心理学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (11): 1827-1844.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.01827
收稿日期:
2023-03-20
发布日期:
2023-06-30
出版日期:
2023-11-25
通讯作者:
李欢欢, E-mail: psylihh@ruc.edu.cn
基金资助:
SUN Fang, LI Huanhuan(), GUO Yueyan, WEI Shijie
Received:
2023-03-20
Online:
2023-06-30
Published:
2023-11-25
摘要:
为揭示复杂环境因素对青少年心理危机的促发机制, 研究采用潜在剖面分析, 对青少年的家庭、学校和社区风险和资源的组合模式进行探索。并从积极发展观和心理痛苦的两种视角, 探讨何种组合模式可以视为心理危机的免疫屏障, 何种组合模式对心理危机存在累积和聚集效应。高环境风险组合和高环境资源组合分别表现出心理危机累积效应的递增和递减趋势; 高家校风险和心理痛苦的不同组合对致死性危机的聚集效应明显。高家校风险和低环境资源组合者往往拥有更少的个体内生资源, 表现出“命运多舛”; 高资源组合者则表现出高积极发展素质和低危机的“一帆风顺”状态。研究结合新近的心理痛苦三因素模型和青少年积极发展观进行讨论, 为青少年心理危机的环境风险和资源模式提供证据。
中图分类号:
孙芳, 李欢欢, 郭玥言, 魏诗洁. (2023). “危”亦或“机”: 家庭−学校−社区风险和资源的潜在剖面结构与青少年心理危机的关系. 心理学报, 55(11), 1827-1844.
SUN Fang, LI Huanhuan, GUO Yueyan, WEI Shijie. (2023). “Crisis” or “opportunity”: Latent patterns of family, school, community risks and assets on psychological crisis in adolescence. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(11), 1827-1844.
人口学变量 | CS | NSSI | SA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | t | 人数(%) | χ2 | 人数(%) | χ2 | ||
性别 | 男 | 43.79(15.31) | 9.33*** | 116(11.04%) | 54.81*** | 23(2.19%) | 49.47*** |
女 | 50.52(17.34) | 236(23.30%) | 95(9.38%) | ||||
独生子女 | 否 | 46.67(16.40) | −1.65 | 230(16.29%) | 1.92 | 70(4.96%) | 4.97* |
是 | 48.03(17.37) | 116(18.80%) | 46(7.46%) | ||||
上学方式 | 寄宿 | 45.00(18.34) | −0.62 | 1(4.00%) | 3.05 | 1(4.00%) | 0.13 |
走读 | 47.10(16.68) | 347(17.20%) | 115(5.70%) |
表1 中学生心理危机得分的人口统计学差异
人口学变量 | CS | NSSI | SA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | t | 人数(%) | χ2 | 人数(%) | χ2 | ||
性别 | 男 | 43.79(15.31) | 9.33*** | 116(11.04%) | 54.81*** | 23(2.19%) | 49.47*** |
女 | 50.52(17.34) | 236(23.30%) | 95(9.38%) | ||||
独生子女 | 否 | 46.67(16.40) | −1.65 | 230(16.29%) | 1.92 | 70(4.96%) | 4.97* |
是 | 48.03(17.37) | 116(18.80%) | 46(7.46%) | ||||
上学方式 | 寄宿 | 45.00(18.34) | −0.62 | 1(4.00%) | 3.05 | 1(4.00%) | 0.13 |
走读 | 47.10(16.68) | 347(17.20%) | 115(5.70%) |
模型 | AIC | BIC | aBIC | Entropy | LMR (p) | BLRT (p) | 潜在类别比例 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
环境风险 | |||||||
1 | 29316.08 | 29372.41 | 29340.64 | — | — | — | — |
2 | 27903.49 | 27993.62 | 27942.79 | 0.93 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.83 / 0.17 |
3 | 26852.15 | 26976.07 | 26906.18 | 1.00 | 0.050 | < 0.001 | 0.64 / 0.20 / 0.16 |
4 | 23267.47 | 23425.19 | 23336.23 | 1.00 | 0.181 | < 0.001 | 0.64 / 0.20 / 0.12 / 0.04 |
