母亲鼓励自主与学步儿的探索行为：依恋的调节作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2018.00750

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

探索行为是婴幼儿从外部环境获取信息、促进认知发展的重要方式和途径。本研究采用家庭半结构观察和实验室陌生情境技术考察66名14个月母婴对中母亲的鼓励自主水平、儿童依恋类型与学步儿探索行为的关系。结果发现：在控制家庭社会经济地位(SES)及儿童气质困难度后, (1)母亲鼓励自主显著正向预测探索操作总频次、探索操作种类、探索坚持性; (2)儿童依恋类型显著负向预测探索操作总频次, 正向预测探索操作平均时长; (3)学步儿依恋类型可以显著地调节母亲鼓励自主对学步儿探索能力的作用, 表现为母亲鼓励自主行为能显著正向预测安全型依恋学步儿的探索能力; 当学步儿为不安全依恋时, 母亲鼓励自主行为对婴儿探索能力的预测作用不显著。结论:母亲鼓励自主行为能够促进婴幼儿的探索行为, 且儿童依恋安全性对这一影响具有一定的促进作用。

关键词: 学步儿, 探索行为, 母亲鼓励自主, 依恋

Abstract:

Exploratory behavior, derived from one’s motor development, is an important way for infants to obtain information from external environment. Exploration is generally associated with adaptive developmental outcomes, especially cognitive abilities. Although there have been a great number of studies on exploration, most of which focused on the informational value afforded by novel objects, individual differences and different stages of exploration. The environmental factors, more specifically, the maternal behaviors have been obtained little attention. However, two distinctive theories posit mother’s behavior plays a significant role in infant’s exploration, attachment theory and self-determination theory. According to attachment theory, the attachment system and the exploratory system are two distinct yet inseparably linked behavioral systems, and the attachment system contributes to the quality of infant exploration by providing the infant a secure base from which to explore. Self-determination theory argues that infant’s exploration is driven by his/her intrinsic motivation. Individuals will be most intrinsically motivated when the environment supports their need for autonomy, rather than controlling their behavior. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine influence of maternal encouragement of autonomy on 14-month toddler’s exploration and the moderating role of attachment in the relationship between maternal encouragement of autonomy and toddler’s exploratory behavior.

Sixty-six toddlers (M = 14.77 months, SD = 0.99) and their mothers participated in the study. Toddlers’ attachment status was assessed by the Strange Situation procedure in the laboratory. A semi-structure family observation was conducted in the next 2 to 4 weeks. Each toddler was shown three novel objects placing on the floor and requested to explore them for 6 minutes. The toddler’s exploration as well as maternal encouragement of autonomy was videotaped and coded.

Results were as follows: after controlling for children’s temperament and family socioeconomic status, (1) maternal encouragement of autonomy positively predicted toddler’s total frequencies of exploratory operations, types of exploratory operations and exploratory persistence; (2) mother-infant attachment negatively predicted toddler’s total frequencies of exploratory operations, and positively predicted toddler’s average duration of exploratory operations; (3) the influence of maternal encouragement of autonomy on toddler’s exploratory competence was significantly moderated by the pattern of attachment. Specifically, the prediction of maternal encouragement of autonomy on toddler’s exploratory competence was significant when the child established a security attachment, while for the insecure infants, this prediction was nonsignificant.

These results indicated that maternal encouragement of autonomy could significantly promote toddler’s exploratory behavior. Toddler’s secure attachment played a significant role in the relationship between maternal encouragement and toddler’s exploration. It highlighted the importance of establishing a secure attachment relationship, which was directly linked to the effectiveness of mother’s positive parenting behaviors.

Key words: toddler, exploratory behavior, maternal encouragement of autonomy, attachment

中图分类号:

B844

江群, 卢珊, 张茜, 王争艳. (2018). 母亲鼓励自主与学步儿的探索行为：依恋的调节作用. 心理学报, 50(7), 750-760.

JIANG Qun, LU Shan, ZHANG Qian, WANG Zhengyan. (2018). The influence of maternal encouragement of autonomy on toddler’s exploration: Moderating effect of attachment. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 50(7), 750-760.

