Acta Psychologica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (6): 1013-1040.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1013
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JIAN Jinhan1,2, ZHANG Junheng1,2, YAN Bihua1,2, JI Ming1,2(
)
Published:2025-06-25
Online:2025-04-15
Contact:
JI Ming, E-mail: JIAN Jinhan, ZHANG Junheng, YAN Bihua, JI Ming. (2025). The multi-cue influence mechanism of spatial communication across different perspectives. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(6), 1013-1040.
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URL: https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1013
| Response variable: Reference frame selection | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modela | Accuracy | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | 66.10% | 6443.44 | 6454.03 | 3 | 1480 | 41.20 | < 0.001 | 0.077 |
| Consistency level | 3 | 1480 | 41.20 | < 0.001 | 0.077 | |||
| 2 | 66.00% | 6451.31 | 6461.90 | 4 | 1479 | 32.43 | < 0.001 | 0.081 |
| Perspective-taking ability | 1 | 1479 | 9.02 | 0.003 | 0.006 | |||
| 3 | 66.40% | 6468.42 | 6479.00 | 8 | 1475 | 17.27 | < 0.001 | 0.086 |
| Consistency level × Field cognitive style | 4 | 1475 | 2.91 | 0.02 | 0.007 | |||
| 4b | 78.30% | 9520.63 | 9531.18 | 32 | 1451 | 8.98 | < 0.001 | 0.165 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 24 | 1451 | 10.36 | < 0.001 | 0.143 | |||
Table 1 Summary of the stepwise regression model for reference frame selection under first-person perspective (N = 53 × 28 = 1484)
| Response variable: Reference frame selection | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modela | Accuracy | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | 66.10% | 6443.44 | 6454.03 | 3 | 1480 | 41.20 | < 0.001 | 0.077 |
| Consistency level | 3 | 1480 | 41.20 | < 0.001 | 0.077 | |||
| 2 | 66.00% | 6451.31 | 6461.90 | 4 | 1479 | 32.43 | < 0.001 | 0.081 |
| Perspective-taking ability | 1 | 1479 | 9.02 | 0.003 | 0.006 | |||
| 3 | 66.40% | 6468.42 | 6479.00 | 8 | 1475 | 17.27 | < 0.001 | 0.086 |
| Consistency level × Field cognitive style | 4 | 1475 | 2.91 | 0.02 | 0.007 | |||
| 4b | 78.30% | 9520.63 | 9531.18 | 32 | 1451 | 8.98 | < 0.001 | 0.165 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 24 | 1451 | 10.36 | < 0.001 | 0.143 | |||
Figure 1. Reference frame selection under different consistency levels in the first-person perspective (M ± SE, error bars represent standard error, p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, same hereafter).
Figure 2. Reference frame selection at different consistency levels by subjects with two types of field cognitive styles in the first- person perspective.
| Response variable: Organization duration | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Distribution assumption | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | Gamma distribution | 2790.13 | 2800.72 | 3 | 1480 | 4.44 | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Consistency level | 3 | 1480 | 4.44 | 0.004 | 0.009 | |||
| 2 | Gamma distribution | 2348.99 | 2359.57 | 9 | 1474 | 28.56 | < 0.001 | 0.148 |
| Target object | 6 | 1474 | 33.08 | < 0.001 | 0.115 | |||
| 3 | Gamma distribution | 2372.56 | 2383.12 | 27 | 1456 | 16.36 | < 0.001 | 0.233 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 18 | 1456 | 2.01 | 0.007 | 0.019 | |||
| 4a | Normal distribution | 28726.94 | 28737.52 | 9 | 1474 | 16.27 | < 0.001 | 0.090 |
Table 2 Summary of the stepwise regression model for organization duration in first-person perspective (N = 53 × 28 = 1484)
