ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
CN 11-1911/B
Acta Psychologica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (2): 182-198.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00182
• Reports of Empirical Studies • Previous Articles Next Articles
JIANG Guangrong1, LI Danyang1, REN Zhihong1(
), YAN Yupeng1, WU Xinchun2, ZHU Xu1, YU Lixia3, XIA Mian1, LI Fenglan4, WEI Hui1,5, ZHANG Yan1,6, ZHAO Chunxiao1, ZHANG Lin1
Received:2020-05-21
Published:2021-02-25
Online:2020-12-29
Contact:
REN Zhihong
E-mail:ren@ccnu.edu.cn
Supported by:JIANG Guangrong, LI Danyang, REN Zhihong, YAN Yupeng, WU Xinchun, ZHU Xu, YU Lixia, XIA Mian, LI Fenglan, WEI Hui, ZHANG Yan, ZHAO Chunxiao, ZHANG Lin. (2021). The status quo and characteristics of Chinese mental health literacy. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(2), 182-198.
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URL: https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00182
| Variable | Number of participants | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Place of residence | ||
| Urban | 2563 | 28.9% |
| Rural | 6287 | 70.9% |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 4010 | 45.2% |
| Female | 4827 | 54.4% |
| Age | ||
| 18 ~ 35 | 2668 | 30.1% |
| 36 ~ 59 | 4816 | 54.3% |
| ≥ 60 | 1358 | 15.3% |
| Education level | ||
| ≤ Junior secondary | 2939 | 33.1% |
| Technical or high school | 2490 | 28.1% |
| College or university degree | 2744 | 30.9% |
| ≥ Master degree | 604 | 6.8% |
| Per capita disposable annual income of households | ||
| ≤ ￥ 5, 500 | 2847 | 32.1% |
| ￥ 5, 501 ~ 13, 000 | 1776 | 20.0% |
| ￥ 13, 001 ~ 21, 000 | 869 | 9.8% |
| ￥ 21, 001 ~ 32, 000 | 892 | 10.1% |
| ￥ 32, 001 ~ 60, 000 | 1179 | 13.3% |
| > ￥ 60, 000 | 1256 | 14.2% |
Table 1 Sample distributions of urban and rural, gender, age, education level and per capita disposable annual income of households
| Variable | Number of participants | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Place of residence | ||
| Urban | 2563 | 28.9% |
| Rural | 6287 | 70.9% |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 4010 | 45.2% |
| Female | 4827 | 54.4% |
| Age | ||
| 18 ~ 35 | 2668 | 30.1% |
| 36 ~ 59 | 4816 | 54.3% |
| ≥ 60 | 1358 | 15.3% |
| Education level | ||
| ≤ Junior secondary | 2939 | 33.1% |
| Technical or high school | 2490 | 28.1% |
| College or university degree | 2744 | 30.9% |
| ≥ Master degree | 604 | 6.8% |
| Per capita disposable annual income of households | ||
| ≤ ￥ 5, 500 | 2847 | 32.1% |
| ￥ 5, 501 ~ 13, 000 | 1776 | 20.0% |
| ￥ 13, 001 ~ 21, 000 | 869 | 9.8% |
| ￥ 21, 001 ~ 32, 000 | 892 | 10.1% |
| ￥ 32, 001 ~ 60, 000 | 1179 | 13.3% |
| > ￥ 60, 000 | 1256 | 14.2% |
| Variable | Data type | Effective sample size | Valus range | Value means |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Per-capita GDP level | Categorize | 8866 | 1~3 | Low = 1, Medium = 2, High = 3 |
| Geographical distribution | Categorize | 8866 | 1~3 | Western = 1, Central = 2, Eastern = 3 |
| Place of residence | Categorize | 8850 | 1、2 | Urban = 1, Rural = 2 |
| Gender | Categorize | 8837 | 1、2 | Male = 1, Female = 2 |
| Age | Categorize | 8842 | 1~3 | Youth = 1, Middle-aged = 2, Older = 3 |
| Education level | Rank | 8777 | 1~4 | The higher the score, the higher the education level. |
| Per capita disposable annual income of households | Rank | 8819 | 1~6 | The higher the score, the higher the income level. |
