The relationship between social media use and fear of missing out: A meta-analysis

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00273

Abstract

Abstract:

Social media use and fear of missing out are both common phenomena in our daily life. Numerous studies have discussed the relationship between these two variables, but the results were mixed. Theoretically, there are two main arguments about the relationship between social media use and fear of missing out. To be specific, the social cognitive theory of mass communication suggested that there was a significant positive correlation between the two variables, while the digital goldilocks hypothesis argued that there may be a U-shaped relationship instead of a significant linear correlation between the two. Empirically, the effect sizes of this relationship reported in the existing literature were far from consistent, with r values ranging from 0 to 0.75. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to explore the strength and moderators of the relationship between social media use and fear of missing out.
Through literature retrieval, 65 studies consisting of 70 independent effect sizes that met the inclusion criteria were selected. In addition, a random-effects model was selected to conduct the meta-analysis in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.3 software, aiming at testing our hypotheses. The heterogeneity test illustrated that there was significant heterogeneity among 70 independent effect sizes, indicating that the random-effects model was appropriate for subsequent meta-analyses. Based on the funnel plot and Egger's test of regression to the intercept, no significant publication bias was found in the included studies.
The main effect analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between social media use and fear of missing out (r = 0.38). The moderation analyses revealed that the relationship between social media use and fear of missing out was moderated by the indicator of social media use, as well as the type of social media. Specifically, compared with the frequency, the time as well as the intensity of social media use, social media use addiction had the strongest correlation with fear of missing out; compared with Snapchat and Facebook, Instagram had the strongest correlation with fear of missing out. Other moderators such as gender, age, measurement tools of fear of missing out as well as individualism index did not moderate the relation between these two constructs. The results supported the media effect model, which suggested that social media use, especially social media use addiction may be an important risk factor for individuals’ fear of missing out. Longitudinal studies are needed in the future to explore the dynamic relationship between social media use and fear of missing out.

Key words: fear of missing out, social media, social networking sites, meta-analysis

ZHANG Yali, LI Sen, YU Guoliang. (2021). The relationship between social media use and fear of missing out: A meta-analysis. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(3), 273-290.

Figures/Tables 4

References 125

[1]	Alt, D. (2018). Students’ wellbeing, fear of missing out, and social media engagement for leisure in higher education learning environments. Current Psychology*, 37(1), 128-138. doi: 10.1007/s12144-016-9496-1 URL
[2]	Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen S. (2012). Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psychological Reports, 110(2), 501-517. doi: 10.2466/02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517 URL pmid: 22662404
[3]	Bailey, A. A., Bonifield, C. M., & Arias, A. (2018). Social media use by young Latin American consumers: An exploration. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services*, 43, 10-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.02.003 URL
[4]	Baker, Z. G., Krieger, H., & LeRoy, A. S. (2016). Fear of missing out: Relationships with depression, mindfulness, and physical symptoms. Translational Issues in Psychological Science*, 2(3), 275-282. doi: 10.1037/tps0000075 URL
[5]	Balta, S., Emirtekin, E., Kircaburun, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Neuroticism, trait fear of missing out, and phubbing: The mediating role of state fear of missing out and problematic Instagram use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction*, 18(3), 628-639. doi: 10.1007/s11469-018-9959-8 URL
[6]	Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media psychology, 3(3), 265-299. doi: 10.1207/S1532785XMEP0303_03 URL
[7]	Barry, C. T., Sidoti, C. L., Briggs, S. M., Reiter, S. R., & Lindsey, R. A. (2017). Adolescent social media use and mental health from adolescent and parent perspectives. Journal of Adolescence*, 61, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.08.005 URL pmid: 28886571
[8]	Basu, S., & Banerjee, B.(2020). Impact of environmental factors on mental health of children and adolescents: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105515 URL pmid: 33281254
[9]	Berkowitz, L.(1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106(1), 59-73. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.59 URL pmid: 2667009
[10]	Beyens, I., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016). “I don’t want to miss a thing”: Adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and Facebook related stress. Computers in Human Behavior*, 64, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.083 URL
[11]	Błachnio, A., & Przepiórka, A. (2018). Facebook intrusion, fear of missing out, narcissism, and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Research, 259*, 514-519. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.012 URL pmid: 29154204
[12]	Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C., & Liss, M. (2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Personality and Individual Differences, 116*, 69-72. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.039 URL
[13]	Bloemen, N., & de Coninck, D. (2020). Social media and fear of missing out in adolescents: The role of family characteristics. Social Media + Society. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10. 1177/2056305120965517 doi: 10.1177/2056305117733224 URL pmid: 29278246
[14]	Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. R. (2014). Comprehensive meta-analysis (version 3.3) [computer software]. Englewood, NJ: Biostat.
[15]	Brown, J. D., & Bobkowski, P. S. (2011). Older and newer media: Patterns of use and effects on adolescents' health and well‐being. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 95-113. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00717.x URL
[16]	Brown, L., & Kuss, D. J. (2020). Fear of missing out, mental wellbeing, and social connectedness: A seven-day social media abstinence trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), Article 4566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124566 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17124569 URL pmid: 32630373
[17]	Bruggeman, H., van Hiel, A., van Hal, G., & van Dongen, S. (2019). Does the use of digital media affect psychological well-being? An empirical test among children aged 9 to 12. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 104-113. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.015 URL
[18]	Buglass, S. L., Binder, J. F., Betts, L. R., & Underwood, J. D. M.(2017). Motivators of online vulnerability: The impact of social network site use and FOMO. Computers in Human Behavior*, 66, 248-255. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.055 URL
[19]	Burnell, K., George, M. J., Vollet, J. W., Ehrenreich, S. E., & Underwood, M. K.(2019). Passive social networking site use and well-being: The mediating roles of social comparison and the fear of missing out. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace*, 13(3), Article 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/CP2019-3-5
[20]	Cai, H., Zou, X., Feng, Y., Liu, Y., & Jing, Y.(2018). Increasing need for uniqueness in contemporary China: Empirical evidence. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 554. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00554 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02791 URL pmid: 30740082
[21]	Can, G., & Satici, S. A. (2019). Adaptation of fear of missing out scale (FoMOs): Turkish version validity and reliability study. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica*, 32, Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155- 019-0117-4
[22]	Card, N. A.(2012). Applied meta-analysis for social science research. New York: Guilford Press.
