近20年中国夫妻婚姻满意度发展趋势与社会变迁

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.00895

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

婚姻满意度是衡量婚姻整体水平的一个重要指标, 它与社会、家庭、个体等因素相互影响, 探讨婚姻满意度与社会变迁的关系对理解中国社会及个体的心理变化具有重要参考意义。本文对在2000至2021年期间发表的92篇采用婚姻满意度问卷(ENRICH)、婚姻调适问卷(MAT)和婚姻质量问卷(QMI)测量中国夫妻婚姻满意度的研究报告(共59122名丈夫和妻子)进行了横断历史的元分析, 同时结合中国综合社会调查(CGSS)分析结果, 并根据布朗芬布伦纳的生态系统理论探讨了社会变迁与婚姻满意度的关系。研究发现：(1)中国夫妻近20年的婚姻满意度随年代变迁逐渐提升; (2)宏观水平上, 人民生活质量上升和家庭规模减小将促进婚姻满意度上升; 同时婚姻满意度上升也会促进夫妻追求美好生活, 维护家庭稳定; (3)微观水平上, 在社会变迁中婚姻满意度的提高不受婚龄、性别、子女数量、夫妻教育匹配度的影响, 而因子女是否在身边产生变化, 同时受教育程度也会影响婚姻满意度。在社会变迁与婚姻满意度的影响关系模型中, 宏观系统因素, 微观系统因素与时代变迁, 各个因素间相互作用, 共同影响了婚姻满意度, 并且婚姻满意度也会反作用于宏观系统因素。

关键词: 婚姻满意度, 时代变迁, 横断历史元分析, 中国综合社会调查, 生态系统理论

Abstract:

Marriage is the most stable and lasting traditional form of sexual union in human society and an important part of human culture. Marriage satisfaction is a main indicator for measuring marital success. Marriage satisfaction is affected by social, family, individual and other factors and changes in response to society, family and individuals. Thus, changes in marital satisfaction reflect continuous changes in society. Exploring the relationship between marital satisfaction and social change has important reference significance for understanding psychological changes in Chinese society and individuals.

This cross-temporal meta-analysis assessed 92 studies (59122 husbands and wives) published between 2000 and 2021 that used the Evaluating & Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication, Happiness (enrich), the Marital Adjustment Test (MAT) and the Quality of Marriage Index (QMI) to measure the marital satisfaction of Chinese couples. The China Comprehensive Social Survey (CGSS) analysis was used to discuss the relationship between social indicators and marital satisfaction based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecosystem theory.

The findings are as follows: (1) the marital satisfaction of Chinese couples significantly positively correlates with the year; (2) at the macro level, improving people's quality of life and reducing the household size will increase marriage satisfaction; while, increasing marital satisfaction will promote the pursuit of a better life among couples and maintain family stability and (3) at the micro level, regarding the association between marital satisfaction and social change, the length of marriage, gender, number of children, and the matching degree of education level do not affect marital satisfaction; however, changes due to the presence of children and the degree of education do. In the model of the relationship between social change and marital satisfaction, macro system factors, micro system factors and era changes interact and jointly affect marital satisfaction. Moreover, marital satisfaction will also react to macrosystem factors and promote the harmonious and stable development of society.

Key words: marital satisfaction, social change, cross-temporal meta-analysis, Chinese General Social Survey, ecosystem theory

中图分类号:

B849: C91

侯娟, 贾可可, 方晓义. (2024). 近20年中国夫妻婚姻满意度发展趋势与社会变迁. 心理学报, 56(7), 895-910.

HOU Juan, JIA Keke, FANG Xiaoyi. (2024). Trend analysis of marital satisfaction of Chinese couples in the past 20 years. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(7), 895-910.