| Occupational hierarchy | Rank | 8605 | 1~10 | The higher the score, the higher the occupational hierarchy. |
| Socio-economic status | Interval | 8489 | -1.49~2.36 | The higher the score, the higher the socio-economic status. |
| Professional identity | Categorize | 8762 | 0、1 | Professionals = 1, Non-professionals = 0 |
| Contact frequency | Rank | 8828 | 1~7 | The higher the score, the higher the frequency of contacting with the psychiatric patients. |
| Familiarity | Rank | 8837 | 1~7 | The higher the score, the more familiar with mental health professional services |
Table 2 Basic information about city characteristics, demographic characteristics, and mental health experience
| Variable | Data type | Effective sample size | Valus range | Value means |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Per-capita GDP level | Categorize | 8866 | 1~3 | Low = 1, Medium = 2, High = 3 |
| Geographical distribution | Categorize | 8866 | 1~3 | Western = 1, Central = 2, Eastern = 3 |
| Place of residence | Categorize | 8850 | 1、2 | Urban = 1, Rural = 2 |
| Gender | Categorize | 8837 | 1、2 | Male = 1, Female = 2 |
| Age | Categorize | 8842 | 1~3 | Youth = 1, Middle-aged = 2, Older = 3 |
| Education level | Rank | 8777 | 1~4 | The higher the score, the higher the education level. |
| Per capita disposable annual income of households | Rank | 8819 | 1~6 | The higher the score, the higher the income level. |
| Occupational hierarchy | Rank | 8605 | 1~10 | The higher the score, the higher the occupational hierarchy. |
| Socio-economic status | Interval | 8489 | -1.49~2.36 | The higher the score, the higher the socio-economic status. |
| Professional identity | Categorize | 8762 | 0、1 | Professionals = 1, Non-professionals = 0 |
| Contact frequency | Rank | 8828 | 1~7 | The higher the score, the higher the frequency of contacting with the psychiatric patients. |
| Familiarity | Rank | 8837 | 1~7 | The higher the score, the more familiar with mental health professional services |
| Variable | Scoring | Value range | M | SD | CV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total score | —— | 0~60 | 35.81 | 8.06 | 22.50% |
| Knowledge and concepts about mental health | 0, 1 | 0~9 | 5.87 | 2.08 | 35.43% |
| Knowledge and concepts about mental illness | 0, 1 | 0~21 | 11.88 | 3.40 | 28.62% |
| Attitudes and behaviors to promote mental health of oneself | Likert 5 | 5~25 | 19.80 | 2.81 | 14.19% |
| Attitudes and behaviorsregarding mental illness coping for oneself | Likert 5 | 8~40 | 29.70 | 3.98 | 13.40% |
| Attitudes and behaviors to promote mental health of others | Likert 5 | 6~30 | 21.35 | 3.23 | 15.13% |
| Attitudes and behaviors regarding mental illness coping for others | Likert 5 | 11~55 | 36.86 | 4.73 | 12.83% |
Table 3 Summary of the descriptive characteristics about MHL (N = 8866)
| Variable | Scoring | Value range | M | SD | CV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total score | —— | 0~60 | 35.81 | 8.06 | 22.50% |
| Knowledge and concepts about mental health | 0, 1 | 0~9 | 5.87 | 2.08 | 35.43% |
| Knowledge and concepts about mental illness | 0, 1 | 0~21 | 11.88 | 3.40 | 28.62% |
| Attitudes and behaviors to promote mental health of oneself | Likert 5 | 5~25 | 19.80 | 2.81 | 14.19% |
| Attitudes and behaviorsregarding mental illness coping for oneself | Likert 5 | 8~40 | 29.70 | 3.98 | 13.40% |
| Attitudes and behaviors to promote mental health of others | Likert 5 | 6~30 | 21.35 | 3.23 | 15.13% |