| Response variable: Organization duration | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Distribution assumption | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | Gamma distribution | 2790.13 | 2800.72 | 3 | 1480 | 4.44 | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Consistency level | 3 | 1480 | 4.44 | 0.004 | 0.009 | |||
| 2 | Gamma distribution | 2348.99 | 2359.57 | 9 | 1474 | 28.56 | < 0.001 | 0.148 |
| Target object | 6 | 1474 | 33.08 | < 0.001 | 0.115 | |||
| 3 | Gamma distribution | 2372.56 | 2383.12 | 27 | 1456 | 16.36 | < 0.001 | 0.233 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 18 | 1456 | 2.01 | 0.007 | 0.019 | |||
| 4a | Normal distribution | 28726.94 | 28737.52 | 9 | 1474 | 16.27 | < 0.001 | 0.090 |
| Response variable: Reference frame selection | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Accuracy | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | 66.30% | 5420.65 | 5430.91 | 3 | 1256 | 15.43 | < 0.001 | 0.036 |
| Consistency level | 3 | 1256 | 15.43 | < 0.001 | 0.036 | |||
| 2 | 76.70% | 6421.39 | 6431.62 | 27 | 1232 | 8.29 | < 0.001 | 0.154 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 24 | 1232 | 8.80 | < 0.001 | 0.145 | |||
Table 3 Summary of stepwise regression model for reference frame selection under third-person perspective (N = 45 × 28 = 1260)
| Response variable: Reference frame selection | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Accuracy | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | 66.30% | 5420.65 | 5430.91 | 3 | 1256 | 15.43 | < 0.001 | 0.036 |
| Consistency level | 3 | 1256 | 15.43 | < 0.001 | 0.036 | |||
| 2 | 76.70% | 6421.39 | 6431.62 | 27 | 1232 | 8.29 | < 0.001 | 0.154 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 24 | 1232 | 8.80 | < 0.001 | 0.145 | |||
| Response variable: Reference frame selection | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Accuracy | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | 64.00% | 11842.45 | 11854.28 | 3 | 2740 | 54.06 | < 0.001 | 0.056 |
| Consistency level | 3 | 2740 | 54.06 | < 0.001 | 0.056 | |||
| 2 | 64.10% | 11849.56 | 11861.39 | 4 | 2739 | 41.68 | < 0.001 | 0.057 |
| Perspective-taking ability | 1 | 2739 | 5.92 | 0.015 | 0.002 | |||
| 3 | 64.40% | 11856.19 | 11868.01 | 5 | 2738 | 34.26 | < 0.001 | 0.059 |
| Perspective | 1 | 2738 | 5.92 | 0.015 | 0.002 | |||
| 4 | 64.70% | 11867.17 | 11879.00 | 8 | 2735 | 22.44 | < 0.001 | 0.062 |
| Consistency level × Perspective | 3 | 2735 | 3.10 | 0.026 | 0.003 | |||
| 5 | 77.00% | 14280.18 | 14291.99 | 32 | 2711 | 15.85 | < 0.001 | 0.158 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 24 | 2711 | 18.85 | < 0.001 | 0.141 | |||
Table 4 Summary of the stepwise regression model for reference frame selection. (N = 98 × 28 = 2744)
| Response variable: Reference frame selection | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Accuracy | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | 64.00% | 11842.45 | 11854.28 | 3 | 2740 | 54.06 | < 0.001 | 0.056 |
| Consistency level | 3 | 2740 | 54.06 | < 0.001 | 0.056 | |||
| 2 | 64.10% | 11849.56 | 11861.39 | 4 | 2739 | 41.68 | < 0.001 | 0.057 |
| Perspective-taking ability | 1 | 2739 | 5.92 | 0.015 | 0.002 | |||
| 3 | 64.40% | 11856.19 | 11868.01 | 5 | 2738 | 34.26 | < 0.001 | 0.059 |
| Perspective | 1 | 2738 | 5.92 | 0.015 | 0.002 | |||
| 4 | 64.70% | 11867.17 | 11879.00 | 8 | 2735 | 22.44 | < 0.001 | 0.062 |
| Consistency level × Perspective | 3 | 2735 | 3.10 | 0.026 | 0.003 | |||
| 5 | 77.00% | 14280.18 | 14291.99 | 32 | 2711 | 15.85 | < 0.001 | 0.158 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 24 | 2711 | 18.85 | < 0.001 | 0.141 | |||