[23]	Cargill, M.(2019). The relationship between social media addiction, anxiety, the fear of missing out, and interpersonal problems* (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Akron.
[24]	Casale, S., & Fioravanti, G.(2020). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Italian version of the fear of missing out scale in emerging adults and adolescents. Addictive Behaviors*. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106179 doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106796 URL pmid: 33453585
[25]	Casale, S., Rugai, L., & Fioravanti, G. (2018). Exploring the role of positive metacognitions in explaining the association between the fear of missing out and social media addiction. Addictive Behaviors*, 85, 83-87. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.020 URL pmid: 29864680
[26]	Chai, H. Y., Niu, G. F., Chu, X. W., Wei, Q., Song, Y. H., & Sun, X. J. (2018). Fear of missing out: What have I missed again? Advances in Psychological Science, 26(3), 527-537.
[27]	Chai, H. Y., Niu, G. F., Lian, S. L., Chu, X. W., Liu, S., & Sun, X. J. (2019). Why social network site use fails to promote well-being? The roles of social overload and fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 100*, 85-92. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.005 URL
[28]	Chambers, K. J. (2018). College students' anxiety, social media engagement, and fear of missing out* (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). William James College.
[29]	China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC). (2020. The 45th statistical report on the development of Chinese Internet network.Retrieved August 10, 2020, from http://www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/ hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/202004/t20200428_70974.htm
[30]	Classen, B., Wood, J. K., & Davies, P. (2020). Social network sites, fear of missing out, and psychosocial correlates. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace*, 14(3), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2020-3-4
[31]	Coyne, S. M., Rogers, A. A., Zurcher, J. D., Stockdale, L., & Booth, M.(2020). Does time spent using social media impact mental health?An eight year longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106160 doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.025 URL pmid: 30906112
[32]	Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (1986). Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design. Management science, 32(5), 554-571.
[33]	de Lenne, O., Vandenbosch, L., Eggermont, S., Karsay, K., & Trekels, J. (2020). Picture-perfect lives on social media: A cross-national study on the role of media ideals in adolescent well-being. Media Psychology, 23(1), 52-78. doi: 10.1080/15213269.2018.1554494 URL
[34]	Dempsey, A. E., O'Brien, K. D., Tiamiyu, M. F., & Elhai, J. D.(2019). Fear of missing out (FoMO) and rumination mediate relations between social anxiety and problematic Facebook use. Addictive Behaviors Reports*. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.abrep.2018.100150 doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100311 URL pmid: 33364319
[35]	Duvenage, M., Correia, H., Uink, B., Barber, B. L., Donovan, C. L., & Modecki, K. L. (2020). Technology can sting when reality bites: Adolescents’ frequent online coping is ineffective with momentary stress. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 248-259.
[36]	Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
[37]	Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal, 315(7109), 629-634. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 URL pmid: 9310563
[38]	Fabris, M. A., Marengo, D., Longobardi, C., & Settanni, M.(2020). Investigating the links between fear of missing out, social media addiction, and emotional symptoms in adolescence: The role of stress associated with neglect and negative reactions on social media. Addictive Behaviors*. Advance online publication. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106364 doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106796 URL pmid: 33453585
[39]	Faelens, L., Hoorelbeke, K., Soenens, B., van Gaeveren, K., de Marez, L., de Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2021). Social media use and well-being: A prospective experience-sampling study. Computers in Human Behavior. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10. 1016/J.CHB.2020.106510 doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.025 URL pmid: 30906112
[40]	Fang, J., Wang, X., Wen, Z., & Zhou, J(2020). Fear of missing out and problematic social media use as mediators between emotional support from social media and phubbing behavior. Addictive Behaviors*. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. addbeh.2020.106430 doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106796 URL pmid: 33453585
[41]	Franchina, V., Vanden Abeele, M., van Rooij, A. J., Lo Coco, G., & de Marez, L. (2018). Fear of missing out as a predictor of problematic social media use and phubbing behavior among Flemish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health*, 15(10), Article 2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102319 doi: 10.3390/ijerph15102308 URL pmid: 30347800
[42]	Fuster, H., Chamarro, A., & Oberst, U. (2017). Fear of Missing Out, online social networking and mobile phone addiction: A latent profile approach. Aloma: revista de psicologia, ciències de l'educació i de l'esport Blanquerna*, 35(1), 22-30.
[43]	Gao, X. (2019). The relationships among passive social networking sites use, fear of missing out and risk-taking behavior in high school students and its intervention research* (Unpublished master's thesis). Central China Normal University, Wuhan.
[44]	Gezgin, D. M. (2018). Understanding patterns for smartphone addiction: Age, sleep duration, social network use and fear of missing out. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences*, 13(2), 166-177.
[45]	Gignac, G. E., & Szodorai, E. T. (2016). Effect size guidelines for individual differences researchers. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 74-78.
[46]	He, X. C., Guo, Y., He, X., & Feng, G. J. (2019). Meta-analysis review on the gender differences of Chinese teenagers' regulatory emotional self-efficacy. Journal of Shanghai Educational Research,(8), 44-47.
[47]	Houghton, S., Lawrence, D., Hunter, S. C., Rosenberg, M., Zadow, C., Wood, L., & Shilton, T. (2018). Reciprocal relationships between trajectories of depressive symptoms and screen media use during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(11), 2453-2467. doi: 10.1007/s10964-018-0901-y URL pmid: 30046970
[48]	Hu, G. Y. (2020). The relationship between basic psychological needs satisfaction and the use of problematic social networks by college students: A moderated mediation model and online intervention studies* (Unpublished master's thesis). Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang.