| Attitudes and behaviors regarding mental illness coping for others | Likert 5 | 11~55 | 36.86 | 4.73 | 12.83% |
Figure 1. Structual characteristic of MHL among Chinese adults6(6The method of data transformation calculation is as follows: (1) others-health = the accuracy of knowledge and concepts about mental health * the accuracy of attitudes and behaviors to promote mental health of others; (2) self-health = the accuracy of knowledge and concepts about mental health * the accuracy of attitudes and behaviors to promote mental health of oneself; (3) self-illness = the accuracy of knowledge and concepts about mental illness * the accuracy of attitudes and behaviors to cope with mental illness of oneself; (4) others-illness = the accuracy of knowledge and concepts about mental illness * the accuracy of attitudes and behaviors to cope with mental illness of others.).
| Variable | City | F | p | η2 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beijing (n = 1033) | Wuhan (n = 1090) | Chengdu (n = 994) | Lishui (n = 900) | Kaifeng (n = 898) | Guilin (n = 1183) | Zhangye (n = 962) | Baoding (n = 931) | Linfen (n = 875) | ||||||
| Total | 38.39 (8.54) | 36.36 (7.87) | 35.48 (7.97) | 36.76 (8.02) | 36.26 (7.60) | 35.47 (7.82) | 34.44 (7.80) | 35.21 (8.12) | 33.62 (7.83) | 29.25 | < 0.001 | 2.6% | ||
| Sub 1 | 6.88 (1.99) | 6.09 (1.98) | 5.61 (2.08) | 5.78 (2.08) | 5.94 (1.88) | 5.71 (2.10) | 5.32 (2.10) | 5.98 (2.03) | 5.45 (2.06) | 50.08 | < 0.001 | 4.3% | ||
| Sub 2 | 13.54 (3.60) | 12.38 (3.20) | 11.58 (3.21) | 12.02 (3.26) | 11.97 (3.17) | 11.74 (3.31) | 10.98 (3.28) | 11.71 (3.44) | 10.78 (3.29) | 58.54 | < 0.001 | 5.0% | ||
| Sub 3 | 19.87 (2.70) | 19.75 (2.72) | 20.00 (2.76) | 20.21 (2.94) | 20.03 (2.80) | 19.77 (2.85) | 19.44 (2.88) | 19.53 (2.76) | 19.56 (2.82) | 7.78 | < 0.001 | 0.7% | ||
| Sub 4 | 29.13 (3.98) | 29.52 (4.00) | 30.01 (3.87) | 30.56 (4.07) | 29.82 (3.99) | 29.69 (3.95) | 29.83 (3.94) | 29.25 (3.74) | 29.58 (4.13) | 10.86 | < 0.001 | 1.0% | ||
| Sub 5 | 21.78 (3.23) | 21.48 (3.21) | 21.12 (3.12) | 21.78 (3.37) | 21.72 (3.19) | 21.27 (3.36) | 20.99 (3.13) | 21.23 (3.09) | 20.78 (3.17) | 11.80 | < 0.001 | 1.1% | ||
| Sub 6 | 37.40 (4.73) | 36.63 (4.59) | 36.85 (4.72) | 37.75 (4.96) | 36.94 (4.76) | 36.89 (4.70) | 36.91 (4.58) | 36.13 (4.35) | 36.18 (4.98) | 11.17 | < 0.001 | 1.0% | ||
| Variable | Per-capita GDP level | F | p | η2 | ||||||||||
| Low (n = 2768) | Medium (n = 2981) | High (n = 3117) | ||||||||||||
| Total | 34.44 (7.94) | 36.10 (7.83) | 36.75 (8.22) | 64.17 | < 0.001 | 1.4% | ||||||||
| Sub 1 | 5.58 (2.08) | 5.80 (2.03) | 6.20 (2.08) | 67.36 | < 0.001 | 1.5% | ||||||||
| Sub 2 | 11.16 (3.36) | 11.89 (3.26) | 12.51 (3.43) | 118.50 | < 0.001 | 2.6% | ||||||||
| Sub 3 | 19.51 (2.82) | 19.98 (2.86) | 19.87 (2.73) | 22.18 | < 0.001 | 0.5% | ||||||||
| Sub 4 | 29.56 (3.94) | 29.99 (4.01) | 29.55 (3.97) | 12.17 | < 0.001 | 0.3% | ||||||||
| Sub 5 | 21.01 (3.13) | 21.56 (3.32) | 21.46 (3.20) | 23.86 | < 0.001 | 0.5% | ||||||||
| Sub 6 | 36.41 (4.65) | 37.16 (4.81) | 36.96 (4.69) | 19.17 | < 0.001 | 0.4% | ||||||||
| Variable | Geographical distribution | F | p | η2 | ||||||||||
| Western (n = 3139) | Central (n = 2863) | Eastern (n = 2864) | ||||||||||||
| Total | 35.16 (7.87) | 35.49 (7.87) | 36.85 (8.35) | 36.59 | < 0.001 | 0.8% | ||||||||
| Sub 1 | 5.56 (2.10) | 5.84 (1.99) | 6.24 (2.09) | 81.60 | < 0.001 | 1.8% | ||||||||
