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25 September 1999, Volume 31 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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DOES PRIORITY OF PERCEPTION WITHIN INHIBITION OF RETURN EXIST UNDER DIFFERENT ATTENTIONAL ORIENTING Li Xiaoxuan, Wang Su(Departwent of Psychology, Beijing University, Beijing, 100871) 1999, 31 (3):  241-248.  Abstract ( 1020 )   Priority of Pereephon (POP) within inhibihon of return (IOR) means that astimulus in the cued position will be perceived earlier than that in the uncued positionin contrast to the RT data. The aim of this study was to find if POP existed underdifferent attentional orienting. Two experiments were carried out by method oftemporal order judgements (TOJs) within IOR paradigm. College students were servedas subects. Experiment 1 showed that POP existed at locations being cued successi-vely; experiment 2 showed that POP also existed when attention was distributed bydouble cueing. It was concluded that POP could exist at different conditions of visualorienting within IOR, not only under focused attention. These results implied that POPwas a relatively general phenomenon in nature and could be considered as strongsupport for the response-related view on IOK Related Articles | Metrics

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AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE RANKING AND ACCURACY OF FOK JUDGMENTS Han Kai, Shen Dawei ,Li Bo(Department of Psychology Beijing University, Beijing, 100871) 1999, 31 (3):  249-256.  Abstract ( 1029 )   The experiment was focused on studying the fastors that influenced the rankingand accuray of FOK judgments. Chinese word strings were used as the stimulusmaterial. Within-subject design was used for studying how the amount and strength ofthe activated information influenced the ranking and ascuracy of FoK judgmentS' Theresults showed tha: the ranking of FOK judgments was detormined by the amount ofthe activated information, it had nothing to do with the correctness of the activatedinformation; the accuracy of FOK judgments was determined by the strength of theactivated information; and there was intrinsic relation between the former and the latter. Related Articles | Metrics

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EFFECTS OF LEVEL OF PROCESSING AND WORD PAIR TYPES ON FORMING MEMORY FOR NEW ASSOCIATIONS Yang Jiongjiong, Weng Xuchu ,Guan Linchu ,Kuang Peizi(Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101) 1999, 31 (3):  257-265.  Abstract ( 1359 )   The objective of the experiment was to explore the effects of level ofprocessing(LOP)and word pair types on forming memory for new associations usingprocess dissociation procedure and perceptual identiflcation task. The results showedthat only Under elaborative encoding condition coud subects form priming for newassociations (PNA). On the other hand, concrete pairs could be formed PNA evenunder shallow encoding, making dissociation between implicit and explicit memory. Itsuggested tha there was interaction between encoding and unitization. When thedegree of unitization was not tight semantic encoding was one of the conditions toform PNA. Otherwise deep processing was not necessary. It was not only PRS thatcontributed to forming memory for new associations, bu also other memory systems. Related Articles | Metrics

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THE ROLES OF SURFACE FREQUENCIES,CUMULATIVE MORPHEME FREQUENCIES,AND SEMANTIC TRANSPARENCIES IN THE PROCESSING OF COMPOUND WORDS Wang Chunmao(Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101)Peng Denling(Department of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875) 1999, 31 (3):  266-273.  Abstract ( 1461 )   The present experiments focused on the structure of access representation. Surfacefrequencies, cumulative morpheme frequencies, and semantic transparencies of Chinesetwo-charater words were controlled. When tfansparencies were balanced, thecumulative morpheme frequency effect was found only in high surface frequencywords but not in low frequency words. In the next experiment surface frequencieswere coritrolled and cumulative morpheme frequencies and transparencies were veried.The responses of words with high cumulative frequencies were faster than that withlow cumulative frequencies in transparent words. In opaque words, however, thisresponse tendency was reversed, namely, the responses of words with high cumulativefrequencies were slower than that with low cumulative frequencies. The twoexperiments implied that both word and morpheme units received activation fromvisual input and there were connections between them. These connections werepositive between transparent words and their morphemes, negative between opaquwords and their morphemes, and would be enhanced with surface frequencies. Related Articles | Metrics

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE GLOBAL AND LOCAL PROCESSING OF VISUAL COMPOUND STIMULI Han Shihul ,Xiao Feng(Beijing Lab of Cognitive Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Beijing, 100039) 1999, 31 (3):  274-283.  Abstract ( 1103 )   This paper examined the effects of perceptual grouping,locational uncertainty, andshmulus positions in the visual field on the processing of global and local propertiesof compound stimuli. It was found that (1)when compound stimui were presentod on awhite background, RT and interference displayed a global advantage. The globalinterference was eliminated by locational uncendnty. When compound stimuli werepresented on a background made up of " +" patterns, the local processing dominatedthe global processing. Locational uncertainty slowed local responses. (2)RTs to thecompound stimuli were longer when stimuli were displayed in the peripheral than thecentral visual fields. This effect was larger for local RTs than for global RT. (3)therewere no differences between responses to compound stimuli presented in the left andright visual fields. The authors suggested that the background " +" weakened globalprecedence through eliminating proximity grouping of local elements and making shapesimilarity dominate grouping. This paper also discussed the effect of other factors onthe processing of compound shmuli. Related Articles | Metrics