[49]	Huang, C. (2017). Time spent on social network sites and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(6), 346-354. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2016.0758 URL
[50]	Huang, Z. H., Jing, Y. M., Yu, F., Gu, R. L., Zhou, X. Y., Zhang, J. X., & Cai, H. J. (2018). Increasing individualism and decreasing collectivism? Cultural and psychological change around the globe. Advances in Psychological Science, 26(11), 2068-2080.
[51]	Huedo-Medina, T. B., Sánchez-Meca, J., Marín-Martínez, F., & Botella, J. (2006). Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I2 index? Psychological Methods, 11(2), 193-206. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.11.2.193 URL pmid: 16784338
[52]	Huguenel, B. M. (2017). Fear of missing out: A moderated mediation approach to social media use* (Unpublished master's thesis). Loyola University.
[53]	Hunt, M. G., Marx, R., Lipson, C., & Young, J. (2018). No more FOMO: Limiting social media decreases loneliness and depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(10), 751-768.
[54]	Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
[55]	Jagtiani, M. R., Kelly, Y., Fancourt, D., Shelton, N., & Scholes, S. (2019). State Of Mind: Family meal frequency moderates the association between time on social networking sites and well-being among U.K. young adults. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(12), 753-760.
[56]	Jiang, Y. Z., & Jin, T. L. (2018). The relationship between adolescents' narcissistic personality and their use of problematic mobile social networks: The effects of fear of missing out and positive self-presentation. Chinese Journal of Special Education*,(11), 64-70.
[57]	Keles, B., McCrae, N., & Grealish, A. (2020). A systematic review: The influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 79-93.
[58]	Lai, C., Altavilla, D., Ronconi, A., & Aceto, P. (2016). Fear of missing out (FOMO) is associated with activation of the right middle temporal gyrus during inclusion social cue. Computers in Human Behavior*, 61, 516-521.
[59]	Lee, K. H., Lin, C. Y., Tsao, J., & Hsieh, L. F. (2020). Cross-sectional study on relationships among FoMO, social influence, positive outcome expectancy, refusal self-efficacy and SNS usage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health*, 17(16), Article 5907. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165907 URL pmid: 32824754
[60]	Li, J. (2020). The effect of positive self-presentation on social networking sites on problematic use of social networking sites—A moderated mediation model* (Unpublished master's thesis). Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
[61]	Li, J. Y., & Ma, L. (2019). The effect of the passive use of social networking sites on college students' fear of missing out: The role of perceived stress and optimism. Journal of Psychological Science*, 42(4), 949-955.
[62]	Li, L., Griffiths, M. D., Niu, Z., & Mei, S. (2020). The Trait-State fear of missing out scale: Validity, reliability, and measurement invariance in a Chinese sample of university students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274*, 711-718. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.103 URL pmid: 32664006
[63]	Li, Q., Wang, J. N., Zhao, S. Q., & Jia, Y. R. (2019a). Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the fear of missing out scale in college students. Chinese Mental Health Journal*, 33(4), 312-317.
[64]	Li, Q., Wang, J. N., Zhao, S. Q., & Jia, Y. R. (2019b). The effect of basic psychological needs on college students' fear of missing out and the passive use of social networking sites. Chinese Journal of School Health*, 40(7), 1088-1090.
[65]	Light, R. J., & Pillemer, D. B.(1984) Summing up:The science of reviewing research Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press The science of reviewing research. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[66]	Liu, C., & Ma, J. L. (2020). Social support through online social networking sites and addiction among college students: The mediating roles of fear of missing out and problematic smartphone use. Current Psychology*, 39, 1892-1899. doi: 10.1007/s12144-018-0075-5 URL
[67]	Liu, D., Ainsworth, S. E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2016). A meta-analysis of social networking online and social capital. Review of General Psychology, 20(4), 369-391.
[68]	Liu, D., &Baumeister, R. F. (2016). Social networking online and personality of self-worth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 64, 79-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.024 URL
[69]	Liu, D., Baumeister, R. F., Yang, C. C., & Hu, B. (2019). Digital communication media use and psychological well-being: A meta- analysis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 24(5), 259-273. doi: 10.1093/jcmc/zmz013 URL
[70]	Liu, Z. J., Kong, F. C., Zhao, G., Wang, Y. D., Zhou, B., & Zhang, X. J. (2018). The association between social network sites use and depression: A meta-analysis. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26( 6), 60-66+91.
[71]	Ma, J. L., & Liu, C. (2019). The effect of fear of missing out on social networking sites addiction among college students: The mediating roles of social networking site integration use and social support. Psychological Development and Education*, 35(5), 605-614.
[72]	Marengo, D., Longobardi, C., Fabris, M. A., & Settanni, M. (2018). Highly-visual social media and internalizing symptoms in adolescence: The mediating role of body image concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 63-69.
[73]	Mieczkowski, H., Lee, A. Y., & Hancock, J. T. (2020). Priming effects of social media use scales on well-being outcomes: The influence of intensity and addiction scales on self-reported depression. Social Media+ Society. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10. 1177/2056305120961784 doi: 10.1177/2056305117733224 URL pmid: 29278246
[74]	Milyavskaya, M., Saffran, M., Hope, N., & Koestner, R. (2018). Fear of missing out: Prevalence, dynamics, and consequences of experiencing FOMO. Motivation and Emotion, 42(5), 725-737.
[75]	Monacis, L., de Palo, V., Griffiths, M. D., & Sinatra, M. (2017). Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 178-186. doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.023 URL pmid: 28494648
[76]	Moore, K., & Craciun, G. (2020). Fear of missing out and personality as predictors of social networking sites usage: The Instagram case. Psychological Reports*. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0033294120936184 doi: 10.1177/0033294120978159 URL pmid: 33283664
[77]	Müller, S. M., Wegmann, E., Stolze, D., & Brand, M. (2020). Maximizing social outcomes? Social zapping and fear of missing out mediate the effects of maximization and procrastination on problematic social networks use. Computers in Human Behavior*. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106296 doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.025 URL pmid: 30906112
[78]	Munawaroh, E., Nurmalasari, Y., & Sofyan, A. (2019). Social network sites usage and fear of missing out among female Instagram user. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 462*, 140-142.
