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Abstract: The investigation was carried out on more than 1800 normal and mentally retarded children and youths aged 4—20 years. The results show:1. The development of children's cerebral cortex is fundamentally gradual and consecutive, but not equable and linear. It seems to have two periods of acceleration (between 5—6 years and at about 13—14 years of age) from 4 to 20 years of age.2. Our complex electroencephalographic indications show that maturation of the occipital region is reached at 9 years of age, maturation of the temporal region is reached at 11 years of age and maturation of the whole cortex is reached at about 13—14 years of age.3. Weakness of the orientating reflex, weakness of plasticity, decrease of internal inhibition and pronounced inertness of the nervous processes are the traits of the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex of mentally retarded children and youths.4. The development and maturation of children's cerebral cortex has the following order: Circuit of "O→T→P→F".

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