亲子对话中父母教养行为与5~6岁儿童行为反应的动态关系

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01340

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

父母教养和儿童行为存在密不可分的双向作用, 但少有研究在微观层面检验亲子互动进程中的儿童驱动效应与父母驱动效应。本研究考察了113对5~6岁学龄前儿童及其家长在冲突对话中的行为表现, 基于贝叶斯统计构建动态结构方程模型, 捕捉实时互动引发的父母教养行为和儿童行为反应的变化, 并通过回归分析考察父母和儿童行为对对话结局的影响。结果发现: (1)儿童在15 s间隔内的消极行为反应能够正向预测随后15 s父母的非支持性教养行为; (2)儿童的积极行为反应对对话结局起主要预测作用, 儿童行为反应的积极水平越高, 越有助于冲突的建设性解决。这些结果从微观层面验证了儿童驱动效应, 强调了儿童反应在亲子互动中的重要作用。

关键词: 亲子对话, 儿童/父母驱动, 父母教养, 儿童行为, 动态结构方程模型

Abstract:

Parent-child communication is pivotal in children’s education, with both parties actively engaging in discussion and influencing each other. These daily interactions are widely acknowledged as significant contributors to children's developmental outcomes. While existing research has focused on examining parental effects or bidirectional relations over time, our understanding of child-driven versus parent-driven effects in momentary interactions remains limited. Furthermore, considering that children aged 5 and 6 have gained increased autonomy and self-regulation abilities, it is imperative to examine the dynamic processes within parent-preschooler dyads. In the current study, we used dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) to explore the bidirectional associations between parenting behaviors and child behavioral responses during a conflict discussion task. Our aim is to determine whether the momentary interaction process is primarily driven by parents or by children themselves.

The study included 113 Chinese parent-child dyads (59 boys, M_age = 5.81 years). During the laboratory visit, the parent-child dyads were video-recorded engaging in a conflict discussion. Specifically, they were prompted to discuss a negative episode with the potential to lead to conflict in their daily lives. Trained observers rated parental supportive behavior, non-supportive behavior, child positive behavior, and child negative behavior on 4-point scales in 15-second epochs. Also, observers coded the resolution of the conflict discussion as compromise, win-loss, or standoff. For data analysis, we employed DSEM with Bayesian statistics to assess changes in parental parenting behaviors and child behavioral responses in their momentary interactions during the discussion task. Further, we conducted regression analysis to examine the effects of parental and child behaviors on the resolution of the conflict discussion.

The findings revealed that: (1) increases in children's negative behavioral responses in a given 15-second epoch predicted increases in parental non-supportive parenting behavior in the next epoch; (2) children's positive behavioral responses primarily predicted the resolution of the conflict discussion, with higher levels of positive behavior in children contributing to more constructive conflict resolution.

The current study provides evidence for the child-driven effect in moment-to-moment parent-child communication, highlighting the active role of preschoolers in shaping parent-child interactions. Our findings underscore children as proactive agents in their own socialization process and offer valuable insights for parenting practices. Specifically, parents should be mindful of their own non-supportive parenting behaviors when responding to their children's negative reactions. To achieve constructive conflict resolution, it is crucial for parents to guide their children in developing positive strategies for behavioral regulation. Overall, our findings have practical implications for fostering effective parenting practices and nurturing healthy parent-child relationships.

Key words: parent-child communication, child/parent driven, parenting, children's behavior, dynamic structural equation model

中图分类号:

B844

潘莱珂, 翟舒怡, 何洁. (2024). 亲子对话中父母教养行为与5~6岁儿童行为反应的动态关系. 心理学报, 56(10), 1340-1350.

PAN Laike, ZHAI Shuyi, HE Jie. (2024). Dynamics of parenting behaviors and 5-6-year-old children’s behavioral response during a conflict discussion task. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(10), 1340-1350.

图/表 8

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变量	M ± SD	1	2	3
1支持性教养行为	1.77 ± 0.30
2非支持性教养行为	1.37 ± 0.31	−0.50^* (−0.48^*)
3儿童积极行为反应	1.97 ± 0.48	0.31^ (0.31^)	0.09 (0.10)
4儿童消极行为反应	1.69 ± 0.36	−0.17 (−0.16)	0.41^* (0.42^*)	−0.05 (0.01)

变量	M ± SD	1	2	3
1支持性教养行为	1.77 ± 0.30
2非支持性教养行为	1.37 ± 0.31	−0.50^* (−0.48^*)
3儿童积极行为反应	1.97 ± 0.48	0.31^ (0.31^)	0.09 (0.10)
4儿童消极行为反应	1.69 ± 0.36	−0.17 (−0.16)	0.41^* (0.42^*)	−0.05 (0.01)

参数	固定效应
均值
父母教养μ₁	1.432^* [1.339, 1.532]
儿童反应μ₂	1.709^* [1.608, 1.815]
惯性
父母教养φ₁	0.144^* [0.040, 0.250]
儿童反应φ₂	0.136^* [0.027, 0.246]
交叉滞后
父母对儿童φ₃	−0.028 [−0.148, 0.103]
儿童对父母φ₄	0.118^* [0.034, 0.202]
新息方差
Log (父母)	−1.795^* [−2.123, −1.506]
Log (儿童)	−1.137^* [−1.344, −0.933]
Log (共同)	−2.979^* [−3.511, −2.458]

参数	固定效应
均值
父母教养μ₁	1.432^* [1.339, 1.532]
儿童反应μ₂	1.709^* [1.608, 1.815]
惯性
父母教养φ₁	0.144^* [0.040, 0.250]
儿童反应φ₂	0.136^* [0.027, 0.246]
交叉滞后
父母对儿童φ₃	−0.028 [−0.148, 0.103]
儿童对父母φ₄	0.118^* [0.034, 0.202]
新息方差
Log (父母)	−1.795^* [−2.123, −1.506]
Log (儿童)	−1.137^* [−1.344, −0.933]
Log (共同)	−2.979^* [−3.511, −2.458]

预测变量	B	β	t	F	R²
第一步(enter)				3.215^*	0.08
儿童年龄	−0.18	−0.06	−0.70
儿童性别	−0.46	−0.27	−2.89^**
主要抚养者受教育程度	−0.04	0.04	−0.42
第二步(enter)				5.305^***	0.26
儿童年龄	−0.00	−0.00	0.02
儿童性别	−0.31	−0.18	−2.09^*
主要抚养者受教育程度	−0.02	0.02	−0.26
父母支持性教养行为	−0.17	−0.06	−0.55
父母非支持性教养行为	−0.42	−0.15	−1.34
儿童积极行为反应	0.72	0.40	4.10^***
儿童消极行为反应	−0.39	−0.16	−1.73