| Response variable: Comprehension correctness | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Accuracy | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | 84.20% | 15984.50 | 15996.59 | 7 | 3128 | 27.01 | < 0.001 | 0.057 |
| Consistency level × Statement reference frame | 7 | 3128 | 27.01 | < 0.001 | 0.057 | |||
| 2 | 90.30% | 19743.10 | 19755.19 | 13 | 3122 | 28.22 | < 0.001 | 0.105 |
| Target object | 6 | 3122 | 43.34 | < 0.001 | 0.075 | |||
Table 5 Summary of the stepwise regression model for receiver's comprehension correctness in the first-person perspective (N = 56 × 56 = 3136)
| Response variable: Comprehension correctness | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Accuracy | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | 84.20% | 15984.50 | 15996.59 | 7 | 3128 | 27.01 | < 0.001 | 0.057 |
| Consistency level × Statement reference frame | 7 | 3128 | 27.01 | < 0.001 | 0.057 | |||
| 2 | 90.30% | 19743.10 | 19755.19 | 13 | 3122 | 28.22 | < 0.001 | 0.105 |
| Target object | 6 | 3122 | 43.34 | < 0.001 | 0.075 | |||
Figure 6. Comprehension correctness of the two reference frame expressions under different spatial cue consistency levels from the first-person perspective.
| Response variable: Comprehension duration | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Distribution assumption | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | Gamma distribution | 2372.99 | 2385.09 | 1 | 3134 | 59.52 | < 0.001 | 0.019 |
| Statement reference frame | 1 | 3134 | 59.52 | < 0.001 | 0.019 | |||
| 2 | Gamma distribution | 2374.34 | 2386.44 | 2 | 3133 | 33.19 | < 0.001 | 0.021 |
| Perspective-taking ability | 1 | 3133 | 6.99 | 0.008 | 0.002 | |||
| 3 | Gamma distribution | 2278.08 | 2290.17 | 8 | 3127 | 22.73 | < 0.001 | 0.055 |
| Consistency level × Statement reference frame | 6 | 3127 | 15.17 | < 0.001 | 0.028 | |||
| 4 | Gamma distribution | 1731.40 | 1743.48 | 14 | 3121 | 32.33 | < 0.001 | 0.127 |
| Target object | 6 | 3121 | 62.00 | < 0.001 | 0.104 | |||
| 5 | Gamma distribution | 1756.06 | 1768.13 | 32 | 3103 | 27.15 | < 0.001 | 0.219 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 18 | 3103 | 4.70 | < 0.001 | 0.021 | |||
| 6a | Normal distribution | 52831.08 | 52843.17 | 14 | 3121 | 25.00 | < 0.001 | 0.101 |
Table 6 Summary of the stepwise regression model for comprehension duration in first-person perspective (N = 56 × 56 = 3136)
| Response variable: Comprehension duration | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Distribution assumption | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | Gamma distribution | 2372.99 | 2385.09 | 1 | 3134 | 59.52 | < 0.001 | 0.019 |
| Statement reference frame | 1 | 3134 | 59.52 | < 0.001 | 0.019 | |||
| 2 | Gamma distribution | 2374.34 | 2386.44 | 2 | 3133 | 33.19 | < 0.001 | 0.021 |
| Perspective-taking ability | 1 | 3133 | 6.99 | 0.008 | 0.002 | |||
| 3 | Gamma distribution | 2278.08 | 2290.17 | 8 | 3127 | 22.73 | < 0.001 | 0.055 |
| Consistency level × Statement reference frame | 6 | 3127 | 15.17 | < 0.001 | 0.028 | |||
| 4 | Gamma distribution | 1731.40 | 1743.48 | 14 | 3121 | 32.33 | < 0.001 | 0.127 |
| Target object | 6 | 3121 | 62.00 | < 0.001 | 0.104 | |||
| 5 | Gamma distribution | 1756.06 | 1768.13 | 32 | 3103 | 27.15 | < 0.001 | 0.219 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 18 | 3103 | 4.70 | < 0.001 | 0.021 | |||
| 6a | Normal distribution | 52831.08 | 52843.17 | 14 | 3121 | 25.00 | < 0.001 | 0.101 |
Figure 8. Comprehension duration of the two reference frame expressions under different spatial cue consistency levels from the first-person perspective.
