同一性混乱和青少年自伤的循环作用关系: 疏离感的纵向中介效应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.0247

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青春期是同一性发展的关键期, 这一时期同时伴随着心理社会发展的不适应问题(例如, 自伤)。本研究采用随机截距交叉滞后模型(RI-CLPM), 考察青少年同一性混乱和自伤(NSSI)的动态双向作用模式, 并检验疏离感在二者之间的中介作用。采用同一性混乱量表、疏离感量表和自伤行为量表对1258名中学生进行为期一年的三波段调查(分别记作T1、T2和T3)。RI-CLPM结果表明：(1)分离了个体间效应后, 个体内水平上T1的NSSI显著正向预测T2的同一性混乱, 而T2的同一性混乱显著正向预测T3的NSSI, T2的NSSI也显著正向预测T3的同一性混乱。青少年同一性混乱和NSSI之间存在双向影响关系; (2)个体内水平上T2的疏离感在T1的NSSI与T3的同一性混乱的关系中具有纵向中介作用。本研究基于Erikson的心理社会发展理论的视角, 将同一性这一青少年的关键发展任务和NSSI在时间尺度上联系起来, 对青少年NSSI的预防和干预具有一定的启示意义。

关键词: 同一性混乱, 自伤, 疏离感, 随机截距交叉滞后模型, 青春期

Abstract:

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as the deliberate, direct, and socially unacceptable destruction of one’s own body tissue without a conscious suicidal intent. This behavior has become a major public health problem among adolescents. The initial occurrence of NSSI and its subsequent peak periods often coincide with the identity crisis stage of adolescents. Identity confusion represents a sense of feeling “mixed up, ” that is, being unable to enact and maintain lasting commitments to life alternatives and lacking a clear sense of purpose and direction. Considerable evidence has linked identity confusion to NSSI. According to the identity-NSSI interplay model, NSSI may serve as a means of developing a sense of identity (i.e., “I am a self-injurer”), which goes against the common values and attitudes in society. The destabilization of a self-injurer may lead individuals to a further increased sense of identity diffusion. Based on this theory, the present study tested the bidirectional association between identity confusion and adolescents’ NSSI as well as the mediating role of alienation and the moderating role of gender in this association.

A sample of 1258 Chinese middle school students (50.1% girls; M_age at Wave 1 = 13.81 years) completed self-report questionnaires regarding identity confusion, alienation, and NSSI at three time points (called T1, T2, and T3), with 6-month intervals. The random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) was employed to separate between- and within-person effects, and to test the mediation role of alienation in the reciprocal relations between identity confusion and adolescent NSSI. Moreover, the multi-group RI-CLPM was used to test the gender differences in the associations among identity confusion, alienation, and NSSI.

Results showed that identity confusion and NSSI were mutually reinforcing at the within-person level when controlling for between-person effects. Specifically, initial NSSI significantly and positively predicted T2 identity confusion, which in turn significantly positively predicted T3 NSSI. T2 NSSI also positively predicted T3 identity confusion. More importantly, T2 alienation longitudinally mediated the association between T1 NSSI and T3 identity confusion. These associations among identity confusion, alienation, and NSSI did not differ between genders.

This study found that alienation played a unidirectional mediating role in the association between NSSI and identity confusion, and this pattern is consistent across genders. This finding indicates that identity in Chinese culture has a “relational” quality, and identity confusion among Chinese adolescents does not necessarily lead to maladaptive behaviors (e.g., NSSI). Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of developing a healthy identity in the prevention and intervention of NSSI. Specifically, schools are encouraged to organize more activities or courses related to personal development, which provide adolescents with ample time and opportunities for self-exploration. This approach, thereby, may help them achieve a greater sense of continuity and integrity in their identities.

Key words: identity confusion, non-suicidal self-injury, alienation, random intercept cross-lagged panel model, adolescence

中图分类号:

B844

顾红磊, 余伟明, 成宇芳. (2025). 同一性混乱和青少年自伤的循环作用关系: 疏离感的纵向中介效应. 心理学报, 57(2), 247-259.

GU Honglei, YU Weiming, CHENG Yufang. (2025). Reciprocal associations between identity confusion and adolescent NSSI: The longitudinal mediation effect of alienation. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(2), 247-259.