5 | 22913.39 | 23104.91 | 22996.89 | 0.87 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.40 / 0.24 / 0.20 / 0.12 / 0.04 |
环境风险与心理痛苦 | |||||||
1 | 46905.73 | 46995.85 | 46945.02 | — | — | — | — |
2 | 41599.74 | 41740.56 | 41661.14 | 0.96 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.80 / 0.20 |
3 | 39616.68 | 39808.20 | 39700.18 | 0.95 | 0.032 | < 0.001 | 0.71/ 0.21 / 0.08 |
4 | 38541.98 | 38784.20 | 38647.58 | 0.95 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | 0.68 / 0.17 / 0.09 / 0.06 |
5 | 37776.60 | 38069.51 | 37904.30 | 0.96 | 0.617 | < 0.001 | 0.67 / 0.11 / 0.11 / 0.07 / 0.04 |
表2 环境风险和心理痛苦潜在剖面分析拟合指标
模型 | AIC | BIC | aBIC | Entropy | LMR (p) | BLRT (p) | 潜在类别比例 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
环境风险 | |||||||
1 | 29316.08 | 29372.41 | 29340.64 | — | — | — | — |
2 | 27903.49 | 27993.62 | 27942.79 | 0.93 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.83 / 0.17 |
3 | 26852.15 | 26976.07 | 26906.18 | 1.00 | 0.050 | < 0.001 | 0.64 / 0.20 / 0.16 |
4 | 23267.47 | 23425.19 | 23336.23 | 1.00 | 0.181 | < 0.001 | 0.64 / 0.20 / 0.12 / 0.04 |
5 | 22913.39 | 23104.91 | 22996.89 | 0.87 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.40 / 0.24 / 0.20 / 0.12 / 0.04 |
环境风险与心理痛苦 | |||||||
1 | 46905.73 | 46995.85 | 46945.02 | — | — | — | — |
2 | 41599.74 | 41740.56 | 41661.14 | 0.96 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.80 / 0.20 |
3 | 39616.68 | 39808.20 | 39700.18 | 0.95 | 0.032 | < 0.001 | 0.71/ 0.21 / 0.08 |
4 | 38541.98 | 38784.20 | 38647.58 | 0.95 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | 0.68 / 0.17 / 0.09 / 0.06 |
5 | 37776.60 | 38069.51 | 37904.30 | 0.96 | 0.617 | < 0.001 | 0.67 / 0.11 / 0.11 / 0.07 / 0.04 |
图2 环境风险与心理痛苦的联合类别在心理危机得分上差异 注: CS, 非致死性危机; NSSI, 自伤; SA, 自杀未遂。非致死性危机, 即各类别的青少年在非致死性危机总分上的平均分; 致死性危机(%), 即各类别的青少年中报告发生自伤、自杀未遂的比例。“痛苦”即三维心理痛苦量表的总分, “体验”即痛苦体验维度分, “逃避”即痛苦逃避维度分。***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05
模型 | AIC | BIC | aBIC | Entropy | LMR (p) | BLRT (p) | 潜在类别比例 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
环境资源 | |||||||
1 | 35179.30 | 35246.89 | 35208.77 | — | — | — | — |
2 | 32666.06 | 32773.08 | 32712.72 | 0.83 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.70 / 0.30 |
3 | 31952.65 | 32099.11 | 32016.50 | 0.86 | 0.005 | < 0.001 | 0.66 / 0.25 / 0.08 |
4 | 31572.92 | 31758.80 | 31653.96 | 0.82 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.50 / 0.27 / 0.19 / 0.04 |
5 | 31226.72 | 31452.04 | 31324.95 | 0.90 | 0.026 | < 0.001 | 0.58 / 0.13 / 0.13 / 0.09 / 0.07 |
