“人情”与公平的抉择?恩惠对不公平规避行为的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1452

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 互惠与公平是人际互动的基本准则。以往研究往往分别考察互惠与公平原则对人际行为的影响, 却鲜有研究考察当两者相悖时人们如何取舍。本研究5项实验分别通过故事情境法和实验室实验法操纵受人恩惠的条件, 并考察其对个体不公平规避行为的影响及潜在心理机制。结果表明, 受人恩惠, 无论是大恩惠还是“小恩小惠”, 均显著降低了个体的不公平规避行为。研究结果还揭示了不同大小恩惠条件下中介机制的不对称性：在大恩惠条件下, 亏欠情绪中介了受人恩惠对不公平规避行为的影响, 而在“小恩小惠”条件下, 感激情绪起到了中介作用。研究结果不仅为理解公平行为的复杂心理过程提供了新的解释视角, 同时也为企业和政府部门制定相关政策, 有效规避由恩惠而引发的违反公平的现象提供实践依据。

关键词: 公平原则, 互惠原则, 不公平规避, 感激, 亏欠

Abstract:

Equity and reciprocity are crucial guidelines for human interactions. While these principles often complement each other, there are instances where reciprocity can lead to breaches of fairness, such as in cases of bribery. Previous research has predominantly focused on the impacts of equity and reciprocity on behavior respectively, with limited exploration into situations where these principles conflict. This issue is particularly pertinent in China, where Renqing holds significant importance. This study aimed to investigate how participants navigate trade-offs when faced with conflicts between Renqing and equity, specifically examining how receiving a favor influences participants’ inequity aversion.

Five experiments were conducted to validate the research hypothesis. In Experiment 1A, we recruited college students (n = 124) and employed a scenario-based questionnaire to explore the impact of accepting favors on inequity aversion (refusal behavior in ultimatum game). Experiment 1B (n = 250) was a replication of Experiment 1A with additional tests of mediation through gratitude and indebtedness, and with a more diverse sample. Experiment 2A (n = 120) adopted a similar scenario-based method to investigate the effects of “small favors” on inequity aversion and further assessed the mediating role of gratitude and indebtedness. Experiment 2B (n = 92) corroborated the findings of Experiment 2A by manipulating “small favors” in a controlled laboratory setting. Finally, Experiment 3 (n = 168) manipulated favors of different scale to further investigate the potential threshold at which the asymmetric mediation mechanism shifts under varying favor conditions.

Consistent with our expectations, the results showed that receiving favors, whether substantial or minor, significantly reduced individuals’ inequity aversion behavior, leading to a greater tolerance of unfair distribution schemes. This suggests that when the principle of reciprocity conflicts with the principle of equity, participants are more likely to prioritize reciprocity. More importantly, when we included both gratitude and indebtedness as mediators in our model, we discovered an asymmetry in their effects. Specifically, under conditions involving substantial favors (Experiment 1B), the emotion of indebtedness mediated the influence of receiving favors on inequity aversion. Under conditions involving moderate favors, both gratitude and indebtedness simultaneously served as mediators (Experiment 3). However, under conditions involving minor favors (Experiments 2A~3), the emotion of gratitude, rather than indebtedness, served as the mediator. This highlights the distinct roles that gratitude and indebtedness play in moderating responses to favors of varying magnitudes.

These findings help enhance people’s understanding of the fundamental principles of interpersonal interactions (i.e., reciprocity and equity), and shed light on the importance of policy development by various governments in order to mitigate equity violations resulting from Renqing.

Key words: equity principle, reciprocity principle, inequity aversion, gratitude, indebtedness

中图分类号:

B849: C91

汪祚军, 叶妍, 程雪岩, 徐四华. (2025). “人情”与公平的抉择?恩惠对不公平规避行为的影响. 心理学报, 57(8), 1452-1467.

WANG Zuo-Jun, YE Yan, CHENG Xue-Yan, XU Sihua. (2025). “Renqing” or equity? The influence of favor acceptance on inequity aversion. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(8), 1452-1467.

