不同类型的一体化编码对青年人和老年人在联结记忆任务中项目再认的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

使用脑电探究不同的一体化对联结记忆任务中项目再认的影响及其相关的神经机制。两个实验分别使用复合词和定义操作自下而上和自上而下一体化。青年人的行为结果发现两种一体化的联结再认相当, 项目再认也无显著差异。脑电结果发现复合词减少了顶区新/旧效应, 定义缺失额区新/旧效应, 说明青年人依据较少的神经活动达到相当的行为表现, 支持“只有收益”观点。老年人的结果发现两种一体化都能提高联结再认, 但对项目再认的影响不同。复合词在促进联结再认时也促进了项目再认, 脑电结果发现仅在复合词下存在额区新/旧效应, 显示复合词促进项目再认可能是源于熟悉性的增加, 支持“只有收益”的观点。定义在促进联结再认时损害了项目再认, 脑电结果发现定义缺失额区新/旧效应, 显示定义对项目再认的损害可能源于熟悉性的缺失, 支持“收支平衡”的观点。这些结果表明一体化促进还是损害老年人项目再认取决于自下而上和自上而下的一体化对认知资源的需求情况。

关键词: 一体化, 项目再认, 复合词, 定义, 记忆老化

Abstract:

This study used event related potential (ERP) technology to investigate the effects of different types of unitization on item recognition in both younger and older adults through two experiments. A total of two theoretical accounts concern the role of unitization in both item and associative recognition: “beneﬁts and costs” and “beneﬁts-only” accounts. This study hypothesized that because young adults have more cognitive resources, either type of unitization with different demands on cognitive resources does not impair their item memory. However, older adults have fewer cognitive resources, and whether different types of unitization impair their item memory depends on how these demand cognitive resources. Experiment 1 manipulated the level of bottom-up unitization by using compound words and unrelated words. Experiment 2 manipulated the level of top-down unitization using definition and sentence.

In experiment 1, a total of 19 community-dwelling older and 23 younger adults were asked to learn compound and unrelated word pairs, and during tests, they were asked to perform item recognition and associative recognition tasks. In experiment 2, a total of 19 community-dwelling older adults and 20 younger adults were asked to learn word pairs under definition and sentence conditions, and during the test they were required to perform item recognition and associative recognition tasks. In our sample of two experiments, all Older adults completed the mini mental state examination and scored at least 26 points

For younger adults, two types of unitization condition had no effect on their associative and item recognition. The ERP results of Experiment 1 revealed a comparable frontal old/new effect in both compound words and unrelated words condition, and the compound words condition reduced the parietal old/new effect. The ERP results of Experiment 2 indicated that the frontal old/new effect was absent in the definition condition, and both unitization conditions revealed a comparable the parietal old/new effect. For older adults, two types of unitization enhanced their associative recognition, however, have different influence on the item recognition. The behavioral results of Experiment 1 showed that older adults’ item recognition performance under the compound words condition was superior to that under the unrelated words condition. The ERP results indicated that the frontal old/new effect was only present in the compound words condition, and both encoding conditions revealed a comparable the parietal old/new effect. The behavioral results of Experiment 2 showed that older adults’ item recognition performance under the definition condition was inferior to that under the sentence condition. The ERP results revealed that the frontal old/new effect was absent in definition condition and only present in the sentence condition, and both encoding conditions were found to have comparable parietal old/new effect.

The influence of unitization on the item recognition depends on the encoding types. For younger adults, the item recognition in both unitized encoding conditions were comparable to that in the non-unitized encoding. Equivalent levels of memory retrieval were achieved through “less” overall neural processing on familiarity or recollection, which supports the “beneﬁts-only” account. For older adults, the bottom-up unitized encoding condition promotes item recognition relying on the frontal old/new effects, which supports the “beneﬁts-only” account. The top-down unitized encoding condition impaired older adults’ item recognition relying on the absent of the frontal old/new effects, which supports the “beneﬁts and costs” account.

Key words: unitization, item recognition, compound words, definition, memory aging

中图分类号:

B842

王宝玺, 王雪静, 金朝晖, 程琛, 向玲. (2024). 不同类型的一体化编码对青年人和老年人在联结记忆任务中项目再认的影响. 心理学报, 56(8), 1015-1030.

WANG Baoxi, WANG Xuejing, JIN Zhaohui, CHENG Chen, XIXANG Ling. (2024). The influence of different types of unitization strategies on the item recognition comprising the unitized association tasks in both younger and older adults. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(8), 1015-1030.

图/表 9

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统计指标	老年人			青年人
统计指标	复合词	无关词	新词	复合词	无关词	新词
击中率	0.77 (0.13)	0.71 (0.12)	0.68 (0.13)	0.82 (0.13)	0.82 (0.16)	0.78 (0.07)
d′	1.38 (0.34)	1.17 (0.34)		1.88 (0.53)	1.98 (0.74)
β	0.95 (0.38)	1.05 (0.39)		0.98 (0.30)	0.94 (0.36)
RT	995 (165)	1006 (219)	1221 (205)	885 (98)	858 (100)	1063 (144)

统计指标	老年人			青年人
统计指标	复合词	无关词	新词	复合词	无关词	新词
击中率	0.77 (0.13)	0.71 (0.12)	0.68 (0.13)	0.82 (0.13)	0.82 (0.16)	0.78 (0.07)
d′	1.38 (0.34)	1.17 (0.34)		1.88 (0.53)	1.98 (0.74)
β	0.95 (0.38)	1.05 (0.39)		0.98 (0.30)	0.94 (0.36)
RT	995 (165)	1006 (219)	1221 (205)	885 (98)	858 (100)	1063 (144)

统计指标	老年人		青年人
统计指标	复合词	无关词	复合词	无关词
击中率	0.79 (0.07)	0.75 (0.15)	0.74 (0.09)	0.69 (0.16)
虚报率	0.45 (0.17)	0.59 (0.21)	0.24 (0.09)	0.16 (0.10)
d′	0.98 (0.08)	0.52 (0.15)	1.40 (0.07)	1.65 (0.14)

统计指标	老年人		青年人
统计指标	复合词	无关词	复合词	无关词
击中率	0.79 (0.07)	0.75 (0.15)	0.74 (0.09)	0.69 (0.16)
虚报率	0.45 (0.17)	0.59 (0.21)	0.24 (0.09)	0.16 (0.10)
d′	0.98 (0.08)	0.52 (0.15)	1.40 (0.07)	1.65 (0.14)

统计指标	老年人		青年人
统计指标	定义	造句	定义	造句
击中率	0.71 (0.14)	0.72 (0.14)	0.81 (0.10)	0.76 (0.09)
虚报率	0.20 (0.12)	0.15 (0.10)	0.15 (0.08)	0.14 (0.06)
d′	1.55 (0.36)	1.76 (0.35)	2.06 (0.70)	1.87 (0.38)
β	1.64 (1.25)	2.39 (3.14)	1.27 (0.50)	1.53 (0.69)
RT−旧的	1023 (187)	1030 (208)	840 (106)	866 (122)
RT−新的	1129 (186)	1117 (180)	901 (140)	889 (140)