| Sub 2 | 11.45 (3.28) | 11.76 (3.29) | 12.47 (3.54) | 70.54 | < 0.001 | 1.6% | ||||||||
| Sub 3 | 19.74 (2.84) | 19.78 (2.78) | 19.86 (2.81) | 1.44 | 0.238 | —— | ||||||||
| Sub 4 | 29.83 (3.92) | 29.63 (4.04) | 29.62 (3.98) | 2.83 | 0.059 | —— | ||||||||
| Sub 5 | 21.14 (3.22) | 21.34 (3.22) | 21.60 (3.24) | 15.54 | < 0.001 | 0.3% | ||||||||
| Sub 6 | 36.88 (4.67) | 36.59 (4.77) | 37.09 (4.73) | 8.17 | < 0.001 | 0.2% | ||||||||
| Variable | Place of residence | t | p | d | ||||||||||
| Urban (n = 6287) | Rural (n = 2563) | |||||||||||||
| Total | 36.53 (7.95) | 34.07 (8.05) | 13.19 | < 0.001 | 0.31 | |||||||||
| Sub 1 | 6.06 (2.05) | 5.41 (2.07) | 13.59 | < 0.001 | 0.32 | |||||||||
| Sub 2 | 12.30 (3.36) | 10.88 (3.25) | 18.44 | < 0.001 | 0.43 | |||||||||
| Sub 3 | 19.98 (2.73) | 19.34 (2.95) | 9.44 | < 0.001 | 0.23 | |||||||||
| Sub 4 | 29.68 (3.94) | 29.75 (4.08) | -0.78 | 0.434 | —— | |||||||||
| Sub 5 | 21.49 (3.18) | 21.01 (3.32) | 6.40 | < 0.001 | 0.15 | |||||||||
| Sub 6 | 36.93 (4.66) | 36.70 (4.88) | 2.03 | 0.043* | 0.05 | |||||||||
| Variable | Gender | t | p | d | ||||||||||
| Male (n = 4010) | Female (n = 4827) | |||||||||||||
| Total | 35.58 (8.20) | 36.01 (7.94) | -2.46 | 0.014* | -0.05 | |||||||||
| Sub 1 | 5.83 (2.11) | 5.91 (2.05) | -1.84 | 0.066 | —— | |||||||||
| Sub 2 | 11.92 (3.43) | 11.85 (3.37) | 0.90 | 0.369 | —— | |||||||||
| Sub 3 | 19.66 (2.77) | 19.92 (2.84) | -4.31 | < 0.001 | -0.09 | |||||||||
| Sub 4 | 29.35 (3.93) | 29.99 (4.00) | -7.55 | < 0.001 | -0.16 | |||||||||
| Sub 5 | 21.25 (3.24) | 21.44 (3.22) | -2.89 | 0.004** | -0.06 | |||||||||
| Sub 6 | 36.79 (4.74) | 36.91 (4.71) | -1.12 | 0.265 | —— | |||||||||
| Variable | Age | F | p | η2 | ||||||||||
| Youth (n = 2668) | Middle-aged (n = 4816) | Older (n = 1358) | ||||||||||||
| Total | 35.87 (7.94) | 36.54 (7.98) | 33.16 (8.03) | 95.08 | < 0.001 | 2.1% | ||||||||
| Sub 1 | 6.00 (2.04) | 6.05 (2.02) | 4.99 (2.15) | 150.92 | < 0.001 | 3.3% | ||||||||
| Sub 2 | 11.85 (3.35) | 12.16 (3.40) | 10.96 (3.31) | 67.58 | < 0.001 | 1.5% | ||||||||
| Sub 3 | 20.00 (2.84) | 20.01 (2.73) | 18.67 (2.75) | 133.51 | < 0.001 | 2.9% | ||||||||
| Sub 4 | 29.78 (4.00) | 29.88 (3.98) | 28.94 (3.83) | 30.18 | < 0.001 | 0.7% | ||||||||
| Sub 5 | 21.45 (3.24) | 21.53 (3.26) | 20.55 (2.97) | 50.63 | < 0.001 | 1.1% | ||||||||
| Sub 6 | 36.83 (4.83) | 37.05 (4.78) | 36.23 (4.28) | 16.24 | < 0.001 | 0.4% | ||||||||
Table 4 Summary of variance analysis and t-test about MHL and its dimensions on city, per-capita GDP level, geographical distribution, place of residence, gender, and age
| Variable | City | F | p | η2 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beijing (n = 1033) | Wuhan (n = 1090) | Chengdu (n = 994) | Lishui (n = 900) | Kaifeng (n = 898) | Guilin (n = 1183) | Zhangye (n = 962) | Baoding (n = 931) | Linfen (n = 875) | ||||||
| Total | 38.39 (8.54) | 36.36 (7.87) | 35.48 (7.97) | 36.76 (8.02) | 36.26 (7.60) | 35.47 (7.82) | 34.44 (7.80) | 35.21 (8.12) | 33.62 (7.83) | 29.25 | < 0.001 | 2.6% | ||
| Sub 1 | 6.88 (1.99) | 6.09 (1.98) | 5.61 (2.08) | 5.78 (2.08) | 5.94 (1.88) | 5.71 (2.10) | 5.32 (2.10) | 5.98 (2.03) | 5.45 (2.06) | 50.08 | < 0.001 | 4.3% | ||
| Sub 2 | 13.54 (3.60) | 12.38 (3.20) | 11.58 (3.21) | 12.02 (3.26) | 11.97 (3.17) | 11.74 (3.31) | 10.98 (3.28) | 11.71 (3.44) | 10.78 (3.29) | 58.54 | < 0.001 | 5.0% | ||
| Sub 3 | 19.87 (2.70) | 19.75 (2.72) | 20.00 (2.76) | 20.21 (2.94) | 20.03 (2.80) | 19.77 (2.85) | 19.44 (2.88) | 19.53 (2.76) | 19.56 (2.82) | 7.78 | < 0.001 | 0.7% | ||