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ROLES OF REHEARSAL AND RETRIEVAL INHIBITION ON INTENTIONAL FORGETTING Chen Xi(Department of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631) 1999, 31 (3):  284-290.  Abstract ( 1168 )   In the intentional forgetting paradigm,after material had been presented for study,subjects were instructed to remember some of them and forget the remainder.Considerabe research showed that remember-cued items were recalled more thanforget-cued items. There were mainly two theories to explain the result:encoding-basedtheory and retrieval inhibition theory.ms research aimed at investigating the roles ofencoding elaboration and retrieval inhibition on intentional forgetting.In the experimentundergraduate students were given an item-by-item cued study task,either a direct(cued recall word-stem completion)or an indirect test (repetition priming word-stemcompletion),and a final recognition test. Two new methods were introduced into theresearch: one was carefully controlled word-stem completion with computer, and theother was so-called unrelated items. By comparing memory of unrelated items withremember-and forget-cued iterns,the result indicated that selective rehearsal and retrievalinhibition played roles on intentional forgetting. Related Articles | Metrics

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DIRECTION EFFECT AND ATTENTION EFFECT IN SEARCHING IMAGINED SPACE Mou Weimin, Yang Shan ,Zhang Kan(Institute of Psychology, CAS,Beijing, 100101) 1999, 31 (3):  291-298.  Abstract ( 1061 )   Subjects read narratives describing directions of objects around an upright observerwho was periodically reoriented, and given a description of the objects in differentpositions around his body. Rt. patterns showed that there were two stages inidentifying which object was currently located beyond the observer's front, back, right,and left. The first stage identifying the referred direction of probing noun and thepattern of process time is front Related Articles | Metrics

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STUDY ON THE SYMBOLIC COMPTIBILITY EFFECTS BETWEEN CUE AND STIMULUS Liu Yanfang, Zhang Kan(Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101) 1999, 31 (3):  299-305.  Abstract ( 963 )   Effects of symbolic compatibility between cue and stimulus were investigatedwithin a precueing paradigm when there was no stimulus-response compatibility. Theresults showed tha the compatibility effects appeared when the cue and stimulus wasdimensionaly overiapped, and the effects were affected by the time duration betweenthem and the probability of the cues. Related Articles | Metrics

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ON MENTAL ARITHMETIC WITH INCREASING AGE AND ITS MECHANISM Liu Chang, Li Deming, Li Guiyun(Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101) 1999, 31 (3):  306-312.  Abstract ( 1012 )   A study on menta arithmetic with increasing of age and its mechanism wasaccomplished in 172 normal subjects of from 20 to 79 yeare of age. Five mentalarithmetic tasks, "1000- 1", "1000-3", "1000-7", "1000- 13" , "1000- 17", weredesigned with a serial calculation in which the subjects sequentially subtracted thesame prime number (1, 3, 7, 13, 17) from another number 1000. The results indicatedthat: (1) There was an obvious interaction between age and mental arithmetic, andmental arithmtic efficiency (the ratio of accuracy to RT) decreased in power funtionwith the advancing of age; (2) There were two mediators (latent variables) which wererelative to speed component and non-speed component respectively in the aging processof menta arithmetic, and speed component had significant effect on non-speedcomponent. Related Articles | Metrics

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INFLUENCE ON THE SIMILARITIES IN SUPERFICIAL CONTENTS ON THE COURSE OF ANALOGY TRANSFER OF PROBLEM SOLVING Mo Lei, Liu Lihong(South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631) 1999, 31 (3):  313-321.  Abstract ( 1074 )   The influence of the different superficial similarities between the new problem andthe earlier example, with or without the same principle, on the analogy transfer werestudied. In Experiment 1, the subjects were asked to leam the examples on theprobability and solve the new problems which were similar in varying degree insuperficial contents with the exampes. The result showed:(1)The superficial similaritieshad great advance in solving the new problem when the new problem and the earierexample had the same principle. The similarity in superficial line would accelerate thesubjects to classify the new problem, and the similarity in superficial correspondencewould ascelerate the subjects to make correct use of the formula. (2)When the newproblem and the earier example had different principle, the similarities in thesuperficial contents of both would have a negative transfer in classifying the newproblem. In Experiment 2, the subjects were given a cue to pay attention to theprinciple of the problems before they solved the new problems. The results showedthat the subects would be accelerated to cap on the inner analogy and raise theirperformance. According to the results, it was proved preliminarily that it was animportant factor influencing the level of analogy transfer whether the subjects had thetendency to analogizing ascording to the inner principle. Related Articles | Metrics