| Response variable: Comprehension correctness | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Accuracy | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | 82.40% | 12447.77 | 12459.38 | 7 | 2456 | 10.38 | <0.001 | 0.029 |
| Consistency level × Statement reference frame | 7 | 2456 | 10.38 | <0.001 | 0.029 | |||
| 2 | 87.50% | 14904.66 | 14916.26 | 13 | 2450 | 19.17 | <0.001 | 0.092 |
| Target object | 6 | 2450 | 35.21 | <0.001 | 0.078 | |||
Table 7 Summary of the stepwise regression model for comprehension correctness under the third-person perspective (N = 44 × 56 = 2464)
| Response variable: Comprehension correctness | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Accuracy | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | 82.40% | 12447.77 | 12459.38 | 7 | 2456 | 10.38 | <0.001 | 0.029 |
| Consistency level × Statement reference frame | 7 | 2456 | 10.38 | <0.001 | 0.029 | |||
| 2 | 87.50% | 14904.66 | 14916.26 | 13 | 2450 | 19.17 | <0.001 | 0.092 |
| Target object | 6 | 2450 | 35.21 | <0.001 | 0.078 | |||
Figure 9. The comprehension correctness of two types of referential statement sentences at different spatial cue consistency levels under the third-person perspective.
| Response variable: Comprehension duration | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Distribution assumption | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | Gamma distribution | 1357.95 | 1369.56 | 1 | 2462 | 77.73 | <0.001 | 0.031 |
| Statement reference frame | 1 | 2462 | 77.73 | <0.001 | 0.031 | |||
| 2 | Gamma distribution | 1315.50 | 1327.11 | 7 | 2456 | 15.97 | <0.001 | 0.044 |
| Consistency level × Statement reference frame | 6 | 2456 | 8.98 | <0.001 | 0.021 | |||
| 3 | Gamma distribution | 802.60 | 814.21 | 13 | 2450 | 20.43 | <0.001 | 0.098 |
| Target object | 6 | 2450 | 35.60 | <0.001 | 0.079 | |||
| 4 | Gamma distribution | 832.06 | 843.65 | 31 | 2432 | 21.99 | <0.001 | 0.219 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 18 | 2432 | 5.61 | <0.001 | 0.032 | |||
| 5a | Normal distribution | 40639.02 | 40650.62 | 13 | 2450 | 13.71 | <0.001 | 0.068 |
Table 8 Summary of the stepwise regression model for comprehension duration in third-person perspective (N = 44 × 56 = 2464)
| Response variable: Comprehension duration | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Distribution assumption | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | Gamma distribution | 1357.95 | 1369.56 | 1 | 2462 | 77.73 | <0.001 | 0.031 |
| Statement reference frame | 1 | 2462 | 77.73 | <0.001 | 0.031 | |||
| 2 | Gamma distribution | 1315.50 | 1327.11 | 7 | 2456 | 15.97 | <0.001 | 0.044 |
| Consistency level × Statement reference frame | 6 | 2456 | 8.98 | <0.001 | 0.021 | |||
| 3 | Gamma distribution | 802.60 | 814.21 | 13 | 2450 | 20.43 | <0.001 | 0.098 |
| Target object | 6 | 2450 | 35.60 | <0.001 | 0.079 | |||
| 4 | Gamma distribution | 832.06 | 843.65 | 31 | 2432 | 21.99 | <0.001 | 0.219 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 18 | 2432 | 5.61 | <0.001 | 0.032 | |||
| 5a | Normal distribution | 40639.02 | 40650.62 | 13 | 2450 | 13.71 | <0.001 | 0.068 |
Figure 11. The comprehension duration of statements with two reference frames under different spatial cue consistency levels from a third-person perspective.