图/表 12

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分类和指标	指标解释
经济发展
人均GDP (元)	总产出(GDP总额, 即社会产品和服务的产出总额)/总人口
城镇人口比重(%)	居住在城镇范围内的全部常住人口/总人口
互联网普及率(%)	互联网用户数占常住人口总数的比例
人民生活
城乡居民人均收入(元)	家庭总收入/家庭人口
居民消费水平(元/人)	国内生产总值中的居民消费总额/总人口
恩格尔系数(%)	食品支出总额占个人消费支出总额的比重
家庭规模(人/户)	平均每户家庭人数
文化建设
文化及相关产业增加值占GDP比重(%)	文化及相关产业增加值占GDP比重
资源环境
城市生活垃圾无害化处理率(%)	城市生活垃圾无害化处理量/城市生活垃圾产生量×100%
单位GDP能耗(吨标准煤/万元)	每万元GDP产值所需标准煤消耗量
民主法制
国际谋杀犯罪率(%)	世界范围内每10万人中谋杀犯罪人数的百分比
交通事故中的死亡人数(人)	交通事故中的死亡人数
婚姻发展
婚检检出精神疾病人数(人)	婚检检出精神疾病人数
结婚率(‰)	结婚人数/总人口数
离婚率(‰)	离婚人数/总人口数
家庭压力
少儿抚养比(%)	0~14岁少年儿童人口数与15~64岁劳动年龄人口数之比
老年抚养比(%)	65岁及65岁以上中老年人口数与15~64岁劳动年龄人口数之比
失业率(%)	登记失业人员与单位就业人员(扣除使用的农村劳动力、聘用的离退休人员、港澳台及外方人员)、单位中的不在岗职工、私营业主、个体户主、私营企业和个体就业人员、登记失业人员之和的比
住宅商品房销售价格(元/平方米)	每平方住宅商品房平均销售价格

分类和指标	指标解释
经济发展
人均GDP (元)	总产出(GDP总额, 即社会产品和服务的产出总额)/总人口
城镇人口比重(%)	居住在城镇范围内的全部常住人口/总人口
互联网普及率(%)	互联网用户数占常住人口总数的比例
人民生活
城乡居民人均收入(元)	家庭总收入/家庭人口
居民消费水平(元/人)	国内生产总值中的居民消费总额/总人口
恩格尔系数(%)	食品支出总额占个人消费支出总额的比重
家庭规模(人/户)	平均每户家庭人数
文化建设
文化及相关产业增加值占GDP比重(%)	文化及相关产业增加值占GDP比重
资源环境
城市生活垃圾无害化处理率(%)	城市生活垃圾无害化处理量/城市生活垃圾产生量×100%
单位GDP能耗(吨标准煤/万元)	每万元GDP产值所需标准煤消耗量
民主法制
国际谋杀犯罪率(%)	世界范围内每10万人中谋杀犯罪人数的百分比
交通事故中的死亡人数(人)	交通事故中的死亡人数
婚姻发展
婚检检出精神疾病人数(人)	婚检检出精神疾病人数
结婚率(‰)	结婚人数/总人口数
离婚率(‰)	离婚人数/总人口数
家庭压力
少儿抚养比(%)	0~14岁少年儿童人口数与15~64岁劳动年龄人口数之比
老年抚养比(%)	65岁及65岁以上中老年人口数与15~64岁劳动年龄人口数之比
失业率(%)	登记失业人员与单位就业人员(扣除使用的农村劳动力、聘用的离退休人员、港澳台及外方人员)、单位中的不在岗职工、私营业主、个体户主、私营企业和个体就业人员、登记失业人员之和的比
住宅商品房销售价格(元/平方米)	每平方住宅商品房平均销售价格

得分	被试的选取	数据来源有效率	问卷内部一致性信度	刊物级别
2	随机选取	0.9及以上	0.8及以上	CSSCI (含扩展版)及SSCI期刊
1	非随机选取	0.8~0.9 之间	0.7~0.8 之间	北大核心期刊
0	未报告	0.8以下及未报告	0.7以下及未报告	普通期刊、硕博论文及未公开发表的论文

得分	被试的选取	数据来源有效率	问卷内部一致性信度	刊物级别
2	随机选取	0.9及以上	0.8及以上	CSSCI (含扩展版)及SSCI期刊
1	非随机选取	0.8~0.9 之间	0.7~0.8 之间	北大核心期刊
0	未报告	0.8以下及未报告	0.7以下及未报告	普通期刊、硕博论文及未公开发表的论文

变量名	社会指标	变量名	社会指标
Y	婚姻满意度占总分值	X10	单位GDP能耗(吨标准煤/万元)
X1	人均GDP (元)	X11	国际谋杀犯罪率(%)
X2	城镇人口比重(%)	X12	交通事故中的死亡人数(人)
X3	互联网普及率(%)	X13	婚检检出精神疾病人数(人)
X4	城乡居民人均收入(元)	X14	结婚率(‰)`
X5	居民消费水平(元/人)	X15	离婚率(‰)
X6	恩格尔系数(%)	X16	少儿抚养比(%)
X7	家庭规模(人/户)	X17	老年抚养比(%)
X8	文化及相关产业增加值占GDP比重(%)	X18	失业率(%)
X9	城市生活垃圾无害化处理率(%)	X19	住宅商品房销售价格(元/平方米)