Relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health of migrant children: A meta-analysis of Chinese students

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.01313

Abstract

Abstract:

Migrant children are children aged 6~15 years (compulsory education stage) who leave their home country with their parents to study, live in the destination for more than half a year, and have no registered permanent residence. Being discriminated against and viewing oneself as a target of discrimination poses a threat to the mental health of migrant children. This meta-analysis was intended to estimate the association between perceived discrimination and various mental health conditions (positive and negative).
Numerous studies explored the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health among Chinese migrant students. However, these results were far from consistent and mental health indicators need to be studied further. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to explore the relation between perceived discrimination and positive and negative mental health indicators, and investigate the moderating effects of perceived discrimination, type of participants, and gender. Through literature retrieval, 49 independent effect sizes were selected together with 40, 351 participants, which met the inclusion criteria of meta-analysis. After coding the data, we analyzed independent effect sizes using the CMA 2.0 program. Heterogeneity test indicated that random effects model was suitable for the meta-analysis.
The results of funnel plot and Egger’s intercept showed no publication bias. Main-effect test indicated a significant negative correlation between perceived discrimination and positive mental health indicators (r = –0.323, 95% CI = [–0.378, –0.266]), and a significant positive correlation between perceived discrimination and negative mental health indicators (r = 0.41, 95% CI = [0.36, 0.458]). Moderation analyses and meta-regression analysis revealed that the association between perceived discrimination and positive mental health indicators was moderated by tools of perceived discrimination and type of participants but not by the gender. Furthermore, the association between perceived discrimination and negative mental health indicators was moderated by tools of perceived discrimination, type of participants, and gender.
According to the meta-analysis, the perception of discrimination and mental health of immigrant children were closely related. Identifying the mechanism of perceived discrimination and mental health is necessary, which could help migrant children to recover from their psychological predicament and actively address the negative effects of perceived discrimination. Particular attention should be given to the relationship between perception of discrimination and positive mental health, and further protection should be ensured for migrant children at the junior secondary level.

Key words: migrant children, perceived discrimination, mental health, meta-analysis

HAN Yichu, WEN Hengfu, CHENG Shuhua, ZHANG Chungan, LI Xin. (2020). Relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health of migrant children: A meta-analysis of Chinese students. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 52(11), 1313-1326.