[79]	Öztürk, H., Gençoğlu, İ., & Kırkgöz, F. (2020). The Relationship between type of social media usage and depression with fear of missing out. Koç University Undergraduate Psychology Journal*, 9, 1-10
[80]	Perrone, M. A. (2016). FoMO: Establishing validity of the fear of missing out scale with an adolescent population* (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Alfred University.
[81]	Peterson, R. A., & Brown, S. P. (2005). On the use of beta coefficients in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 175-181.
[82]	Pontes, H. M., Taylor, M., & Stavropoulos, V. (2018). Beyond “Facebook addiction”: The role of cognitive-related factors and psychiatric distress in social networking site addiction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking*, 21(4), 240-247.
[83]	Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2017). A large-scale test of the goldilocks hypothesis: Quantifying the relations between digital-screen use and the mental well-being of adolescents. Psychological Science, 28(2), 204-215. doi: 10.1177/0956797616678438 URL pmid: 28085574
[84]	Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior*, 29(4), 1841-1848.
[85]	Rasmussen, E. E., Punyanunt-Carter, N., LaFreniere, J. R., Norman, M. S., & Kimball, T. G. (2020). The serially mediated relationship between emerging adults’ social media use and mental well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 206-213. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.019 URL
[86]	Reer, F., Tang, W. Y., & Quandt, T. (2019). Psychosocial well-being and social media engagement: The mediating roles of social comparison orientation and fear of missing out. New Media & Society*, 21(7), 1486-1505.
[87]	Ren, J. (2019). The relationship between college students’ social networking sites use and mobile phone addiction: A moderate mediation model* (Unpublished master's thesis). Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou.
[88]	Reyes, M. E. S., Marasigan, J. P., Gonzales, H. J. Q., Hernandez, K. L. M., Medios, M. A. O., & Cayubit, R. F. O. (2018). Fear of missing out and its link with social media and problematic internet use among Filipinos. North American Journal of Psychology*, 20(3), 503-518.
[89]	Richard, F. D., Bond Jr, C. F., & Stokes-Zoota, J. J. (2003). One hundred years of social psychology quantitatively described. Review of General Psychology, 7(4), 331-363.
[90]	Riordan, B. C., Cody, L., Flett, J. A., Conner, T. S., Hunter, J., & Scarf, D. (2020). The development of a single item FoMO (fear of missing out) scale. Current Psychology*, 39, 1215-1220.
[91]	Rogers, A. P., & Barber, L. K. (2019). Addressing FoMO and telepressure among university students: Could a technology intervention help with social media use and sleep disruption? Computers in Human Behavior*, 93, 192-199. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.016 URL
[92]	Rothstein, H. R., Sutton, A. J., & Borenstein, M. (2005). Publication bias in meta-analysis: Prevention, assessment and adjustments. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
[93]	Royal Society for Public Health. (2017). #Status of mind: Social media and young people’s mental health and wellbeing. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from https://www.rsph.org.uk/our-work/campaigns/ status-of-mind.html
[94]	Rozgonjuk, D., Sindermann, C., Elhai, J. D., & Montag, C. (2020). Fear of missing out (FoMO) and social media’s impact on daily-life and productivity at work: Do WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat use disorders mediate that association? Addictive Behaviors*. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106487 doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106796 URL pmid: 33453585
[95]	Saiphoo, A. N., Halevi, L. D., & Vahedi, Z. (2020). Social networking site use and self-esteem: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109639 doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110407 URL pmid: 33281256
[96]	Schmidt, F. L., Oh, I. S., & Hayes, T. L. (2009). Fixed-versus random-effects models in meta-analysis: Model properties and an empirical comparison of differences in results. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 62(1), 97-128. doi: 10.1348/000711007X255327 URL
[97]	Scott, H., & Woods, H. C. (2018). Fear of missing out and sleep: Cognitive behavioural factors in adolescents' nighttime social media use. Journal of Adolescence*, 68, 61-65. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.07.009 URL pmid: 30031979
[98]	Sharma, S. (2015). Disengagement behavior on online social network: The impact of fear of missing out and addiction* (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Mississippi State University.
[99]	Sheldon, P., Antony, M. G., & Sykes, B. (2020). Predictors of problematic social media use: Personality and life-position indicators. Psychological Reports*. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0033294120934706 doi: 10.1177/0033294120978159 URL pmid: 33283664
[100]	Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Switzer, G. E., Primack, B. A., & Choukas-Bradley, S. (2020). Emotional support from social media and face-to-face relationships: Associations with depression risk among young adults. Journal of affective disorders, 260, 38-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.092 URL pmid: 31493637
[101]	Slater, M. D. (2007). Reinforcing spirals: The mutual influence of media selectivity and media effects and their impact on individual behavior and social identity. Communication Theory, 17(3), 281-303. doi: 10.1111/comt.2007.17.issue-3 URL
[102]	Song, H., Zmyslinski-Seelig, A., Kim, J., Drent, A., Victor, A., Omori, K., & Allen, M. (2014). Does Facebook make you lonely? A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 446-452. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.011 URL
[103]	Song, X. K., Zhao, Y. X., & Zhang, X. H. (2017). Developing a fear of missing out (FoMO) measurement scale in the mobile social media environment. Library and Information Service, 61(11), 96-105.
[104]	Stead, H., & Bibby, P. A. (2017). Personality, fear of missing out and problematic internet use and their relationship to subjective well-being. Computers in Human Behavior*, 76, 534-540. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.016 URL
[105]	Thorisdottir, I. E., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Asgeirsdottir, B. B., Allegrante, J. P., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2019). Active and passive social media use and symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood among Icelandic adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(8), 535-542. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0079 URL
[106]	Tokunaga, R. S. (2017). A meta-analysis of the relationships between psychosocial problems and internet habits: Synthesizing internet addiction, problematic internet use, and deficient self-regulation research. Communication Monographs, 84(4), 423-446. doi: 10.1080/03637751.2017.1332419 URL
[107]	Tomczyk, Ł., &Selmanagic-Lizde, E. (2018). Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) among youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina—scale and selected mechanisms. Children and Youth Services Review*, 88, 541-549.