| Sub 4 | 29.13 (3.98) | 29.52 (4.00) | 30.01 (3.87) | 30.56 (4.07) | 29.82 (3.99) | 29.69 (3.95) | 29.83 (3.94) | 29.25 (3.74) | 29.58 (4.13) | 10.86 | < 0.001 | 1.0% | ||
| Sub 5 | 21.78 (3.23) | 21.48 (3.21) | 21.12 (3.12) | 21.78 (3.37) | 21.72 (3.19) | 21.27 (3.36) | 20.99 (3.13) | 21.23 (3.09) | 20.78 (3.17) | 11.80 | < 0.001 | 1.1% | ||
| Sub 6 | 37.40 (4.73) | 36.63 (4.59) | 36.85 (4.72) | 37.75 (4.96) | 36.94 (4.76) | 36.89 (4.70) | 36.91 (4.58) | 36.13 (4.35) | 36.18 (4.98) | 11.17 | < 0.001 | 1.0% | ||
| Variable | Per-capita GDP level | F | p | η2 | ||||||||||
| Low (n = 2768) | Medium (n = 2981) | High (n = 3117) | ||||||||||||
| Total | 34.44 (7.94) | 36.10 (7.83) | 36.75 (8.22) | 64.17 | < 0.001 | 1.4% | ||||||||
| Sub 1 | 5.58 (2.08) | 5.80 (2.03) | 6.20 (2.08) | 67.36 | < 0.001 | 1.5% | ||||||||
| Sub 2 | 11.16 (3.36) | 11.89 (3.26) | 12.51 (3.43) | 118.50 | < 0.001 | 2.6% | ||||||||
| Sub 3 | 19.51 (2.82) | 19.98 (2.86) | 19.87 (2.73) | 22.18 | < 0.001 | 0.5% | ||||||||
| Sub 4 | 29.56 (3.94) | 29.99 (4.01) | 29.55 (3.97) | 12.17 | < 0.001 | 0.3% | ||||||||
| Sub 5 | 21.01 (3.13) | 21.56 (3.32) | 21.46 (3.20) | 23.86 | < 0.001 | 0.5% | ||||||||
| Sub 6 | 36.41 (4.65) | 37.16 (4.81) | 36.96 (4.69) | 19.17 | < 0.001 | 0.4% | ||||||||
| Variable | Geographical distribution | F | p | η2 | ||||||||||
| Western (n = 3139) | Central (n = 2863) | Eastern (n = 2864) | ||||||||||||
| Total | 35.16 (7.87) | 35.49 (7.87) | 36.85 (8.35) | 36.59 | < 0.001 | 0.8% | ||||||||
| Sub 1 | 5.56 (2.10) | 5.84 (1.99) | 6.24 (2.09) | 81.60 | < 0.001 | 1.8% | ||||||||
| Sub 2 | 11.45 (3.28) | 11.76 (3.29) | 12.47 (3.54) | 70.54 | < 0.001 | 1.6% | ||||||||
| Sub 3 | 19.74 (2.84) | 19.78 (2.78) | 19.86 (2.81) | 1.44 | 0.238 | —— | ||||||||
| Sub 4 | 29.83 (3.92) | 29.63 (4.04) | 29.62 (3.98) | 2.83 | 0.059 | —— | ||||||||
| Sub 5 | 21.14 (3.22) | 21.34 (3.22) | 21.60 (3.24) | 15.54 | < 0.001 | 0.3% | ||||||||
| Sub 6 | 36.88 (4.67) | 36.59 (4.77) | 37.09 (4.73) | 8.17 | < 0.001 | 0.2% | ||||||||
| Variable | Place of residence | t | p | d | ||||||||||
| Urban (n = 6287) | Rural (n = 2563) | |||||||||||||
| Total | 36.53 (7.95) | 34.07 (8.05) | 13.19 | < 0.001 | 0.31 | |||||||||
| Sub 1 | 6.06 (2.05) | 5.41 (2.07) | 13.59 | < 0.001 | 0.32 | |||||||||
| Sub 2 | 12.30 (3.36) | 10.88 (3.25) | 18.44 | < 0.001 | 0.43 | |||||||||
| Sub 3 | 19.98 (2.73) | 19.34 (2.95) | 9.44 | < 0.001 | 0.23 | |||||||||
| Sub 4 | 29.68 (3.94) | 29.75 (4.08) | -0.78 | 0.434 | —— | |||||||||
| Sub 5 | 21.49 (3.18) | 21.01 (3.32) | 6.40 | < 0.001 | 0.15 | |||||||||
| Sub 6 | 36.93 (4.66) | 36.70 (4.88) | 2.03 | 0.043* | 0.05 | |||||||||
| Variable | Gender | t | p | d | ||||||||||
| Male (n = 4010) | Female (n = 4827) | |||||||||||||
| Total | 35.58 (8.20) | 36.01 (7.94) | -2.46 | 0.014* | -0.05 | |||||||||
| Sub 1 | 5.83 (2.11) | 5.91 (2.05) | -1.84 | 0.066 | —— | |||||||||
| Sub 2 | 11.92 (3.43) | 11.85 (3.37) | 0.90 | 0.369 | —— | |||||||||
| Sub 3 | 19.66 (2.77) | 19.92 (2.84) | -4.31 | < 0.001 | -0.09 | |||||||||
| Sub 4 | 29.35 (3.93) | 29.99 (4.00) | -7.55 | < 0.001 | -0.16 | |||||||||
| Sub 5 | 21.25 (3.24) | 21.44 (3.22) | -2.89 | 0.004** | -0.06 | |||||||||
| Sub 6 | 36.79 (4.74) | 36.91 (4.71) | -1.12 | 0.265 | —— | |||||||||
| Variable | Age | F | p | η2 | ||||||||||
| Youth (n = 2668) | Middle-aged (n = 4816) | Older (n = 1358) | ||||||||||||
