The processing bias of verbal emotional information in depression prone individuals

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1041

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LI Yutong, LI Xuan, YUE Zeming, LI Yahong, SUI Xue. (2025). The processing bias of verbal emotional information in depression prone individuals. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(6), 1041-1055.

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URL: https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1041

https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/Y2025/V57/I6/1041

Figures/Tables 9

Table1 Demographic characteristics of subjects in Experiment 1

Variables	Depression-prone group	Healthy control group	t	p
male/female	10/22	12/27	/	/
age	21.72(2.90)	22.28(1.96)	-0.97	0.334
BDI-II scores	22.59(8.30)	3.38(3.60)	13.05	< 0.001
SDS scores	58.94(7.21)	37.74(7.64)	10.80	< 0.001

Table1 Demographic characteristics of subjects in Experiment 1

Variables	Depression-prone group	Healthy control group	t	p
male/female	10/22	12/27	/	/
age	21.72(2.90)	22.28(1.96)	-0.97	0.334
BDI-II scores	22.59(8.30)	3.38(3.60)	13.05	< 0.001
SDS scores	58.94(7.21)	37.74(7.64)	10.80	< 0.001

Table 2 Descriptive statistical results of response times (ms) and accuracy (%): means (standard errors) in Experiment 1

Dependent variables	Depression-prone group			Healthy control group
Dependent variables	positive words	neutral words	negative words	positive words	neutral words	negative words
response times	562(13.6)	594(13.6)	577(13.6)	570(12.5)	599(12.5)	588(12.5)
accuracy	97.5(0.01)	94.7(0.01)	96.5(0.01)	98.1(0.01)	95.9(0.01)	98.0(0.01)

Table 2 Descriptive statistical results of response times (ms) and accuracy (%): means (standard errors) in Experiment 1

Dependent variables	Depression-prone group			Healthy control group
Dependent variables	positive words	neutral words	negative words	positive words	neutral words	negative words
response times	562(13.6)	594(13.6)	577(13.6)	570(12.5)	599(12.5)	588(12.5)
accuracy	97.5(0.01)	94.7(0.01)	96.5(0.01)	98.1(0.01)	95.9(0.01)	98.0(0.01)

Table 3 Results of linear mixed model analysis in Experiment 1

Fixed effects	response times					accuracy
Fixed effects	b	SE	t	p	95% CI	b	SE	z	p	95% CI
group	8.53	15.79	0.54	0.591	[-22.43, 39.49]	0.40	0.20	1.99	0.046	[0.01, 0.80]
pos vs. neu	30.92	9.39	3.29	0.001	[12.54, 49.31]	-0.70	0.37	-1.88	0.061	[-1.43, 0.03]
neg vs. neu	-14.14	9.40	-1.51	0.135	[-32.54, 4.25]	0.55	0.37	1.49	0.136	[-0.17, 1.27]
group × (pos vs. neu)	-2.88	6.09	-0.47	0.636	[-14.82, 9.06]	-0.01	0.34	-0.001	0.999	[-0.67, 0.67]
group × (neg vs. neu)	6.41	6.11	1.05	0.294	[-5.57, 18.38]	0.36	0.33	1.09	0.278	[-0.29, 1.01]

Table 3 Results of linear mixed model analysis in Experiment 1

Fixed effects	response times					accuracy
Fixed effects	b	SE	t	p	95% CI	b	SE	z	p	95% CI
group	8.53	15.79	0.54	0.591	[-22.43, 39.49]	0.40	0.20	1.99	0.046	[0.01, 0.80]
pos vs. neu	30.92	9.39	3.29	0.001	[12.54, 49.31]	-0.70	0.37	-1.88	0.061	[-1.43, 0.03]
neg vs. neu	-14.14	9.40	-1.51	0.135	[-32.54, 4.25]	0.55	0.37	1.49	0.136	[-0.17, 1.27]
group × (pos vs. neu)	-2.88	6.09	-0.47	0.636	[-14.82, 9.06]	-0.01	0.34	-0.001	0.999	[-0.67, 0.67]
group × (neg vs. neu)	6.41	6.11	1.05	0.294	[-5.57, 18.38]	0.36	0.33	1.09	0.278	[-0.29, 1.01]

Table 4 Demographic characteristics of subjects in Experiment 2

Measures	Depression-prone group	Healthy control group	t	p
male/female	10/22	10/28	/	/
age	20.03(7.11)	22.03(1.78)	-1.55	0.131
BDI-II scores	22.59(8.37)	3.87(3.73)	12.41	< 0.001
SDS scores	58.03(6.71)	39.74(7.49)	10.67	< 0.001

Table 4 Demographic characteristics of subjects in Experiment 2

Measures	Depression-prone group	Healthy control group	t	p
male/female	10/22	10/28	/	/
age	20.03(7.11)	22.03(1.78)	-1.55	0.131
BDI-II scores	22.59(8.37)	3.87(3.73)	12.41	< 0.001
SDS scores	58.03(6.71)	39.74(7.49)	10.67	< 0.001

Table 5 Descriptive statistical results of response times (ms) and accuracy (%): means (standard errors) in Experiment 2