[108]	Traş, Z., & Öztemel, K. (2019). Examining the relationships between facebook intensity, fear of missing out, and smartphone addiction. Addıcta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions*, 6(1), 91-113.
[109]	Tunc-Aksan, A., & Akbay, S. E. (2019). Smartphone addiction, fear of missing out, and perceived competence as predictors of social media addiction of adolescents. European Journal of Educational Research*, 8(2), 559-566. doi: 10.12973/eu-jer URL
[110]	Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among US adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3-17. doi: 10.1177/2167702617723376 URL
[111]	Vahedi, Z., & Zannella, L. (2019). The association between self-reported depressive symptoms and the use of social networking sites (SNS): A meta-analysis. Current Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-0150-6 doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-01201-5 URL pmid: 33230381
[112]	Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Walther, J. B. (2016). Media effects: Theory and research. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 315-338. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033608 URL
[113]	Vallejos-Flores, M. Á., Copez-Lonzoy, A. J. E., & Capa-Luque, W. (2018). Is there anyone online? Validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) in university students. Health and Addictions/Salud y Drogas*, 18(2), 175-184. doi: 10.21134/haaj.v18i2 URL
[114]	Wang, M. Y., Yin, Z. Z., Xu, Q., & Niu, G. F. (2020). The relationship between shyness and adolescents’ social network sites addiction: Moderated mediation model. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28( 5), 906-909+914.*
[115]	Wegmann, E., Oberst, U., Stodt, B., & Brand, M. (2017). Online- specific fear of missing out and Internet-use expectancies contribute to symptoms of Internet-communication disorder. Addictive Behaviors Reports*, 5, 33-42. doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2017.04.001 URL pmid: 29450225
[116]	Wei, Q. (2018). Negative emotions and problematic social network sites usage: The mediating role of fear of missing out and the moderating role of gender* (Unpublished master's thesis). Central China Normal University, Wuhan.
[117]	Wu, Y., Wu, L., Niu, G. F., Chen, Z. Z., & Liu, L. Z. (2020). The influence of WeChat moments use on undergraduates' depression: The effects of negative social comparison and self-concept clarity. Psychological Development and Education, 36(4), 486-493.
[118]	Xiao, M. M., & Liu, A. S. (2019). Revision of the Chinese version of trait-state fear of missing out scale. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology*, 27(2), 268-272.
[119]	Yin, L. P., Wang, P. C., Nie, J., Guo, J. J., Feng, J. M., & Lei, L. (2019). Social networking sites addiction and FoMO: The mediating role of envy and the moderating role of need to belong. Current Psychology*. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12144-019-00344-4 doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-01201-5 URL pmid: 33230381
[120]	Yin, X. Q., de Vries, D. A., Gentile, D. A., & Wang, J. L. (2019). Cultural background and measurement of usage moderate the association between social networking sites (SNSs) usage and mental health: A meta-analysis. Social Science Computer Review, 37(5), 631-648.
[121]	Yu, G. L., & Zhang, Y. L. (2020). The integration of mental health education for preschoolers to college students: From the perspective of personality. Educational Research, 41(6), 125-133.
[122]	Zhang, Y. L., Li, S., & Yu, G. L. (2019). The relationship between self-esteem and social anxiety: A meta-analysis with Chinese students. Advances in Psychological Science, 27(6), 1005-1018. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.01005 URL
[123]	Zhang, Y. L., Li, S., & Yu, G, L. (2020). Fear of missing out and cognitive failures in college students: Mediation effect of mobile phone social media dependence. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology*, 28 (1),67-70+81.
[124]	Zhang, Y. X., Jiang, W. J., Ding, Q., & Hong, M. F. (2019). Social comparison orientation and social network sites addiction in college students: The mediating role of fear of missing out. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology*, 27(5), 928-936.
[125]	Zhang, Z., Jiménez, F. R., & Cicala, J. E. (2020). Fear of missing out scale: A self-concept perspective. Psychology & Marketing*, 37(11), 1619-1634.