| Total | 35.87 (7.94) | 36.54 (7.98) | 33.16 (8.03) | 95.08 | < 0.001 | 2.1% | ||||||||
| Sub 1 | 6.00 (2.04) | 6.05 (2.02) | 4.99 (2.15) | 150.92 | < 0.001 | 3.3% | ||||||||
| Sub 2 | 11.85 (3.35) | 12.16 (3.40) | 10.96 (3.31) | 67.58 | < 0.001 | 1.5% | ||||||||
| Sub 3 | 20.00 (2.84) | 20.01 (2.73) | 18.67 (2.75) | 133.51 | < 0.001 | 2.9% | ||||||||
| Sub 4 | 29.78 (4.00) | 29.88 (3.98) | 28.94 (3.83) | 30.18 | < 0.001 | 0.7% | ||||||||
| Sub 5 | 21.45 (3.24) | 21.53 (3.26) | 20.55 (2.97) | 50.63 | < 0.001 | 1.1% | ||||||||
| Sub 6 | 36.83 (4.83) | 37.05 (4.78) | 36.23 (4.28) | 16.24 | < 0.001 | 0.4% | ||||||||
| Variable | M | SD | SES | Familiarity | Contact Frequency | Total | Sub 1 | Sub 2 | Sub 3 | Sub 4 | Sub 5 | Sub 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SES | 0.004 | 1.00 | 1 | |||||||||
| Familiarity | 2.22 | 1.56 | 0.145*** | 1 | ||||||||
| Contact Frequency | 1.59 | 1.16 | 0.065*** | 0.380*** | 1 | |||||||
| Total | 35.81 | 8.06 | 0.308*** | 0.207*** | 0.059*** | 1 | ||||||
| Sub 1 | 5.87 | 2.08 | 0.331*** | 0.113*** | 0.036** | 0.644*** | 1 | |||||
| Sub 2 | 11.88 | 3.39 | 0.377*** | 0.163*** | 0.080*** | 0.779*** | 0.584*** | 1 | ||||
| Sub 3 | 19.79 | 2.80 | 0.152*** | 0.160*** | -0.003 | 0.493*** | 0.145*** | 0.214*** | 1 | |||
| Sub 4 | 29.70 | 3.98 | 0.033** | 0.144*** | 0.002 | 0.536*** | 0.143*** | 0.186*** | 0.430*** | 1 | ||
| Sub 5 | 21.35 | 3.22 | 0.140*** | 0.137*** | 0.016 | 0.539*** | 0.193*** | 0.241*** | 0.407*** | 0.404*** | 1 | |
| Sub 6 | 36.86 | 4.72 | 0.086*** | 0.142 *** | 0.057*** | 0.573*** | 0.180*** | 0.236*** | 0.350*** | 0.472*** | 0.486*** | 1 |
Table 5 Means, standard deviations and bivariate correlations
| Variable | M | SD | SES | Familiarity | Contact Frequency | Total | Sub 1 | Sub 2 | Sub 3 | Sub 4 | Sub 5 | Sub 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SES | 0.004 | 1.00 | 1 | |||||||||
| Familiarity | 2.22 | 1.56 | 0.145*** | 1 | ||||||||
| Contact Frequency | 1.59 | 1.16 | 0.065*** | 0.380*** | 1 | |||||||
| Total | 35.81 | 8.06 | 0.308*** | 0.207*** | 0.059*** | 1 | ||||||
| Sub 1 | 5.87 | 2.08 | 0.331*** | 0.113*** | 0.036** | 0.644*** | 1 | |||||
| Sub 2 | 11.88 | 3.39 | 0.377*** | 0.163*** | 0.080*** | 0.779*** | 0.584*** | 1 | ||||
| Sub 3 | 19.79 | 2.80 | 0.152*** | 0.160*** | -0.003 | 0.493*** | 0.145*** | 0.214*** | 1 | |||
| Sub 4 | 29.70 | 3.98 | 0.033** | 0.144*** | 0.002 | 0.536*** | 0.143*** | 0.186*** | 0.430*** | 1 | ||
| Sub 5 | 21.35 | 3.22 | 0.140*** | 0.137*** | 0.016 | 0.539*** | 0.193*** | 0.241*** | 0.407*** | 0.404*** | 1 | |
| Sub 6 | 36.86 | 4.72 | 0.086*** | 0.142 *** | 0.057*** | 0.573*** | 0.180*** | 0.236*** | 0.350*** | 0.472*** | 0.486*** | 1 |
| Predictor | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (SE) | ΔR2 | B (SE) | ΔR2 | B (SE) | ΔR2 | B (SE) | ΔR2 | B (SE) | ΔR2 | B (SE) | ΔR2 | B (SE) | ΔR2 | |
| CC | 0.022*** | 0.029*** | 0.040*** | 0.005*** | 0.003*** | 0.009*** | 0.005*** | |||||||
| Medium GDP | 0.101 (0.026)*** | 0.014*** | 0.025 (0.026) | 0.014*** | 0.096 (0.025)*** | 0.025*** | 0.106 (0.026)*** | 0.005*** | 0.086 (0.027)** | 0.003*** | 0.126 (0.027)*** | 0.005*** | -0.037 (0.029) | 0.004*** |
| High GDP | 0.039 (0.028) | 0.041 (0.027) | 0.077 (0.027)** | 0.009 (0.028) | -0.016 (0.028) | 0.038 (0.029) | 0.074 (0.027)** | |||||||
| Central | 0.005 (0.025) | 0.008*** | 0.087 (0.025)*** | 0.015*** | 0.032 (0.024) | 0.015*** | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.058 (0.026)* | 0.004*** | -0.013 (0.027) | 0.002** |