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If P, then Q,　… ?"─—A PRELIMENARY STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ABILITY FOR ADEQUATE CONDITIONAL SYLLOGISTIC REASONING WITH THE INTER-INDIVIDUAL DIFFERECES IN SCHOOL CHILDREN Fang Fuxi, Fang Ge, Zhu Liqi(Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of deiences,Beijing, 100101) 1999, 31 (3):  322-329.  Abstract ( 1327 )   Attempt was made to investigate the development of ability for the adequateconditional syllogistic reasoning with the inter-individual differences in school children.Three deductive syllogistic tasks with verbal materials were individually presented tothe subects at age 9, and at ages 12 and 15. The statements of each task containeddifferent propositions, all of which referred to the experimental contexts available toall school children. The results were shown that: (1)Three developmental levels of theability for the syllogistic reasoning were identifiedf Level 1(level of occrrence. Thechildren at mis level could only solve some parts of the tasks (such as reasoning theform of affirmation of antecedents). The syllogistic reasoning depended on thesustenance of the perceptual experiences; Level 2(transitional level). The ablities ofcombinatorial proposition and operational thenking were enhanced at this level ofchildren, however the syllogistic reasoning was frequently constrained by the concretecontexts of the tasks; Level 3(mature level). The ability of assumed thinking incoordination with the ability of deductive reasoning were developed. The "forms"were liberated from the contexts in this level. The syllogistic reasoning better accordedwith the logic rules as well. (2) The same subject and the subjects at different agesmastered four basic logic rules in relation with deductive reasoning investigated withdifferent sequences, which depended on the contexts and the natures of the tasks,also on the levels of operational thinking of the individuals. The developmental levelsof the subjects for syllogistic reasoning were affected by the qualities of schoolingand family education, also by the levels of intelligence of the subjects. Related Articles | Metrics

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THE EFFECTS OF THYMOPEPTDUM ON STRESS-INDUCED IMMUNITY IMPAIRMENT OF OLD RATS Wang Huiyan, Xiao Jian, Geng Xiaofeng, Su Yanjie(Department of psychology, Beijing Universitr Beijing 100871) 1999, 31 (3):  330-336.  Abstract ( 1357 )   The thymopeptdum is a well-characterized immunopotentiating hormone, thepresent experiments were designed to study whether thymopeptdum modulated theimmune system as an antistress factor. The controllable/uncontrollable footshock wereused as psychological stress. After 6 times of footshocks, 0.5hr per session, thehumoral immunity of uncontrollable old rats decreased signiflcantly, while the humoralimmunity of controllable rats was not significantly changed comparing to the controlgroup. The levels of glucocorticoid hormone of the two stress groups increasedheavily. The stressor controllability had influence on the levels of sertun IgG of rats.However, every other day for 6 times inhaperitoneally injections of thymopeptdumantagonized these changes, it improved humoral immunity of stressed fats, suppressedthe ascending trend of glucocorticoid hormone. The above mentioned resultsdemonstrated the thymopeptdum had antistress and antisenility effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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THREE CASES OF HOMOSEXUALITY CORRECTION BY ELECTRIC DESICCATION UNDER HYPNOTIC SITUATION Wang Zhichao(Psychology Department of South-China Normal University Guangzhou, 510631) 1999, 31 (3):  337-341.  Abstract ( 4250 )   Three cases of homosexuality correction by electric desiccation under hypnoticsituation had all been done successfuly. The author thinks that homosexuality is akind of result of the memory of emotional experiences. But the emotional memorycannot be removed only by cognitive fordrient and behaviour treatment could onlyremove the libido for the homosexual persons, it couldn' t rebuild the libido for thepersons of opposite sex. So it is necessary to use the sexual propensity for the personsof opposite sex instead of that for the homosexual persons in order to effect a radicalcure of homosexuality, for the electric desiccation undr hypnotic situation couldrebuild the sex experience for the persons of opposite sex as well as temove it forthe homosexual persons. Related Articles | Metrics

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STUDY ON THE VOCATIONAL VALUE OF CHINESE UNDERGRADUATES Ling Wenquan(Institute of Social Psychology, Guangzhou Normal University, Guangzhou, 510400)Fang Liluo(Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101)Bai Ligans(Institute of Industrial Psychology and Behavior Science, Jinan Universi 1999, 31 (3):  342-348.  Abstract ( 1736 )   Ths research investigared into the changes of the standards of vocationalselection for Chinese undergraduas from the eary 80's to the middle 90's, exploredthe reasons, and approached the differences on the vocational value among the personswith different types of vocational interests. It was revealed that the changes ofcireumstances and the types of vocational interests affected the vocational value. Related Articles | Metrics

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SEPARATION AND UNIFICATION OF THE TWO CULTURES IN WESTERN PSYCHOLOGY Ye Haosheng(History of Psychotogy Center, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097) 1999, 31 (3):  349-356.  Abstract ( 1103 )   Kimble's inveshgation showed that there are two cultures in westem psychology—scientism and humanism. The major reasons for the two cultures are classified as:(a)the hegemony of the scientism and its reaction against it (b) the influences ofpositivism, phenomnology, and hermeneutics, and (c) the value biases andorientations of psychological schools and organizations. The separation of the twocultures was examined from three contrasting views: (a) the natural science model vs.the humaniostic science model, (b) the method-centered vs. Th subject-centered, and (c)the value-free vs. The value-loaded. In the author's opinion, our commitment has tobe changed from physical sciences to systematic science methodology in order tOunify the two cultures. Related Articles | Metrics