First author	Publication year	Country	Individualism Index	Mean age	r	Sample size	Male ratio	fear of missing out measure	social media type	social media use indicator	Quality of literature
Przybylski	2013	UK	89	43.21	0.40	2079	0.50	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	8
Wegmann	2017		?	23.43	0.39	270	0.30	FoMOs-W	General	Addiction	6
B?achnio	2018	Poland	60	22.22	0.45	360	0.36	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Addiction	6
Tomczyk	2018	BA	22	13.30	0.54	717	0.53	other	General	Intensity	6
	2018	BA	22	13.30	0.37	717	0.53	other	General	other	6
	2018	BA	22	13.30	0.53	717	0.53	other	General	Addiction	5
	2018	BA	22	13.30	0.56	717	0.53	other	General	Addiction	5
Chai	2019	China	20	14.03	0.21	1319	0.47	other	Qzone	Intensity	9
Dempsey	2019	USA	91	20.03	0.32	291	0.42	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Addiction	9
Dempsey	2019	USA	91	20.03	0.19	291	0.42	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Frequency	9
Alt	2018	Israel	54	24.10	0.56	290	0.15	other	General	other	6
First author	Publication year	Country	Individualism Index	Mean age	r	Sample size	Male ratio	fear of missing out measure	social media type	social media use indicator	Quality of literature
Balta	2020	Turkey	37	17.15	0.57	423	0.47	FoMOs-W	Instagram	Addiction	7
Liu	2020	China	20	18.83	0.40	465	0.31	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	7
Riordan	2020	NZL	79	19.60	0.28	330	0.26	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Intensity	7
	2020	NZL	79	19.60	0.21	330	0.26	other	Facebook	Intensity	6
	2020	NZL	79	20.90	0.31	90	0.14	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Intensity	7
	2020	NZL	79	20.90	0.29	90	0.14	other	Facebook	Intensity	6
Yin	2019	China	20	16.80	0.41	704	0.43	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	6
Baker	2016	USA	91	21.98	0.30	386	0.19	FoMOs-P	General	Duration	6
Sharma	2015	USA	91	?	0.63	129	0.47	other	Facebook	Addiction	1
Sharma	2015	USA	91	20.79	0.40	398	0.49	other	Facebook	Addiction	4
Perrone	2016	USA	91	?	0.14	961	0.55	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	3
Chambers	2018	USA	91	23.57	0.20	152	0.30	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	5
Chambers	2018	USA	91	23.57	0.20	152	0.30	FoMOs-P	General	other	5
Gezgin	2018	Turkey	37	16.22	0.44	161	0.58	FoMOs-P	General	Duration	5
Gezgin	2018	Turkey	37	16.22	-0.14	161	0.58	FoMOs-P	General	Frequency	5
Franchina	2018	Belgium	75	14.87	0.16	2663	0.43	other	Facebook	Frequency	6
	2018	Belgium	75	14.87	0.17	2663	0.43	other	Snapchat	Frequency	6
	2018	Belgium	75	14.87	0.00	2663	0.43	other	You Tube	Frequency	6
	2018	Belgium	75	14.87	0.06	2663	0.43	other	Twitter	Frequency	6
Casale	2020	Italy	76	23.02	0.49	239	0.40	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	7
Tunc-Aksan	2019	Turkey	37	?	0.43	296	0.54	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	5
Beyens	2016	Belgium	75	16.41	0.50	402	0.43	other	Facebook	Intensity	6
Barry	2017	USA	91	15.27	0.35	113	0.49	FoMOs-P	General	Frequency	5
Blackwell	2017	USA	91	22.15	0.56	207	0.24	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	7
Blackwell	2017	USA	91	22.15	0.36	207	0.24	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	7
Buglass	2017	UK	89	?	0.25	489	0.51	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Duration	8
Stead	2017	UK	89	?	0.47	495	0.31	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	9
Bailey	2018		?	?	0.01	296	0.33	other	General	other	7
Casale	2018	Italy	76	?	0.44	263	1.00	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	3
Casale	2018	Italy	76	?	0.47	316	0.00	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	3
Scott	2018	UK	89	14.00	0.36	101	0.44	FoMOs-P	General	other	9
Burnell	2019	USA	91	?	0.17	717	0.31	FoMOs-P	General	other	8
Rogers	2019	USA	91	19.81	0.21	97	0.38	FoMOs-P	General	Frequency	8
Reer	2019	Germany	67	27.65	0.30	1865	0.49	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	9
Cargill	2019	UK	89	33.01	0.57	224	0.12	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	1
Fuster	2017		?	15.47	0.32	5280	0.24	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	7
Fuster	2017	?	?	15.47	0.43	5280	0.24	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	7
Can	2019	Turkey	37	33.65	0.43	371	0.40	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Addiction	2
Can	2019	Turkey	37	33.65	0.24	371	0.40	FoMOs-P	General	Duration	3
Pontes	2018	?	?	?	0.68	511	0.35	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	9
Tra?	2019	Turkey	37	21.34	0.27	608	0.28	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Intensity	3
Tra?	2019	Turkey	37	21.34	0.04	608	0.28	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Duration	2
Vallejos-Flores	2018	Peru	16	20.74	0.60	510	0.46	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Addiction	4
Reyes	2018	Philippines	32	25.22	0.41	1060	0.39	FoMOs-P	General	Duration	5
Huguenel	2017	USA	91	18.93	0.30	296	0.15	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Intensity	7
Huguenel	2017	USA	91	18.93	0.17	296	0.15	FoMOs-P	General	Duration	6
First author	Publication year	Country	Individualism Index	Mean age	r	Sample size	Male ratio	fear of missing out measure	social media type	social media use indicator	Quality of literature
Li	2019	China	20	21.00	0.25	443	0.42	other	General	other	7
Li	2019a	China	20	22.00	0.31	228	0.43	FoMOs-L	General	Intensity	5
Ma	2019	China	20	18.80	0.42	493	0.32	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	10
Ma	2019	China	20	18.80	0.29	493	0.32	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	9