6 | 30652.44 | 30917.19 | 30767.87 | 0.92 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.53 / 0.13 / 0.13 / 0.10 / 0.08 / 0.02 |
环境资源与积极发展素质 | |||||||
1 | 58632.16 | 58744.82 | 58681.28 | — | — | — | — |
2 | 51879.27 | 52053.89 | 51955.40 | 0.90 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.54 / 0.46 |
3 | 50132.46 | 50369.04 | 50235.60 | 0.87 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.38 / 0.32 / 0.29 |
4 | 49133.43 | 49431.98 | 49263.59 | 0.89 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.37 / 0.31 / 0.25 / 0.07 |
5 | 48550.08 | 48910.58 | 48707.25 | 0.87 | 0.006 | < 0.001 | 0.36 / 0.30 / 0.15 / 0.13 / 0.07 |
6 | 48147.26 | 48569.73 | 48331.45 | 0.86 | 0.008 | < 0.001 | 0.34 / 0.23 / 0.15 / 0.12 / 0.10 / 0.06 |
表3 环境资源和积极发展素质潜在剖面分析拟合指标
模型 | AIC | BIC | aBIC | Entropy | LMR (p) | BLRT (p) | 潜在类别比例 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
环境资源 | |||||||
1 | 35179.30 | 35246.89 | 35208.77 | — | — | — | — |
2 | 32666.06 | 32773.08 | 32712.72 | 0.83 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.70 / 0.30 |
3 | 31952.65 | 32099.11 | 32016.50 | 0.86 | 0.005 | < 0.001 | 0.66 / 0.25 / 0.08 |
4 | 31572.92 | 31758.80 | 31653.96 | 0.82 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.50 / 0.27 / 0.19 / 0.04 |
5 | 31226.72 | 31452.04 | 31324.95 | 0.90 | 0.026 | < 0.001 | 0.58 / 0.13 / 0.13 / 0.09 / 0.07 |
6 | 30652.44 | 30917.19 | 30767.87 | 0.92 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.53 / 0.13 / 0.13 / 0.10 / 0.08 / 0.02 |
环境资源与积极发展素质 | |||||||
1 | 58632.16 | 58744.82 | 58681.28 | — | — | — | — |
2 | 51879.27 | 52053.89 | 51955.40 | 0.90 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.54 / 0.46 |
3 | 50132.46 | 50369.04 | 50235.60 | 0.87 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.38 / 0.32 / 0.29 |
4 | 49133.43 | 49431.98 | 49263.59 | 0.89 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.37 / 0.31 / 0.25 / 0.07 |
5 | 48550.08 | 48910.58 | 48707.25 | 0.87 | 0.006 | < 0.001 | 0.36 / 0.30 / 0.15 / 0.13 / 0.07 |
6 | 48147.26 | 48569.73 | 48331.45 | 0.86 | 0.008 | < 0.001 | 0.34 / 0.23 / 0.15 / 0.12 / 0.10 / 0.06 |
图4 环境资源与积极发展素质的联合类别在心理危机得分上差异 注: CS, 非致死性危机; NSSI, 自伤; SA, 自杀未遂。非致死性危机, 即各类别的青少年在非致死性危机总分上的平均分; 致死性危机(%), 即各类别的青少年中报告发生自伤、自杀未遂的比例。***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, +p < 0.1
模型 | AIC | BIC | aBIC | Entropy | LMR (p) | BLRT (p) | 潜在类别比例 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 64495.38 | 64619.30 | 64549.40 | — | — | — | — |