| Eastern | 0.076 (0.026)** | 0.165 (0.025)*** | 0.126 (0.025)*** | —— | —— | 0.100 (0.027)*** | -0.072 (0.027)** | |||||||
| BDC | 0.026*** | 0.035*** | 0.030*** | 0.035*** | 0.012*** | 0.011*** | 0.003*** | |||||||
| Rural | 0.021 (0.026) | 0.009*** | 0.036 (0.026) | 0.009*** | -0.030 (0.026) | 0.018*** | -0.093 (0.027)** | 0.008*** | —— | —— | -0.009 (0.027) | 0.002*** | —— | —— |
| Female | 0.068 (0.021)** | 0.001* | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.089 (0.021)*** | 0.002*** | 0.159 (0.022)*** | 0.007*** | 0.059 (0.022)** | 0.001** | —— | —— |
| Youth | 0.146 (0.034)*** | 0.016*** | 0.289 (0.034)*** | 0.026*** | 0.052 (0.033) | 0.012*** | 0.394 (0.035)*** | 0.024*** | 0.166 (0.036)*** | 0.005*** | 0.190 (0.036)*** | 0.008*** | 0.063 (0.036) | 0.003*** |
| Middle-aged | 0.200 (0.032)*** | 0.309 (0.031)*** | 0.117 (0.031)*** | 0.368 (0.032)*** | 0.173 (0.033)*** | 0.188 (0.033)*** | 0.099 (0.033)** | |||||||
| SES | 0.268 (0.013)*** | 0.057*** | 0.288 (0.013)*** | 0.059*** | 0.328 (0.012)*** | 0.079*** | 0.092 (0.013)*** | 0.009*** | 0.009 (0.012) | 0.001* | 0.100 (0.013)*** | 0.009*** | 0.059 (0.012)*** | 0.005*** |
| MHB | 0.025*** | 0.003*** | 0.012*** | 0.017*** | 0.017*** | 0.012*** | 0.015*** | |||||||
| CF | -0.025 (0.011)* | 0.001*** | -0.014 (0.011) | 0.000 | 0.014 (0.011) | 0.003*** | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.006 (0.012) | 0.003*** |
| Familiarity | 0.167 (0.011)*** | 0.023*** | 0.063 (0.011)*** | 0.003*** | 0.103 (0.011)*** | 0.009*** | 0.130 (0.011)*** | 0.017*** | 0.134 (0.011)*** | 0.017*** | 0.111 (0.011)*** | 0.012*** | 0.123 (0.012)*** | 0.013*** |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.128 | 0.126 | 0.159 | 0.064 | 0.032 | 0.040 | 0.027 | |||||||
| F | 113.12*** | 122.238*** | 160.401 | 73.061*** | 40.951 | 36.328 | 27.194 | |||||||
| N | 8404 | 8428 | 8428 | 8419 | 8431 | 8419 | 8440 | |||||||
Table 6 Summary of hierarchical regression analyses for predictors of the MHL and its dimensions
| Predictor | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (SE) | ΔR2 | B (SE) | ΔR2 | B (SE) | ΔR2 | B (SE) | ΔR2 | B (SE) | ΔR2 | B (SE) | ΔR2 | B (SE) | ΔR2 | |
| CC | 0.022*** | 0.029*** | 0.040*** | 0.005*** | 0.003*** | 0.009*** | 0.005*** | |||||||
| Medium GDP | 0.101 (0.026)*** | 0.014*** | 0.025 (0.026) | 0.014*** | 0.096 (0.025)*** | 0.025*** | 0.106 (0.026)*** | 0.005*** | 0.086 (0.027)** | 0.003*** | 0.126 (0.027)*** | 0.005*** | -0.037 (0.029) | 0.004*** |
| High GDP | 0.039 (0.028) | 0.041 (0.027) | 0.077 (0.027)** | 0.009 (0.028) | -0.016 (0.028) | 0.038 (0.029) | 0.074 (0.027)** | |||||||
| Central | 0.005 (0.025) | 0.008*** | 0.087 (0.025)*** | 0.015*** | 0.032 (0.024) | 0.015*** | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.058 (0.026)* | 0.004*** | -0.013 (0.027) | 0.002** |
| Eastern | 0.076 (0.026)** | 0.165 (0.025)*** | 0.126 (0.025)*** | —— | —— | 0.100 (0.027)*** | -0.072 (0.027)** | |||||||
| BDC | 0.026*** | 0.035*** | 0.030*** | 0.035*** | 0.012*** | 0.011*** | 0.003*** | |||||||
| Rural | 0.021 (0.026) | 0.009*** | 0.036 (0.026) | 0.009*** | -0.030 (0.026) | 0.018*** | -0.093 (0.027)** | 0.008*** | —— | —— | -0.009 (0.027) | 0.002*** | —— | —— |
| Female | 0.068 (0.021)** | 0.001* | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.089 (0.021)*** | 0.002*** | 0.159 (0.022)*** | 0.007*** | 0.059 (0.022)** | 0.001** | —— | —— |