Li	2019b	China	20	?	0.23	584	0.46	FoMOs-L	General	other	6
Zhang	2019	China	20	19.56	0.40	526	0.48	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	9
Xiao	2019	China	20	21.90	0.40	546	0.34	FoMOs-W	General	Intensity	6
Jiang	2018	China	20	?	0.42	1804	0.44	other	General	Addiction	9
Wei	2018	China	20	?	0.43	526	1.00	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	1
Wei	2018	China	20	?	0.17	636	0.00	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	1
Zhang	2020	China	20	21.63	0.33	466	0.47	FoMOs-L	General	Addiction	8
Wang	2020	China	20	14.71	0.35	1238	0.45	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	7
Ren	2019	China	20	?	0.17	427	0.50	other	General	Intensity	8
Li	2020	China	20	20.10	0.40	2017	0.50	FoMOs-W	General	Intensity	8
Fang	2020	China	20	19.60	0.45	501	0.29	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	6
Moore	2020	USA	91	?	0.43	156	0.44	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	7
Sheldon	2020	USA	91	23.35	0.34	337	0.42	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Addiction	5
	2020	USA	91	23.35	0.43	337	0.42	FoMOs-P	Instagram	Addiction	5
	2020	USA	91	23.35	0.40	337	0.42	FoMOs-P	Snapchat	Addiction	5
Müller	2020	Germany	67	22.00	0.50	226	0.40	other	General	Addiction	7
Rozgonjuk	2020	?	?	34.49	0.46	335	0.42	FoMOs-P	Instagram	Addiction	4
Rozgonjuk	2020	?	?	29.04	0.26	136	0.38	FoMOs-P	Snapchat	Addiction	4
Fabris	2020	Italy	76	13.50	0.48	472	0.50	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	6
Lai	2016	Italy	76	24.1	0.60	20	0.55	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	3
Li	2020	China	20	15.02	0.75	1081	0.49	FoMOs-L	General	Addiction	7
Hu	2020	China	20		0.42	1092	0.33	FoMOs-L	General	Addiction	5
Gao	2019	China	20	16.4	0.28	465	0.57	FoMOs-P	General	other	5
Lee	2020	China	20	36.1	0.16	259	?	other	General	Duration	8
Classen	2020	NZL	79	?	0.33	218	0.24	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	7
?ztürk	2020	Turkey	37	21.07	0.23	141	0.45	FoMOs-P	General	other	2
?ztürk	2020	Turkey	37	21.07	0.27	141	0.45	FoMOs-P	General	other	3
Munawaroh	2019	Indonesia	14	?	0.57	106	0.00	FoMOs-P	Instagram	Addiction	1
Zhang	2020	USA	91	?	0.27	236	?	other	General	Intensity	6

First author	Publication year	Country	Individualism Index	Mean age	r	Sample size	Male ratio	fear of missing out measure	social media type	social media use indicator	Quality of literature
Przybylski	2013	UK	89	43.21	0.40	2079	0.50	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	8
Wegmann	2017		?	23.43	0.39	270	0.30	FoMOs-W	General	Addiction	6
B?achnio	2018	Poland	60	22.22	0.45	360	0.36	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Addiction	6
Tomczyk	2018	BA	22	13.30	0.54	717	0.53	other	General	Intensity	6
	2018	BA	22	13.30	0.37	717	0.53	other	General	other	6
	2018	BA	22	13.30	0.53	717	0.53	other	General	Addiction	5
	2018	BA	22	13.30	0.56	717	0.53	other	General	Addiction	5
Chai	2019	China	20	14.03	0.21	1319	0.47	other	Qzone	Intensity	9
Dempsey	2019	USA	91	20.03	0.32	291	0.42	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Addiction	9
Dempsey	2019	USA	91	20.03	0.19	291	0.42	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Frequency	9
Alt	2018	Israel	54	24.10	0.56	290	0.15	other	General	other	6
First author	Publication year	Country	Individualism Index	Mean age	r	Sample size	Male ratio	fear of missing out measure	social media type	social media use indicator	Quality of literature
Balta	2020	Turkey	37	17.15	0.57	423	0.47	FoMOs-W	Instagram	Addiction	7
Liu	2020	China	20	18.83	0.40	465	0.31	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	7
Riordan	2020	NZL	79	19.60	0.28	330	0.26	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Intensity	7
	2020	NZL	79	19.60	0.21	330	0.26	other	Facebook	Intensity	6
	2020	NZL	79	20.90	0.31	90	0.14	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Intensity	7
	2020	NZL	79	20.90	0.29	90	0.14	other	Facebook	Intensity	6
Yin	2019	China	20	16.80	0.41	704	0.43	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	6
Baker	2016	USA	91	21.98	0.30	386	0.19	FoMOs-P	General	Duration	6
Sharma	2015	USA	91	?	0.63	129	0.47	other	Facebook	Addiction	1
Sharma	2015	USA	91	20.79	0.40	398	0.49	other	Facebook	Addiction	4
Perrone	2016	USA	91	?	0.14	961	0.55	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	3
Chambers	2018	USA	91	23.57	0.20	152	0.30	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	5
Chambers	2018	USA	91	23.57	0.20	152	0.30	FoMOs-P	General	other	5
Gezgin	2018	Turkey	37	16.22	0.44	161	0.58	FoMOs-P	General	Duration	5
Gezgin	2018	Turkey	37	16.22	-0.14	161	0.58	FoMOs-P	General	Frequency	5
Franchina	2018	Belgium	75	14.87	0.16	2663	0.43	other	Facebook	Frequency	6
	2018	Belgium	75	14.87	0.17	2663	0.43	other	Snapchat	Frequency	6
	2018	Belgium	75	14.87	0.00	2663	0.43	other	You Tube	Frequency	6
	2018	Belgium	75	14.87	0.06	2663	0.43	other	Twitter	Frequency	6
Casale	2020	Italy	76	23.02	0.49	239	0.40	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	7
Tunc-Aksan	2019	Turkey	37	?	0.43	296	0.54	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	5
Beyens	2016	Belgium	75	16.41	0.50	402	0.43	other	Facebook	Intensity	6
Barry	2017	USA	91	15.27	0.35	113	0.49	FoMOs-P	General	Frequency	5
Blackwell	2017	USA	91	22.15	0.56	207	0.24	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	7
Blackwell	2017	USA	91	22.15	0.36	207	0.24	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	7
Buglass	2017	UK	89	?	0.25	489	0.51	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Duration	8
Stead	2017	UK	89	?	0.47	495	0.31	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	9