| Response variable: Comprehension correctness | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Accuracy | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | 83.30% | 27666.65 | 27679.91 | 1 | 5598 | 6.83 | 0.009 | 0.001 |
| Statement reference frame | 1 | 5598 | 6.83 | 0.009 | 0.001 | |||
| 2 | 83.40% | 28341.70 | 28354.95 | 7 | 5592 | 36.56 | <0.001 | 0.044 |
| Consistency level × Statement reference frame | 6 | 5592 | 41.84 | <0.001 | 0.043 | |||
| 3 | 88.70% | 34468.34 | 34481.60 | 13 | 5586 | 46.05 | <0.001 | 0.097 |
| Target object | 6 | 5586 | 76.45 | <0.001 | 0.074 | |||
Table 9 Summary of the stepwise regression model for comprehension correctness (N = 100 × 56 = 5600)
| Response variable: Comprehension correctness | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Accuracy | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | 83.30% | 27666.65 | 27679.91 | 1 | 5598 | 6.83 | 0.009 | 0.001 |
| Statement reference frame | 1 | 5598 | 6.83 | 0.009 | 0.001 | |||
| 2 | 83.40% | 28341.70 | 28354.95 | 7 | 5592 | 36.56 | <0.001 | 0.044 |
| Consistency level × Statement reference frame | 6 | 5592 | 41.84 | <0.001 | 0.043 | |||
| 3 | 88.70% | 34468.34 | 34481.60 | 13 | 5586 | 46.05 | <0.001 | 0.097 |
| Target object | 6 | 5586 | 76.45 | <0.001 | 0.074 | |||
| Response variable: Comprehension duration | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Distribution assumption | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | Gamma distribution | 3750.29 | 3763.55 | 1 | 5598 | 125.33 | <0.001 | 0.022 |
| Statement reference frame | 1 | 5598 | 125.33 | <0.001 | 0.022 | |||
| 2 | Gamma distribution | 3588.63 | 3601.89 | 7 | 5592 | 34.92 | <0.001 | 0.042 |
| Consistency level × Statement reference frame | 6 | 5592 | 20.50 | <0.001 | 0.021 | |||
| 3 | Gamma distribution | 2520.44 | 2533.70 | 13 | 5586 | 48.90 | <0.001 | 0.102 |
| Target object | 6 | 5586 | 94.51 | <0.001 | 0.091 | |||
| 4 | Gamma distribution | 2543.86 | 2557.11 | 31 | 5568 | 26.06 | <0.001 | 0.127 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 18 | 5568 | 5.16 | <0.001 | 0.015 | |||
| 5a | Normal distribution | 93733.30 | 93746 55 | 13 | 5586 | 35.73 | <0.001 | 0.077 |
Table 10 Summary of the stepwise regression model for comprehension duration (N = 100 × 56 = 5600)
| Response variable: Comprehension duration | Significance test | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Distribution assumption | AICC | BIC | df1 | df2 | F | p | R2/Partial R2 |
| 1 | Gamma distribution | 3750.29 | 3763.55 | 1 | 5598 | 125.33 | <0.001 | 0.022 |
| Statement reference frame | 1 | 5598 | 125.33 | <0.001 | 0.022 | |||
| 2 | Gamma distribution | 3588.63 | 3601.89 | 7 | 5592 | 34.92 | <0.001 | 0.042 |
| Consistency level × Statement reference frame | 6 | 5592 | 20.50 | <0.001 | 0.021 | |||
| 3 | Gamma distribution | 2520.44 | 2533.70 | 13 | 5586 | 48.90 | <0.001 | 0.102 |
| Target object | 6 | 5586 | 94.51 | <0.001 | 0.091 | |||
| 4 | Gamma distribution | 2543.86 | 2557.11 | 31 | 5568 | 26.06 | <0.001 | 0.127 |
| Consistency level × Target object | 18 | 5568 | 5.16 | <0.001 | 0.015 | |||
| 5a | Normal distribution | 93733.30 | 93746 55 | 13 | 5586 | 35.73 | <0.001 | 0.077 |
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