Figures/Tables 11

References 68

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First author	Published year	Number of subjects	r	Type	School age	Measurement of perceived discrimination	Valence of dependent	Variable index of dependent	Language of literature	Ratio of male	Quality of literature
Zheng Y. B.^a	2012	767	-0.624	Dissertation	Junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Self-esteem	Chinese	0.334	4
Liu X.^a	2010	1350	-0.38	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Self-esteem	Chinese	0.535	7
Lin X. Y.^a	2009	1164	-0.39	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Self-esteem	Chinese	0.544	8
Hao Z.^a	2014	437	-0.13	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Self-esteem	Chinese	0.449	7
Fan X. H.^a	2016	507	-0.27	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Positive indicator	Self-esteem	Chinese	0.531	8
Deng X. Q.^a	2013	503	-0.44	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Self-esteem	Chinese	0.531	8
Xiao Q. Y.	2017	345	-0.33	Dissertation	Junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Well-being	Chinese	0.47	6
Shi B. G.	2013	559	-0.28	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Well-being	Chinese	0.565	7
Liu X.	2016	798	-0.36	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Well-being	English	0.521	8
Zheng Y. B.^b	2012	767	0.478	Dissertation	Junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Resilience	Chinese	0.334	4
Wang Y.	2017	555	-0.143	Dissertation	Junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Resilience	Chinese	0.575	5
Niu P. C.	2019	606	-0.124	Dissertation	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Resilience	Chinese	0.581	6
Zhang Y.^a	2019	614	-0.15	Journal	Primary school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Others	Chinese	0.538	8
Zhang X. L.	2018	525	-0.14	Dissertation	Junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Others	Chinese	0.441	5
Lu X.^b	2012	557	-0.675	Dissertation	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Life satisfaction	Chinese	0.544	6
Liu X.^e	2013	1350	-0.33	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Life satisfaction	Chinese	0.534	7
Liu X.^d	2013	1551	-0.33	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Life satisfaction	Chinese	0.562	8
Lin L. Z.	2015	313	-0.304	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Life satisfaction	Chinese	0.502	4
Hao Z.^b	2014	437	-0.25	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Life satisfaction	Chinese	0.449	7
Bai J. R.	2019	892	-0.34	Dissertation	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Life satisfaction	Chinese	0.511	6
Zhang Y.^c	2017	1131	-0.16	Journal	Primary school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.554	7
Zhang Y.^b	2017	1101	-0.16	Journal	Primary school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.553	7
Ni S. G.	2014	1307	-0.29	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.541	7
Lu X.^c	2012	557	-0.745	Dissertation	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.544	6
Li Y.^b	2018	504	-0.31	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.452	7
Hou S. M.^b	2011	680	-0.23	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.541	8
Hou S. M.^a	2011	1132	-0.07	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.559	7
Fan X. H.^f	2012	558	-0.221	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.522	7
Fan X. H.^d	2012	1164	-0.18	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.544	7
Deng X. Q.^b	2013	503	-0.5	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.531	8
Deng H.	2012	386	-0.25	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.575	6
Liu X.^g	2013	1551	-0.34	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Others	Chinese	0.562	8
Liu X.	2013	1350	-0.34	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Others	Chinese	0.534	7
Lu X.^a	2012	557	0.66	Dissertation	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Depression	Chinese	0.544	6
Lin X. Y.^b	2009	1164	0.37	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Depression	Chinese	0.544	8
Li Y.^a	2018	504	0.39	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Depression	Chinese	0.452	7
Fan X. H.^c	2016	507	0.42	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Negative indicator	Depression	Chinese	0.531	8
Fan X. H.^b	2012	558	0.463	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Negative indicator	Depression	Chinese	0.522	7
Liu X.^c	2013	1350	0.39	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Other emotional issues	Chinese	0.534	7
Liu X.^b	2013	1551	0.39	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Other emotional issues	Chinese	0.562	8
Zhu Q.	2015	577	0.42	Journal	Primary school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Behavior problems	Chinese	0.574	7
Lin X. Y.^c	2009	1164	0.38	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Other emotional issues	Chinese	0.544	8
Lin X. Y.^d	2009	1164	0.5	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Loneliness	Chinese	0.544	8
Li Y.^c	2018	504	0.35	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Loneliness	Chinese	0.452	7
Hou S. M.^c	2011	680	0.42	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Loneliness	Chinese	0.541	8
Hou S. M.^d	2011	1132	0.4	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Loneliness	Chinese	0.559	7
Fang X. Y.	2008	1164	0.18	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Loneliness	Chinese	0.544	7
Liu D.	2014	357	0.47	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Negative indicator	Loneliness	English	0.541	8
Jia X.	2017	897	0.3	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Behavio problems	English	0.512	8