图/表 3

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序号	操作行为	描述
(1)	推	一只手或两只手把着玩具在支撑表面上滑动
(2)	摇晃	拿着玩具在空中来回移动
(3)	旋转	在手上转动玩具或玩具部件
(4)	按压、拍打	用手指或手掌挤压玩具
(5)	敲	把玩具在支撑表面上撞击
(6)	两只手倒换	把玩具从一只手换到另一只手
(7)	掉落、扔	丢弃玩具
(8)	拉	把玩具拉近自己
(9)	咬	把玩具放到嘴巴里
(10)	抓	抓取玩具
(11)	摸	手在玩具表面上轻轻移动
(12)	手部接触	用手拿着玩具
(13)	举、抬	把玩具抓起离开支撑表面并举高
(14)	掀	打开玩具盖子的动作,如:打开形状屋的房顶
(15)	够取	发出动作想要拿物体到接触物体之间的动作
(16)	松手放	松开手放开玩具
(17)	周围环境	对周围环境的探索

序号	操作行为	描述
(1)	推	一只手或两只手把着玩具在支撑表面上滑动
(2)	摇晃	拿着玩具在空中来回移动
(3)	旋转	在手上转动玩具或玩具部件
(4)	按压、拍打	用手指或手掌挤压玩具
(5)	敲	把玩具在支撑表面上撞击
(6)	两只手倒换	把玩具从一只手换到另一只手
(7)	掉落、扔	丢弃玩具
(8)	拉	把玩具拉近自己
(9)	咬	把玩具放到嘴巴里
(10)	抓	抓取玩具
(11)	摸	手在玩具表面上轻轻移动
(12)	手部接触	用手拿着玩具
(13)	举、抬	把玩具抓起离开支撑表面并举高
(14)	掀	打开玩具盖子的动作,如:打开形状屋的房顶
(15)	够取	发出动作想要拿物体到接触物体之间的动作
(16)	松手放	松开手放开玩具
(17)	周围环境	对周围环境的探索

变量及步骤	探索操作总频次		探索操作平均时长		探索操作种类		探索坚持性		探索能力
变量及步骤	β	ΔR²	β	ΔR²	β	ΔR²	β	ΔR²	β	ΔR²
第一步(enter)		0.020		0.073⁺		0.025		0.013		0.040
SES	0.07		-0.07		0.05		0.00		-0.20
儿童气质困难	-0.12		0.26		-0.15		-0.11		-0.03
第二步(enter)		0.180^**		0.131^*		0.136^*		0.125^*		0.039
SES	0.11		-0.07		0.14		0.05		-0.16
儿童气质困难	-0.21⁺		0.33⁺		-0.17		-0.19		-0.02
母亲鼓励自主	0.26^*		-0.08		0.37^**		0.28^*		0.14
儿童依恋类型	-0.33^**		0.35^**		0.14		-0.21		0.16
第三步(enter)		0.001		0.020		0.000		0.026		0.065^*
SES	0.12		-0.09		0.14		0.04		-0.18
儿童气质困难	-0.21⁺		0.32⁺		-0.17		-0.19		-0.03
母亲鼓励自主	0.31		-0.30		0.38⁺		0.04⁺		-0.26
儿童依恋类型	-0.32^*		0.33^**		0.14		-0.23		0.12
自主×依恋	-0.06		0.26		-0.01		0.29		0.46^*
总计(ΔR²)		0.201		0.225		0.161		0.163		0.145

变量及步骤	探索操作总频次		探索操作平均时长		探索操作种类		探索坚持性		探索能力
变量及步骤	β	ΔR²	β	ΔR²	β	ΔR²	β	ΔR²	β	ΔR²
第一步(enter)		0.020		0.073⁺		0.025		0.013		0.040
SES	0.07		-0.07		0.05		0.00		-0.20
儿童气质困难	-0.12		0.26		-0.15		-0.11		-0.03
第二步(enter)		0.180^**		0.131^*		0.136^*		0.125^*		0.039
SES	0.11		-0.07		0.14		0.05		-0.16
儿童气质困难	-0.21⁺		0.33⁺		-0.17		-0.19		-0.02
母亲鼓励自主	0.26^*		-0.08		0.37^**		0.28^*		0.14
儿童依恋类型	-0.33^**		0.35^**		0.14		-0.21		0.16
第三步(enter)		0.001		0.020		0.000		0.026		0.065^*
SES	0.12		-0.09		0.14		0.04		-0.18
儿童气质困难	-0.21⁺		0.32⁺		-0.17		-0.19		-0.03
母亲鼓励自主	0.31		-0.30		0.38⁺		0.04⁺		-0.26
儿童依恋类型	-0.32^*		0.33^**		0.14		-0.23		0.12
自主×依恋	-0.06		0.26		-0.01		0.29		0.46^*
总计(ΔR²)		0.201		0.225		0.161		0.163		0.145