2 | 60589.20 | 60780.72 | 60672.70 | 0.85 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.67 / 0.33 |
3 | 59471.56 | 59730.67 | 59584.52 | 0.84 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.61 / 0.23 / 0.16 |
4 | 58799.31 | 59126.02 | 58941.75 | 0.88 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.53 / 0.23 / 0.15 / 0.08 |
5 | 58399.23 | 58793.54 | 58571.14 | 0.86 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.50 / 0.18 / 0.14 / 0.11 / 0.08 |
6 | 58105.31 | 58567.20 | 58306.68 | 0.86 | 0.244 | < 0.001 | 0.42 / 0.13 / 0.13 / 0.12 / 0.12 / 0.07 |
表4 环境风险与资源的联合潜在剖面分析拟合指标
模型 | AIC | BIC | aBIC | Entropy | LMR (p) | BLRT (p) | 潜在类别比例 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 64495.38 | 64619.30 | 64549.40 | — | — | — | — |
2 | 60589.20 | 60780.72 | 60672.70 | 0.85 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.67 / 0.33 |
3 | 59471.56 | 59730.67 | 59584.52 | 0.84 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.61 / 0.23 / 0.16 |
4 | 58799.31 | 59126.02 | 58941.75 | 0.88 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.53 / 0.23 / 0.15 / 0.08 |
5 | 58399.23 | 58793.54 | 58571.14 | 0.86 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.50 / 0.18 / 0.14 / 0.11 / 0.08 |
6 | 58105.31 | 58567.20 | 58306.68 | 0.86 | 0.244 | < 0.001 | 0.42 / 0.13 / 0.13 / 0.12 / 0.12 / 0.07 |
组别 | β | SE | pa | LLCI | ULCI | 效果量 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
高家庭风险−低资源组 | ||||||
相对直接效应 | 2.28 | 0.96 | 0.017 | 0.41 | 4.16 | — |
相对中介效应_心理痛苦 | 5.92 | 0.85 | < 0.001 | 4.25 | 7.63 | 45.16% |
相对中介效应_积极发展素质 | 4.91 | 0.53 | < 0.001 | 3.91 | 5.98 | 37.45% |
相对总效应 | 13.11 | 1.18 | < 0.001 | 10.79 | 15.43 | — |
高学校风险−中资源组 | ||||||
相对直接效应 | 3.79 | 0.76 | < 0.001 | 2.31 | 5.28 | 30.15% |
相对中介效应_心理痛苦 | 7.01 | 0.69 | < 0.001 | 5.68 | 8.40 | 55.77% |
相对中介效应_积极发展素质 | 1.77 | 0.32 | < 0.001 | 1.16 | 2.41 | 14.08% |
相对总效应 | 12.57 | 0.95 | < 0.001 | 10.72 | 14.43 | — |
低风险−高资源组 | ||||||
相对直接效应 | −1.95 | 0.67 | 0.004 | −3.26 | −0.64 | 21.52% |
相对中介效应_心理痛苦 | −2.13 | 0.35 | < 0.001 | −2.82 | −0.44 | 23.51% |
相对中介效应_积极发展素质 | −4.98 | 0.42 | < 0.001 | −5.83 | −4.17 | 54.97% |
相对总效应 | −9.06 | 0.79 | < 0.001 | −10.61 | −7.50 | — |
表5 非致死性危机的双重中介模型检验结果
组别 | β | SE | pa | LLCI | ULCI | 效果量 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
高家庭风险−低资源组 | ||||||
相对直接效应 | 2.28 | 0.96 | 0.017 | 0.41 | 4.16 | — |
相对中介效应_心理痛苦 | 5.92 | 0.85 | < 0.001 | 4.25 | 7.63 | 45.16% |
相对中介效应_积极发展素质 | 4.91 | 0.53 | < 0.001 | 3.91 | 5.98 | 37.45% |
