数字SNARC效应的发生阶段

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01706

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目前关于数字SNARC效应发生在早期的刺激表征阶段还是晚期的反应选择阶段的结果不一。本研究通过3个实验探究了其发生阶段。采用整体−局部范式, 构建了一种复合实验刺激——由数字构成的箭头, 并以此为实验材料, 分别要求被试比较数字大小(箭头方向的整体优先表征干扰数字的空间表征)和判断箭头方向(箭头方向判断任务在反应选择阶段与数字加工产生反应竞争)。结果发现,水平方向干扰数字的空间表征阻碍了数字SNARC效应产生(实验1a); 垂直方向干扰数字的空间表征对数字SNARC效应没有影响(实验1b); 干扰反应选择阶段阻碍了数字SNARC效应产生(实验2)。实验结果表明干扰数字加工的刺激表征阶段和反应选择阶段都会影响数字SNARC效应的产生, 支持数字SNARC效应的双阶段加工模型。

关键词: 整体?局部范式, 数字SNARC效应, 早期刺激表征阶段, 晚期反应选择阶段

Abstract:

The spatial−numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect demonstrates that responding to small numbers with the left key is faster than with the right key, and the reverse is true for large numbers. A long-standing debate concerns whether the SNARC effect occurs only in the early stimulus-representation stage, only in the late response-selection stage or in both stages simultaneously. This study aims to manipulate these two processing stages to investigate the effects of interference on the SNARC effect.

Using the global and local paradigm, a compound stimulus—arrows made up of numbers—was designed as the experimental material. In Experiment 1a, a within-subject experimental design with 2 (Number magnitude: small, large) × 3 (Arrow direction: left, right, left-right bidirectional) × 2 (Response hand: left hand, right hand) was conducted. Forty subjects were asked to judge whether a number is larger or smaller than 5. In Experiment 1b, a within-subject experimental design with 2 (Number magnitude: small, large) × 3 (Arrow direction: up, down, up-down bidirectional) × 2 (Response hand: left hand, right hand) was employed. Forty subjects were asked to judge whether a number is larger or smaller than 5. Experiment 2 followed the design of Experiment 1a, but forty subjects were asked to judge whether the arrow pointed left or right.

Results showed that horizontal interference with the spatial representation of numbers hindered the SNARC effect (Experiment 1a), but vertical interference with the had no influence (Experiment 1b). Interference at the response-selection stage also impeded the SNARC effect (Experiment 2).

According to global precedence theory, the global representation of horizontal arrow directions interferes with the spatial representation of local numbers, causing the SNARC effect to disappear in Experiment 1a. According to mental number line theory, individuals mentally represent numbers along a left-to-right axis. Thus, interference from the global representation of vertical arrow directions does not influence the SNARC effect in Experiment 1b. In Experiment 2, when arrows made up of numbers were used, participants judged arrow directions, and the numbers were automatically processed and spatially represented unconsciously. However, the cognitive resources required for the arrow direction judgment or the occupation of corresponding reaction positions during the response-selection stage diminished the SNARC effect.

In summary, the early stimulus-representation stage and late response-selection stage are crucial for the occurrence of the SNARC effect, supporting the two-stage processing model of SNARC effect.

Key words: global and local paradigm, SNARC effect, early stimulus-representation stage, late response-selection stage

中图分类号:

B842

王铖铖, 赵宇飞, 盛缨莹, 赵庆柏, 肖梦施, 韩磊. (2024). 数字SNARC效应的发生阶段. 心理学报, 56(12), 1706-1717.

WANG Chengcheng, ZHAO Yufei, SHENG Yingying, ZHAO Qingbai, XIAO Mengshi, HAN Lei. (2024). Occurrence stage of SNARC effect. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(12), 1706-1717.

图/表 14

图1 由小数2构成的箭头(左箭头、右箭头和双向箭头)

表1 实验1a各水平下的正确率 (M ± SD; %)

反应手	左箭头		右箭头		双向箭头
反应手	小数	大数	小数	大数	小数	大数
左手	99.06 ± 2.00	98.75 ± 3.56	96.56 ± 4.89	96.25 ± 4.60	98.54 ± 2.01	99.17 ± 2.35
右手	95.73 ± 5.04	96.67 ± 3.68	98.75 ± 2.35	99.27 ± 1.60	98.23 ± 2.29	98.65 ± 3.32

表2 实验1a各水平下的反应时 (M ± SD; ms)

反应手	左箭头		右箭头		双向箭头
反应手	小数	大数	小数	大数	小数	大数
左手	490 ± 61	505 ± 67	540 ± 67	548 ± 64	525 ± 71	520 ± 67
右手	533 ± 68	543 ± 72	507 ± 66	501 ± 76	520 ± 75	516 ± 78

图2 箭头方向和反应手的交互作用注：误差线表示标准误SE, *** p < 0.001

图3 数字大小和箭头方向的交互作用注：误差线表示标准误SE, * p < 0.05

图4 由小数1构成的箭头(上箭头、下箭头和上下双向箭头)

表3 实验1b各水平下的正确率 (M ± SD; %)

反应手	上箭头		下箭头		双向箭头
反应手	小数	大数	小数	大数	小数	大数
左手	98.33 ± 2.80	98.13 ± 4.11	97.60 ± 3.25	97.81 ± 3.77	98.13 ± 2.98	98.23 ± 3.25
右手	97.08 ± 4.74	98.65 ± 3.18	98.13 ± 3.40	98.23 ± 2.97	97.19 ± 3.70	98.44 ± 2.62

表4 实验1b各水平下的反应时 (M ± SD; %)

反应手	上箭头		下箭头		双向箭头
反应手	小数	大数	小数	大数	小数	大数
左手	489 ± 74	513 ± 87	492 ± 81	518 ± 85	489 ± 77	511 ± 81
右手	505 ± 80	486 ± 81	495 ± 80	477 ± 78	505 ± 75	483 ± 79

图5 数字大小和反应手的交互作用注：误差线表示标准误SE, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

图6 由特殊字符构成的箭头(左箭头和右箭头)

表5 实验2各水平下的正确率 (M ± SD; %)

反应手	小数		大数		特殊字符
反应手	左箭头	右箭头	左箭头	右箭头	左箭头	右箭头
左手	99.25 ± 2.13	99.13 ± 2.75	99.00 ± 2.58	97.38 ± 3.92	98.50 ± 3.24	98.00 ± 2.95
右手	98.88 ± 2.11	98.25 ± 3.11	98.75 ± 2.72	99.25 ± 2.13	98.63 ± 2.99	99.13 ± 1.92

表6 实验2各水平下的反应时 (M ± SD; ms)

反应手	小数		大数		特殊字符
反应手	左箭头	右箭头	左箭头	右箭头	左箭头	右箭头
左手	388 ± 47	452 ± 78	383 ± 45	443 ± 69	383 ± 44	447 ± 76
右手	437 ± 73	385 ± 48	433 ± 71	381 ± 51	440 ± 79	382 ± 50

图7 箭头方向和反应手的交互作用注：误差线表示标准误SE, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

图8 双阶段加工模型(颜丽珠, 2022) 注：大小比较任务和奇偶判断任务中SNARC效应的双阶段加工模型。实线表示任务相关信息的加工通路, 虚线表示任务无关信息的加工通路, 闪电箭头表示SNARC效应产生链路的任一环节施加不同形式的干扰因素都会影响效应的产生。图A表示大小比较任务, 数量信息为任务相关信息输人, 奇偶信息为任务无关信息输人; 图B表示奇偶判断任务, 奇偶信息为任务相关信息输入, 大小信息为任务无关信息输入。

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