| Youth | 0.146 (0.034)*** | 0.016*** | 0.289 (0.034)*** | 0.026*** | 0.052 (0.033) | 0.012*** | 0.394 (0.035)*** | 0.024*** | 0.166 (0.036)*** | 0.005*** | 0.190 (0.036)*** | 0.008*** | 0.063 (0.036) | 0.003*** |
| Middle-aged | 0.200 (0.032)*** | 0.309 (0.031)*** | 0.117 (0.031)*** | 0.368 (0.032)*** | 0.173 (0.033)*** | 0.188 (0.033)*** | 0.099 (0.033)** | |||||||
| SES | 0.268 (0.013)*** | 0.057*** | 0.288 (0.013)*** | 0.059*** | 0.328 (0.012)*** | 0.079*** | 0.092 (0.013)*** | 0.009*** | 0.009 (0.012) | 0.001* | 0.100 (0.013)*** | 0.009*** | 0.059 (0.012)*** | 0.005*** |
| MHB | 0.025*** | 0.003*** | 0.012*** | 0.017*** | 0.017*** | 0.012*** | 0.015*** | |||||||
| CF | -0.025 (0.011)* | 0.001*** | -0.014 (0.011) | 0.000 | 0.014 (0.011) | 0.003*** | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.006 (0.012) | 0.003*** |
| Familiarity | 0.167 (0.011)*** | 0.023*** | 0.063 (0.011)*** | 0.003*** | 0.103 (0.011)*** | 0.009*** | 0.130 (0.011)*** | 0.017*** | 0.134 (0.011)*** | 0.017*** | 0.111 (0.011)*** | 0.012*** | 0.123 (0.012)*** | 0.013*** |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.128 | 0.126 | 0.159 | 0.064 | 0.032 | 0.040 | 0.027 | |||||||
| F | 113.12*** | 122.238*** | 160.401 | 73.061*** | 40.951 | 36.328 | 27.194 | |||||||
| N | 8404 | 8428 | 8428 | 8419 | 8431 | 8419 | 8440 | |||||||
| Variable | Contact Frequency | t | p | d | Familiarity | t | p | d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 7348) | High (n = 184) | Low (n = 5877) | High (n = 406) | |||||||
| Total | 35.55 (7.89) | 35.12 (9.05) | 0.634 | 0.527 | —— | 34.73 (7.92) | 37.68 (7.96) | -7.263 | < 0.001 | -0.37 |
| Sub 1 | 5.84 (2.06) | 5.66 (2.28) | 1.044 | 0.298 | —— | 5.72 (2.10) | 5.79 (2.08) | -0.662 | 0.508 | —— |
| Sub 2 | 11.74 (3.35) | 11.64 (3.71) | 0.389 | 0.697 | —— | 11.51 (3.39) | 12.07 (3.38) | -3.217 | 0.001** | -0.17 |
| Sub 3 | 19.80 (2.77) | 19.83 (3.20) | -0.126 | 0.900 | —— | 19.53 (2.80) | 20.99 (2.89) | -10.114 | < 0.001 | -0.51 |
| Sub 4 | 29.67 (3.94) | 29.46 (4.54) | 0.630 | 0.529 | —— | 29.36 (3.92) | 31.17 (4.38) | -8.073 | < 0.001 | -0.44 |
| Sub 5 | 21.33 (3.19) | 21.31 (3.65) | 0.063 | 0.950 | —— | 21.09 (3.14) | 22.17 (3.70) | -5.689 | < 0.001 | -0.31 |
| Sub 6 | 36.71 (4.68) | 36.97 (5.30) | -0.660 | 0.510 | —— | 36.41 (4.63) | 38.05 (5.30) | -6.066 | < 0.001 | -0.33 |
Table 7 T-test about MHL and its dimensions on contact frequency and familiarity
| Variable | Contact Frequency | t | p | d | Familiarity | t | p | d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 7348) | High (n = 184) | Low (n = 5877) | High (n = 406) | |||||||
| Total | 35.55 (7.89) | 35.12 (9.05) | 0.634 | 0.527 | —— | 34.73 (7.92) | 37.68 (7.96) | -7.263 | < 0.001 | -0.37 |
| Sub 1 | 5.84 (2.06) | 5.66 (2.28) | 1.044 | 0.298 | —— | 5.72 (2.10) | 5.79 (2.08) | -0.662 | 0.508 | —— |
| Sub 2 | 11.74 (3.35) | 11.64 (3.71) | 0.389 | 0.697 | —— | 11.51 (3.39) | 12.07 (3.38) | -3.217 | 0.001** | -0.17 |
| Sub 3 | 19.80 (2.77) | 19.83 (3.20) | -0.126 | 0.900 | —— | 19.53 (2.80) | 20.99 (2.89) | -10.114 | < 0.001 | -0.51 |
| Sub 4 | 29.67 (3.94) | 29.46 (4.54) | 0.630 | 0.529 | —— | 29.36 (3.92) | 31.17 (4.38) | -8.073 | < 0.001 | -0.44 |
| Sub 5 | 21.33 (3.19) | 21.31 (3.65) | 0.063 | 0.950 | —— | 21.09 (3.14) | 22.17 (3.70) | -5.689 | < 0.001 | -0.31 |
| Sub 6 | 36.71 (4.68) | 36.97 (5.30) | -0.660 | 0.510 | —— | 36.41 (4.63) | 38.05 (5.30) | -6.066 | < 0.001 | -0.33 |
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