Dependent variables	Depression-prone group			Healthy control group
Dependent variables	positive words	neutral words	Negative words	positive words	Neutral words	negative words
response times	724(20.9)	791(20.8)	730(20.8)	775(19.5)	849(19.4)	798(19.5)
accuracy	84.1(0.02)	90.1(0.02)	89.0(0.02)	87.6(0.02)	92.4(0.02)	88.0(0.02)

Table 5 Descriptive statistical results of response times (ms) and accuracy (%): means (standard errors) in Experiment 2

Dependent variables	Depression-prone group			Healthy control group
Dependent variables	positive words	neutral words	Negative words	positive words	Neutral words	negative words
response times	724(20.9)	791(20.8)	730(20.8)	775(19.5)	849(19.4)	798(19.5)
accuracy	84.1(0.02)	90.1(0.02)	89.0(0.02)	87.6(0.02)	92.4(0.02)	88.0(0.02)

Table 6 Results of linear mixed model analysis in Experiment 2

Fixed effects	Response times					Accuracies
Fixed effects	b	SE	t	p	95% CI	b	SE	z	p	95% CI
group	58.93	23.51	2.51	0.015	[12.81, 105.06]	0.19	0.13	1.46	0.143	[-0.06, 0.45]
pos vs. neu	70.36	15.80	4.45	<0.001	[39.43, 101.27]	0.28	0.32	0.89	0.375	[-0.34, 0.90]
neg vs. neu	-56.08	15.77	-3.56	<0.001	[-86.94, -25.22]	-0.09	0.32	-0.29	0.771	[-0.72, 0.53]
group × (pos vs. neu)	6.02	11.65	0.52	0.605	[-16.82, 28.84]	-0.44	0.20	-2.25	0.024	[-0.83, -0.06]
group × (neg vs. neu)	9.82	11.53	0.85	0.394	[-12.79, 32.43]	-0.06	0.19	-0.33	0.745	[-0.44, 0.31]

Table 6 Results of linear mixed model analysis in Experiment 2

Fixed effects	Response times					Accuracies
Fixed effects	b	SE	t	p	95% CI	b	SE	z	p	95% CI
group	58.93	23.51	2.51	0.015	[12.81, 105.06]	0.19	0.13	1.46	0.143	[-0.06, 0.45]
pos vs. neu	70.36	15.80	4.45	<0.001	[39.43, 101.27]	0.28	0.32	0.89	0.375	[-0.34, 0.90]
neg vs. neu	-56.08	15.77	-3.56	<0.001	[-86.94, -25.22]	-0.09	0.32	-0.29	0.771	[-0.72, 0.53]
group × (pos vs. neu)	6.02	11.65	0.52	0.605	[-16.82, 28.84]	-0.44	0.20	-2.25	0.024	[-0.83, -0.06]
group × (neg vs. neu)	9.82	11.53	0.85	0.394	[-12.79, 32.43]	-0.06	0.19	-0.33	0.745	[-0.44, 0.31]

Table 7 Demographic characteristics of subjects in Experiment 3

Measures	Depression-prone group	Healthy control group	t	p
male/female	5/15	5/15	/	/
age	21.55(3.3)	23.05(1.91)	-1.76	0.088
BDI-II scores	26.15(10.99)	3.45(3.87)	8.72	< 0.001
SDS scores	61.65(9.20)	39.05(8.46)	8.09	< 0.001

Table 7 Demographic characteristics of subjects in Experiment 3

Measures	Depression-prone group	Healthy control group	t	p
male/female	5/15	5/15	/	/
age	21.55(3.3)	23.05(1.91)	-1.76	0.088
BDI-II scores	26.15(10.99)	3.45(3.87)	8.72	< 0.001
SDS scores	61.65(9.20)	39.05(8.46)	8.09	< 0.001

Table 8 Descriptive statistics of eye movement measures in Experiment 3

Interest areas	Measures (ms)	Depression-prone group			Healthy control group
Interest areas	Measures (ms)	positive	neutral	negative	positive	neutral	negative
Emotional word	DFF	193(10.2)	208(10.5)	192(10.3)	212(9.8)	200(9.7)	196(9.8)
	DFG	223(12.3)	247(12.5)	229(12.5)	254(11.9)	237(11.8)	238(11.9)
	TDF	234(19.2)	257(19.7)	257(19.3)	266(18.5)	262(18.4)	259(18.5)
Pre-emotional word	DFF	179(6.9)	177(6.9)	177(6.9)	174(6.6)	180(6.7)	179(6.6)
	DFG	1102(117)	1153(117)	1079(117)	1181(115)	1223(115)	1089(115)
	TDF	1215(130)	1251(130)	1152(130)	1295(128)	1381(128)	1142(128)
Post-emotional word	DFF	233(10.5)	230(10.5)	247(10.5)	228(10.2)	227(10.2)	215(10.2)
	DFG	635(70)	664(70)	684(70)	689(69)	666(69)	606(69)
	TDF	602(64)	670(64)	647(64)	639(63)	623(63)	562(63)