First author	Published year	Number of subjects	r	Type	School age	Measurement of perceived discrimination	Valence of dependent	Variable index of dependent	Language of literature	Ratio of male	Quality of literature
Zheng Y. B.^a	2012	767	-0.624	Dissertation	Junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Self-esteem	Chinese	0.334	4
Liu X.^a	2010	1350	-0.38	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Self-esteem	Chinese	0.535	7
Lin X. Y.^a	2009	1164	-0.39	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Self-esteem	Chinese	0.544	8
Hao Z.^a	2014	437	-0.13	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Self-esteem	Chinese	0.449	7
Fan X. H.^a	2016	507	-0.27	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Positive indicator	Self-esteem	Chinese	0.531	8
Deng X. Q.^a	2013	503	-0.44	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Self-esteem	Chinese	0.531	8
Xiao Q. Y.	2017	345	-0.33	Dissertation	Junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Well-being	Chinese	0.47	6
Shi B. G.	2013	559	-0.28	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Well-being	Chinese	0.565	7
Liu X.	2016	798	-0.36	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Well-being	English	0.521	8
Zheng Y. B.^b	2012	767	0.478	Dissertation	Junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Resilience	Chinese	0.334	4
Wang Y.	2017	555	-0.143	Dissertation	Junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Resilience	Chinese	0.575	5
Niu P. C.	2019	606	-0.124	Dissertation	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Resilience	Chinese	0.581	6
Zhang Y.^a	2019	614	-0.15	Journal	Primary school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Others	Chinese	0.538	8
Zhang X. L.	2018	525	-0.14	Dissertation	Junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Others	Chinese	0.441	5
Lu X.^b	2012	557	-0.675	Dissertation	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Life satisfaction	Chinese	0.544	6
Liu X.^e	2013	1350	-0.33	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Life satisfaction	Chinese	0.534	7
Liu X.^d	2013	1551	-0.33	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Life satisfaction	Chinese	0.562	8
Lin L. Z.	2015	313	-0.304	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Life satisfaction	Chinese	0.502	4
Hao Z.^b	2014	437	-0.25	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Life satisfaction	Chinese	0.449	7
Bai J. R.	2019	892	-0.34	Dissertation	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Life satisfaction	Chinese	0.511	6
Zhang Y.^c	2017	1131	-0.16	Journal	Primary school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.554	7
Zhang Y.^b	2017	1101	-0.16	Journal	Primary school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.553	7
Ni S. G.	2014	1307	-0.29	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.541	7
Lu X.^c	2012	557	-0.745	Dissertation	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.544	6
Li Y.^b	2018	504	-0.31	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.452	7
Hou S. M.^b	2011	680	-0.23	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.541	8
Hou S. M.^a	2011	1132	-0.07	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.559	7
Fan X. H.^f	2012	558	-0.221	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.522	7
Fan X. H.^d	2012	1164	-0.18	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.544	7
Deng X. Q.^b	2013	503	-0.5	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.531	8
Deng H.	2012	386	-0.25	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Social support	Chinese	0.575	6
Liu X.^g	2013	1551	-0.34	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Others	Chinese	0.562	8
Liu X.	2013	1350	-0.34	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Positive indicator	Others	Chinese	0.534	7
Lu X.^a	2012	557	0.66	Dissertation	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Depression	Chinese	0.544	6
Lin X. Y.^b	2009	1164	0.37	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Depression	Chinese	0.544	8
Li Y.^a	2018	504	0.39	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Depression	Chinese	0.452	7
Fan X. H.^c	2016	507	0.42	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Negative indicator	Depression	Chinese	0.531	8
Fan X. H.^b	2012	558	0.463	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Negative indicator	Depression	Chinese	0.522	7
Liu X.^c	2013	1350	0.39	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Other emotional issues	Chinese	0.534	7
Liu X.^b	2013	1551	0.39	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Other emotional issues	Chinese	0.562	8
Zhu Q.	2015	577	0.42	Journal	Primary school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Behavior problems	Chinese	0.574	7
Lin X. Y.^c	2009	1164	0.38	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Other emotional issues	Chinese	0.544	8
Lin X. Y.^d	2009	1164	0.5	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Loneliness	Chinese	0.544	8
Li Y.^c	2018	504	0.35	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Loneliness	Chinese	0.452	7
Hou S. M.^c	2011	680	0.42	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Loneliness	Chinese	0.541	8
Hou S. M.^d	2011	1132	0.4	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Loneliness	Chinese	0.559	7
Fang X. Y.	2008	1164	0.18	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Loneliness	Chinese	0.544	7
Liu D.	2014	357	0.47	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	F-PDS	Negative indicator	Loneliness	English	0.541	8
Jia X.	2017	897	0.3	Journal	Primary school and junior high school	L-PDS	Negative indicator	Behavio problems	English	0.512	8

Indicators	Model	Number	Homogeneity				Tau-squared
Indicators	Model	Number	Q值	df (Q)	P-value	I-squared	Tau Squared	SE	Variance	Tau
Positive mental health	Random model	33	843.499	32.000	0.000	96.206	0.032	0.009	0.000	0.179
Negative mental health	Random model	16	184.321	15.000	0.000	91.862	0.013	0.006	0.000	0.115

Indicators	Model	Number	Homogeneity				Tau-squared
Indicators	Model	Number	Q值	df (Q)	P-value	I-squared	Tau Squared	SE	Variance	Tau
Positive mental health	Random model	33	843.499	32.000	0.000	96.206	0.032	0.009	0.000	0.179
Negative mental health	Random model	16	184.321	15.000	0.000	91.862	0.013	0.006	0.000	0.115

Indicators	Model	Number	Effect value and 95% confidence interval			Two tail test
Indicators	Model	Number	Point estimation	Lower limit	Upper limit	Z value	p
Positive Mental Health	Random Model	33	-0.323	-0.378	-0.266	-10.537	0.000
Negative mental health	Random Model	16	0.410	0.360	0.458	14.406	0.000