Bailey	2018		?	?	0.01	296	0.33	other	General	other	7
Casale	2018	Italy	76	?	0.44	263	1.00	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	3
Casale	2018	Italy	76	?	0.47	316	0.00	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	3
Scott	2018	UK	89	14.00	0.36	101	0.44	FoMOs-P	General	other	9
Burnell	2019	USA	91	?	0.17	717	0.31	FoMOs-P	General	other	8
Rogers	2019	USA	91	19.81	0.21	97	0.38	FoMOs-P	General	Frequency	8
Reer	2019	Germany	67	27.65	0.30	1865	0.49	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	9
Cargill	2019	UK	89	33.01	0.57	224	0.12	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	1
Fuster	2017		?	15.47	0.32	5280	0.24	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	7
Fuster	2017	?	?	15.47	0.43	5280	0.24	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	7
Can	2019	Turkey	37	33.65	0.43	371	0.40	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Addiction	2
Can	2019	Turkey	37	33.65	0.24	371	0.40	FoMOs-P	General	Duration	3
Pontes	2018	?	?	?	0.68	511	0.35	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	9
Tra?	2019	Turkey	37	21.34	0.27	608	0.28	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Intensity	3
Tra?	2019	Turkey	37	21.34	0.04	608	0.28	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Duration	2
Vallejos-Flores	2018	Peru	16	20.74	0.60	510	0.46	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Addiction	4
Reyes	2018	Philippines	32	25.22	0.41	1060	0.39	FoMOs-P	General	Duration	5
Huguenel	2017	USA	91	18.93	0.30	296	0.15	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Intensity	7
Huguenel	2017	USA	91	18.93	0.17	296	0.15	FoMOs-P	General	Duration	6
First author	Publication year	Country	Individualism Index	Mean age	r	Sample size	Male ratio	fear of missing out measure	social media type	social media use indicator	Quality of literature
Li	2019	China	20	21.00	0.25	443	0.42	other	General	other	7
Li	2019a	China	20	22.00	0.31	228	0.43	FoMOs-L	General	Intensity	5
Ma	2019	China	20	18.80	0.42	493	0.32	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	10
Ma	2019	China	20	18.80	0.29	493	0.32	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	9
Li	2019b	China	20	?	0.23	584	0.46	FoMOs-L	General	other	6
Zhang	2019	China	20	19.56	0.40	526	0.48	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	9
Xiao	2019	China	20	21.90	0.40	546	0.34	FoMOs-W	General	Intensity	6
Jiang	2018	China	20	?	0.42	1804	0.44	other	General	Addiction	9
Wei	2018	China	20	?	0.43	526	1.00	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	1
Wei	2018	China	20	?	0.17	636	0.00	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	1
Zhang	2020	China	20	21.63	0.33	466	0.47	FoMOs-L	General	Addiction	8
Wang	2020	China	20	14.71	0.35	1238	0.45	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	7
Ren	2019	China	20	?	0.17	427	0.50	other	General	Intensity	8
Li	2020	China	20	20.10	0.40	2017	0.50	FoMOs-W	General	Intensity	8
Fang	2020	China	20	19.60	0.45	501	0.29	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	6
Moore	2020	USA	91	?	0.43	156	0.44	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	7
Sheldon	2020	USA	91	23.35	0.34	337	0.42	FoMOs-P	Facebook	Addiction	5
	2020	USA	91	23.35	0.43	337	0.42	FoMOs-P	Instagram	Addiction	5
	2020	USA	91	23.35	0.40	337	0.42	FoMOs-P	Snapchat	Addiction	5
Müller	2020	Germany	67	22.00	0.50	226	0.40	other	General	Addiction	7
Rozgonjuk	2020	?	?	34.49	0.46	335	0.42	FoMOs-P	Instagram	Addiction	4
Rozgonjuk	2020	?	?	29.04	0.26	136	0.38	FoMOs-P	Snapchat	Addiction	4
Fabris	2020	Italy	76	13.50	0.48	472	0.50	FoMOs-P	General	Addiction	6
Lai	2016	Italy	76	24.1	0.60	20	0.55	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	3
Li	2020	China	20	15.02	0.75	1081	0.49	FoMOs-L	General	Addiction	7
Hu	2020	China	20		0.42	1092	0.33	FoMOs-L	General	Addiction	5
Gao	2019	China	20	16.4	0.28	465	0.57	FoMOs-P	General	other	5
Lee	2020	China	20	36.1	0.16	259	?	other	General	Duration	8
Classen	2020	NZL	79	?	0.33	218	0.24	FoMOs-P	General	Intensity	7
?ztürk	2020	Turkey	37	21.07	0.23	141	0.45	FoMOs-P	General	other	2
?ztürk	2020	Turkey	37	21.07	0.27	141	0.45	FoMOs-P	General	other	3
Munawaroh	2019	Indonesia	14	?	0.57	106	0.00	FoMOs-P	Instagram	Addiction	1
Zhang	2020	USA	91	?	0.27	236	?	other	General	Intensity	6

moderators	Heterogeneity test			Subgroups	k	r	95% CI		Two-tail
moderators	Q_B	df	p	Subgroups	k	r	Lower limit	Upper limit	z	p
Social media use indicators	47.41	3	< 0.001	Addiction	36	0.47	0.43	0.50	20.09	<0.001
				Intensity	22	0.32	0.27	0.38	10.32	<0.001
				Duration	8	0.25	0.15	0.35	4.90	<0.001
				Frequency	5	0.14	0.00	0.27	1.95	0.051
Fear of missing out measures	1.95	2	0.376	FoMOs-P	47	0.37	0.33	0.41	16.01	<0.001
				FoMOs-L	5	0.44	0.32	0.55	6.52	<0.001
				FoMOs-W	4	0.44	0.31	0.56	5.89	<0.001
Social media types	6.05	2	0.048	Facebook	14	0.37	0.28	0.45	7.84	<0.001
				Instagram	4	0.51	0.36	0.63	6.03	<0.001
				Snapchat	3	0.28	0.08	0.46	2.69	0.007

moderators	Heterogeneity test			Subgroups	k	r	95% CI		Two-tail
moderators	Q_B	df	p	Subgroups	k	r	Lower limit	Upper limit	z	p
Social media use indicators	47.41	3	< 0.001	Addiction	36	0.47	0.43	0.50	20.09	<0.001
				Intensity	22	0.32	0.27	0.38	10.32	<0.001
				Duration	8	0.25	0.15	0.35	4.90	<0.001
				Frequency	5	0.14	0.00	0.27	1.95	0.051
Fear of missing out measures	1.95	2	0.376	FoMOs-P	47	0.37	0.33	0.41	16.01	<0.001
				FoMOs-L	5	0.44	0.32	0.55	6.52	<0.001
				FoMOs-W	4	0.44	0.31	0.56	5.89	<0.001
Social media types	6.05	2	0.048	Facebook	14	0.37	0.28	0.45	7.84	<0.001
				Instagram	4	0.51	0.36	0.63	6.03	<0.001
				Snapchat	3	0.28	0.08	0.46	2.69	0.007