Table 8 Descriptive statistics of eye movement measures in Experiment 3

Interest areas	Measures (ms)	Depression-prone group			Healthy control group
Interest areas	Measures (ms)	positive	neutral	negative	positive	neutral	negative
Emotional word	DFF	193(10.2)	208(10.5)	192(10.3)	212(9.8)	200(9.7)	196(9.8)
	DFG	223(12.3)	247(12.5)	229(12.5)	254(11.9)	237(11.8)	238(11.9)
	TDF	234(19.2)	257(19.7)	257(19.3)	266(18.5)	262(18.4)	259(18.5)
Pre-emotional word	DFF	179(6.9)	177(6.9)	177(6.9)	174(6.6)	180(6.7)	179(6.6)
	DFG	1102(117)	1153(117)	1079(117)	1181(115)	1223(115)	1089(115)
	TDF	1215(130)	1251(130)	1152(130)	1295(128)	1381(128)	1142(128)
Post-emotional word	DFF	233(10.5)	230(10.5)	247(10.5)	228(10.2)	227(10.2)	215(10.2)
	DFG	635(70)	664(70)	684(70)	689(69)	666(69)	606(69)
	TDF	602(64)	670(64)	647(64)	639(63)	623(63)	562(63)

Table 9 Results of linear mixed model analysis in Experiment 3

Fixation effects	Emotional word: DFF (ms)					Emotional word: DFG (ms)
Fixation effects	b	SE	t	p	95% CI	b	SE	t	p	95% CI
A	4.98	10.60	0.47	0.641	[-15.78, 25.76]	9.78	11.38	0.86	0.396	[-12.56, 32.11]
B1	1.41	8.60	0.16	0.871	[-15.26, 18.10]	3.32	12.00	0.28	0.784	[-19.85, 26.54]
B2	-10.11	8.65	-1.17	0.254	[-26.87, 6.66]	-8.31	12.05	-0.69	0.497	[-31.62, 15.00]
A×B1	-27.07	13.26	-2.04	0.042	[-53.11, -1.14]	-40.32	16.12	-2.50	0.013	[-71.98, -8.81]
A×B2	11.82	13.34	0.89	0.376	[-14.28, 38.04]	19.02	16.23	1.17	0.242	[-12.76, 50.83]
	Emotional word: TDF (ms)					Post-emotional word: DFF (ms)
	b	SE	t	p	95% CI	b	SE	t	p	95% CI
A	13.00	17.44	0.75	0.461	[-21.21, 47.35]	-13.34	11.43	-1.17	0.252	[-35.74, 9.07]
B1	9.72	19.17	0.51	0.616	[-27.46, 46.83]	-1.60	8.46	-0.19	0.851	[-18.03, 14.84]
B2	-1.72	19.25	-0.09	0.929	[-38.89, 35.70]	2.00	8.45	0.24	0.815	[-14.43, 18.41]
A×B1	-27.16	23.08	-1.18	0.240	[-72.64, 17.85]	1.29	11.89	0.11	0.914	[-22.07, 24.55]
A×B2	-2.57	23.19	-0.11	0.912	[-47.69, 43.31]	-29.24	11.87	-2.46	0.014	[-52.49, -5.96]

Table 9 Results of linear mixed model analysis in Experiment 3

Fixation effects	Emotional word: DFF (ms)					Emotional word: DFG (ms)
Fixation effects	b	SE	t	p	95% CI	b	SE	t	p	95% CI
A	4.98	10.60	0.47	0.641	[-15.78, 25.76]	9.78	11.38	0.86	0.396	[-12.56, 32.11]
B1	1.41	8.60	0.16	0.871	[-15.26, 18.10]	3.32	12.00	0.28	0.784	[-19.85, 26.54]
B2	-10.11	8.65	-1.17	0.254	[-26.87, 6.66]	-8.31	12.05	-0.69	0.497	[-31.62, 15.00]
A×B1	-27.07	13.26	-2.04	0.042	[-53.11, -1.14]	-40.32	16.12	-2.50	0.013	[-71.98, -8.81]
A×B2	11.82	13.34	0.89	0.376	[-14.28, 38.04]	19.02	16.23	1.17	0.242	[-12.76, 50.83]
	Emotional word: TDF (ms)					Post-emotional word: DFF (ms)
	b	SE	t	p	95% CI	b	SE	t	p	95% CI
A	13.00	17.44	0.75	0.461	[-21.21, 47.35]	-13.34	11.43	-1.17	0.252	[-35.74, 9.07]
B1	9.72	19.17	0.51	0.616	[-27.46, 46.83]	-1.60	8.46	-0.19	0.851	[-18.03, 14.84]
B2	-1.72	19.25	-0.09	0.929	[-38.89, 35.70]	2.00	8.45	0.24	0.815	[-14.43, 18.41]
A×B1	-27.16	23.08	-1.18	0.240	[-72.64, 17.85]	1.29	11.89	0.11	0.914	[-22.07, 24.55]
A×B2	-2.57	23.19	-0.11	0.912	[-47.69, 43.31]	-29.24	11.87	-2.46	0.014	[-52.49, -5.96]

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