图/表 20

参考文献 61

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恩惠	实验1B (80元大恩惠)		实验2A (2元小恩惠)		实验2B (非金钱小恩惠)		实验3 (20~60元恩惠)
恩惠	无	有	无	有	无	有	无	20元	40元	60元
感激	0.84^***(1.40)	2.19^***(0.97)	−0.95^***(1.62)	0.79^***(1.54)	−1.00^***(1.40)	1.88^***(1.28)	−1.06^***(0.89)	0.55^** (1.02)	0.97^***(0.79)	1.11^***(0.78)
亏欠	−1.36^***(1.31)	0.22 (1.67)	−1.75^*(1.29)	−0.60^***(1.75)	−1.55^***(1.28)	−1.60^***(1.24)	−1.21^***(0.91)	−0.14 (1.07)	−0.14 (1.26)	0.27 (1.11)

恩惠	实验1B (80元大恩惠)		实验2A (2元小恩惠)		实验2B (非金钱小恩惠)		实验3 (20~60元恩惠)
恩惠	无	有	无	有	无	有	无	20元	40元	60元
感激	0.84^***(1.40)	2.19^***(0.97)	−0.95^***(1.62)	0.79^***(1.54)	−1.00^***(1.40)	1.88^***(1.28)	−1.06^***(0.89)	0.55^** (1.02)	0.97^***(0.79)	1.11^***(0.78)
亏欠	−1.36^***(1.31)	0.22 (1.67)	−1.75^*(1.29)	−0.60^***(1.75)	−1.55^***(1.28)	−1.60^***(1.24)	−1.21^***(0.91)	−0.14 (1.07)	−0.14 (1.26)	0.27 (1.11)

参数	全模型				最简模型
参数	b	SE	z	p	b	SE	z	p
截距	5.69	1.09	5.24	<0.001	12.91	1.58	8.17	<0.001
恩惠	2.46	1.77	1.40	0.163
分配方案7 : 3	−10.33	1.95	−5.31	<0.001	−24.77	1.97	−12.59	<0.001
分配方案8 : 2	−16.60	2.84	−5.84	<0.001	−40.62	2.79	−14.58	<0.001
分配方案9 : 1	−20.98	3.80	−5.51	<0.001	−54.32	3.75	−14.49	<0.001
恩惠×分配方案7 : 3	−2.27	2.02	−1.12	0.262
恩惠×分配方案8 : 2	−0.82	2.34	−0.35	0.726
恩惠×分配方案9 : 1	2.48	2.73	0.91	0.364
AIC	337.00				252.00
BIC	374.85				273.03
N	124				124

参数	全模型				最简模型
参数	b	SE	z	p	b	SE	z	p
截距	5.69	1.09	5.24	<0.001	12.91	1.58	8.17	<0.001
恩惠	2.46	1.77	1.40	0.163
分配方案7 : 3	−10.33	1.95	−5.31	<0.001	−24.77	1.97	−12.59	<0.001
分配方案8 : 2	−16.60	2.84	−5.84	<0.001	−40.62	2.79	−14.58	<0.001
分配方案9 : 1	−20.98	3.80	−5.51	<0.001	−54.32	3.75	−14.49	<0.001
恩惠×分配方案7 : 3	−2.27	2.02	−1.12	0.262
恩惠×分配方案8 : 2	−0.82	2.34	−0.35	0.726
恩惠×分配方案9 : 1	2.48	2.73	0.91	0.364
AIC	337.00				252.00
BIC	374.85				273.03
N	124				124

参数	全模型				最简模型
参数	b	SE	z	p	b	SE	z	p
截距	0.67	0.37	1.79	0.073	0.57	0.35	1.62	0.106
恩惠	0.93	0.54	1.73	0.084	1.14	0.48	2.35	0.019
分配方案	−4.05	0.59	−6.89	<0.001	−3.74	0.44	−8.53	<0.001
恩惠×分配方案	0.56	0.65	0.87	0.384
AIC	493.60				492.37
BIC	514.63				509.20
N	124				124