相对总效应 | 13.11 | 1.18 | < 0.001 | 10.79 | 15.43 | — |
高学校风险−中资源组 | ||||||
相对直接效应 | 3.79 | 0.76 | < 0.001 | 2.31 | 5.28 | 30.15% |
相对中介效应_心理痛苦 | 7.01 | 0.69 | < 0.001 | 5.68 | 8.40 | 55.77% |
相对中介效应_积极发展素质 | 1.77 | 0.32 | < 0.001 | 1.16 | 2.41 | 14.08% |
相对总效应 | 12.57 | 0.95 | < 0.001 | 10.72 | 14.43 | — |
低风险−高资源组 | ||||||
相对直接效应 | −1.95 | 0.67 | 0.004 | −3.26 | −0.64 | 21.52% |
相对中介效应_心理痛苦 | −2.13 | 0.35 | < 0.001 | −2.82 | −0.44 | 23.51% |
相对中介效应_积极发展素质 | −4.98 | 0.42 | < 0.001 | −5.83 | −4.17 | 54.97% |
相对总效应 | −9.06 | 0.79 | < 0.001 | −10.61 | −7.50 | — |
组别 | NSSIa | SAb | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | Z | LLCI | ULCI | β | SE | Z | LLCI | ULCI | |
均衡组为参照组 | ||||||||||
高家庭风险−低资源组→心理痛苦 | 11 | 1.15 | 9.55 | 0.43 | 0.67 | 11.07 | 1.15 | 9.59 | 0.36 | 0.77 |
高学校风险−低资源组→心理痛苦 | 13.03 | 0.92 | 14.17 | 0.54 | 0.77 | 13.01 | 0.93 | 14 | 0.43 | 0.88 |
低风险−高资源组→心理痛苦 | −3.95 | 0.77 | −5.13 | −0.27 | −0.13 | −4.50 | 0.77 | −5.84 | −0.33 | −0.13 |
高家庭风险−低资源组→积极发展素质 | −68.47 | 4.95 | −13.84 | 0.55 | 0.83 | −68.48 | 4.95 | −13.83 | 0.45 | 0.93 |
高学校风险−低资源组→积极发展素质 | −24.63 | 3.95 | −6.24 | 0.17 | 0.33 | −24.60 | 3.98 | −6.17 | 0.15 | 0.36 |
低风险−高资源组→积极发展素质 | 69.42 | 3.31 | 20.97 | −0.82 | −0.57 | 70.66 | 3.3 | 21.4 | −0.95 | −0.47 |
高家庭风险−低资源组为参照组 | ||||||||||
高学校风险−低资源组→心理痛苦 | 2.03 | 1.34 | 1.51 | −0.01 | 0.21 | 1.94 | 1.25 | 1.44 | −0.01 | 0.21 |
高学校风险−低资源组→积极发展素质 | 43.85 | 5.76 | 7.61 | −0.36 | −0.18 | 43.88 | 5.79 | 7.58 | −0.47 | −0.16 |
表6 致死性危机的双重中介模型检验结果(前半段路径)
组别 | NSSIa | SAb | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | Z | LLCI | ULCI | β | SE | Z | LLCI | ULCI | |
均衡组为参照组 | ||||||||||
高家庭风险−低资源组→心理痛苦 | 11 | 1.15 | 9.55 | 0.43 | 0.67 | 11.07 | 1.15 | 9.59 | 0.36 | 0.77 |
高学校风险−低资源组→心理痛苦 | 13.03 | 0.92 | 14.17 | 0.54 | 0.77 | 13.01 | 0.93 | 14 | 0.43 | 0.88 |
低风险−高资源组→心理痛苦 | −3.95 | 0.77 | −5.13 | −0.27 | −0.13 | −4.50 | 0.77 | −5.84 | −0.33 | −0.13 |
高家庭风险−低资源组→积极发展素质 | −68.47 | 4.95 | −13.84 | 0.55 | 0.83 | −68.48 | 4.95 | −13.83 | 0.45 | 0.93 |
高学校风险−低资源组→积极发展素质 | −24.63 | 3.95 | −6.24 | 0.17 | 0.33 | −24.60 | 3.98 | −6.17 | 0.15 | 0.36 |
低风险−高资源组→积极发展素质 | 69.42 | 3.31 | 20.97 | −0.82 | −0.57 | 70.66 | 3.3 | 21.4 | −0.95 | −0.47 |
高家庭风险−低资源组为参照组 | ||||||||||
高学校风险−低资源组→心理痛苦 | 2.03 | 1.34 | 1.51 | −0.01 | 0.21 | 1.94 | 1.25 | 1.44 | −0.01 | 0.21 |
高学校风险−低资源组→积极发展素质 | 43.85 | 5.76 | 7.61 | −0.36 | −0.18 | 43.88 | 5.79 | 7.58 | −0.47 | −0.16 |
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