorders, 139( 3), 256-263.
51	Marks, M. J., & Vicary, A. M . ( 2016). The interplay and effectiveness of implicit and explicit avoidant defenses. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33( 5), 619-639.
52	Melen S., Pepping C. A., & O'Donovan A . ( 2017). Social foundations of mindfulness: Priming attachment anxiety reduces emotion regulation and mindful attention. Mindfulness, 8( 1), 136-143.
53	Mikulincer M., Birnbaum G., Woddis D., & Nachmias O . ( 2000). Stress and accessibility of proximity-related thoughts: Exploring the normative and intraindividual components of attachment theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78( 3), 509-523.
54	Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V . ( 2001). Attachment style and affect regulation: Implications for coping with stress and mental health. In G. Fletcher & M. Clark (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Interpersonal processes(pp. 537-557). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
55	Mikulincer M., Gillath O., Halevy V., Avihou N., Avidan S., & Eshkoli N . ( 2001). Attachment theory and reactions to others' needs:' Evidence that activation of the sense of attachment security promotes empathic responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81( 6), 1205-1224.
56	Mikulincer M., Gillath O., & Shaver P. R . ( 2002). Activation of the attachment system in adulthood: Threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representations of attachment figures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83( 4), 881-895.
57	Mikulincer M., Hirschberger G., Nachmias O., & Gillath O . ( 2001). The affective component of the secure base schema: Affective priming with representations of attachment security. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81( 2), 305-321.
58	Mikulincer M., & Shaver P. R . ( 2016a). Adult attachment and emotion regulation. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3nd ed., pp. 507-533). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
59	Mikulincer M., Shaver P. R., & . ( 2016b). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed). New York: The Guildford Press.
60	Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R . ( 2017). Augmenting the sense of attachment security in group contexts: The effects of a responsive leader and a cohesive group. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 67( 2), 161-175.
61	Mikulincer M., Shaver P. R., & Rom E . ( 2011). The effects of implicit and explicit security priming on creative problem solving. Cognition & Emotion, 25( 3), 519-531.
62	Mikulincer M., Shaver P. R., Sahdra B. K., & Bar-On N . ( 2013). Can security-enhancing interventions overcome psychological barriers to responsiveness in couple relationships? Attachment & Human Development, 15( 3), 246-260.
63	Moura-Ramos M., & Santos T. A., & Canavarro M. C . ( 2017). The role of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance on the psychosocial well-being of infertile couples. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 24( 2), 132-143.
64	Pan Y., Zhang D., Liu Y., Ran G., & Teng Z . ( 2017). The effects of attachment style and security priming on the perception of others' pain. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34( 2), 184-208.
65	Pardess E., Mikulincer M., Dekel R., & Shaver P. R . ( 2014). Dispositional attachment orientations, contextual variations in attachment security, and compassion fatigue among volunteers working with traumatized individuals. Journal of Personality, 82( 5), 355-366.
66	Piaget, J . ( 1955). The child’s construction of reality. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
67	Raby, K. L., & Dozier, M . ( 2019). Attachment across the lifespan: insights from adoptive families. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 81-85.
68	Rosenthal H. E. S., Walsh J., Crisp R. J., Farrow C. V., Waugh M. J., Blissett J., & Millings A . ( 2012). Attachment anxiety and friendship group identification under attachment threat: The moderating role of priming support network expectations. Personality and Individual Differences, 53( 5), 562-567.
69	Saleem M., Prot S., Cikara M., Lam B. C. P., Anderson C. A., & Jelic M . ( 2015). Cutting Gordian knots: Reducing prejudice through attachment security. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41( 11), 1560-1574.
70	Schoemann A. M., Gillath O., & Sesko A. K . ( 2012). Regrets, I've had a few: Effects of dispositional and manipulated attachment on regret. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29( 6), 795-819.
71	Selterman, D. F., & Maier, M. A . ( 2013). Secure attachment and material reward both attenuate romantic jealousy. Motivation and Emotion, 37( 4), 765-775.
72	Steyer R., Schmitt M., & Eid M . ( 1999). Latent state-trait theory and research in personality and individual differences. European Journal of Personality, 13( 5), 389-408.
73	Stupica B., Brett B. E., Woodhouse S. S., & Cassidy J . ( 2018). Attachment security priming decreases children's physiological response to threat. Child Development, 90( 4), 1254-1271.
74	Waters E., Deane K. E., . ( 1985). Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationships: Q-methology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood. In: I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Serial No. 209, Vol. 50, Nos. 1-2, 39-40.
75	Weise D. R., Pyszczynski T., Cox C. R., Arndt J., Greenberg J., Solomon S., & Kosloff S . ( 2008). Interpersonal politics: The role of terror management and attachment processes in shaping political preferences. Psychological Science, 19( 5), 448-455.
76	Wilkinson L. L., Rowe A. C., & Heath G. H . ( 2013). Eating me up inside: Priming attachment security and anxiety, and their effects on snacking. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30( 6), 795-804.

[1]	马原啸, 陈旭. 焦虑易感群体焦虑识别与消退中催产素的作用[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(1): 10-19.
[2]	张莎, 徐梦晨, 蒋佩琦, 赵红. 理解社区消费者: 地点依恋和消费者厌腻理论视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(7): 1482-1495.
[3]	黄于飞, 史攀, 陈旭. 依恋对情绪调节过程的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(1): 77-84.
[4]	贾成龙, 孙莉, 冯伯乐, 秦金亮. 依恋启动及其效应[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(9): 1539-1550.
[5]	王天宇, 陈旭. 催产素对不安全依恋者人际适应性的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(3): 465-475.
[6]	马原啸, 陈旭. 非安全依恋可塑性的神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(12): 1967-1979.
[7]	潘彦谷, 肖遥, 胡俞, 刘广增, 李知洋. 安全依恋对共情和利他行为的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(12): 2077-2083.
[8]	刘晨, 陈旭. 依恋视角下自传体记忆提取的差异[J]. 心理科学进展, 2018, 26(9): 1590-1599.
[9]	贾成龙, 孙莉, 秦金亮. 依恋差异对自传记忆加工的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2018, 26(4): 645-656.
[10]	白栩嘉, 陈旭. 不同依恋风格者的记忆偏好：基于两种加工方式的解释[J]. 心理科学进展, 2018, 26(3): 467-475.
[11]	吴丽丽, 石筱璇, 王贝依, 张建新. 品牌依恋：理论、测量及与相关变量的关系[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(8): 1411-1422.
[12]	靳宇倡, 丁美月, . 产后抑郁的预测因素及神经生理机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(7): 1145-1161.
[13]	陆芳. 儿童早期亲子间情绪谈话的影响因素[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(7): 1162-1171.
[14]	马原啸;冉光明;陈旭. 不安全依恋者注意偏向的形成机制及神经基础[J]. 心理科学进展, 2016, 24(3): 392-401.
[15]	钟歆;刘聚红;陈旭. 青少年同伴依恋：基于发展的视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2014, 22(7): 1149-1158.