图/表 4

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变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1. T1同一性混乱	—
2. T2同一性混乱	0.58^***	—
3. T3同一性混乱	0.52^***	0.59^***	—
4. T1疏离感	0.66^***	0.54^***	0.46^***	—
5. T2疏离感	0.51^***	0.67^***	0.55^***	0.68^***	—
6. T3疏离感	0.14^***	0.53^***	0.68^***	0.56^***	0.66^***	—
7. T1自伤	0.33^***	0.29^***	0.25^***	0.40^***	0.34^***	0.31^***	—
8. T2自伤	0.25^***	0.32^***	0.29^***	0.33^***	0.41^***	0.36^***	0.53^***	—
9. T3自伤	0.16^***	0.27^***	0.28^***	0.22^***	0.31^***	0.38^***	0.45^***	0.61^***	—
M	2.84	2.83	2.82	3.19	3.22	3.20	1.31	1.24	1.22
SD	0.82	0.83	0.80	1.17	1.28	1.22	0.67	0.62	0.65

变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1. T1同一性混乱	—
2. T2同一性混乱	0.58^***	—
3. T3同一性混乱	0.52^***	0.59^***	—
4. T1疏离感	0.66^***	0.54^***	0.46^***	—
5. T2疏离感	0.51^***	0.67^***	0.55^***	0.68^***	—
6. T3疏离感	0.14^***	0.53^***	0.68^***	0.56^***	0.66^***	—
7. T1自伤	0.33^***	0.29^***	0.25^***	0.40^***	0.34^***	0.31^***	—
8. T2自伤	0.25^***	0.32^***	0.29^***	0.33^***	0.41^***	0.36^***	0.53^***	—
9. T3自伤	0.16^***	0.27^***	0.28^***	0.22^***	0.31^***	0.38^***	0.45^***	0.61^***	—
M	2.84	2.83	2.82	3.19	3.22	3.20	1.31	1.24	1.22
SD	0.82	0.83	0.80	1.17	1.28	1.22	0.67	0.62	0.65

变量	模型	χ²	df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	模型比较	ΔCFI	ΔRMSEA
同一性混乱	M₁: 形态等值	245.30	114	0.973	0.964	0.030
	M₂: 弱等值性	260.99	124	0.972	0.966	0.030	M₂− M₁	-0.001	0.000
	M₃: 强等值性	292.53	134	0.968	0.963	0.031	M₃− M₂	-0.004	0.001
	M₄: 严格等值	486.15	158	0.933	0.935	0.041	M₄− M₃	-0.035	0.010
疏离感	M₁: 形态等值	45.38	15	0.995	0.987	0.040
	M₂: 弱等值性	50.41	19	0.994	0.989	0.036	M₂− M₁	-0.001	-0.004
	M₃: 强等值性	102.09	23	0.986	0.978	0.052	M₃− M₂	-0.008	0.016
	M₄: 严格等值	166.57	35	0.977	0.976	0.055	M₄− M₃	-0.009	0.003
NSSI	M₁: 形态等值	410.57	165	0.922	0.901	0.034
	M₂: 弱等值性	420.80	177	0.923	0.908	0.033	M₂− M₁	0.001	-0.001
	M₃: 强等值性	449.77	189	0.917	0.908	0.033	M₃− M₂	-0.006	0.000
	M₄: 严格等值	604.54	217	0.877	0.881	0.038	M₄− M₃	-0.040	0.005

变量	模型	χ²	df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	模型比较	ΔCFI	ΔRMSEA
同一性混乱	M₁: 形态等值	245.30	114	0.973	0.964	0.030
	M₂: 弱等值性	260.99	124	0.972	0.966	0.030	M₂− M₁	-0.001	0.000
	M₃: 强等值性	292.53	134	0.968	0.963	0.031	M₃− M₂	-0.004	0.001
	M₄: 严格等值	486.15	158	0.933	0.935	0.041	M₄− M₃	-0.035	0.010
疏离感	M₁: 形态等值	45.38	15	0.995	0.987	0.040
	M₂: 弱等值性	50.41	19	0.994	0.989	0.036	M₂− M₁	-0.001	-0.004
	M₃: 强等值性	102.09	23	0.986	0.978	0.052	M₃− M₂	-0.008	0.016
	M₄: 严格等值	166.57	35	0.977	0.976	0.055	M₄− M₃	-0.009	0.003
NSSI	M₁: 形态等值	410.57	165	0.922	0.901	0.034
	M₂: 弱等值性	420.80	177	0.923	0.908	0.033	M₂− M₁	0.001	-0.001
	M₃: 强等值性	449.77	189	0.917	0.908	0.033	M₃− M₂	-0.006	0.000
	M₄: 严格等值	604.54	217	0.877	0.881	0.038	M₄− M₃	-0.040	0.005