身份认同对吸烟者解释偏向的影响：认知负荷的作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.2165

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 成瘾者对相关线索的解释偏向属于认知偏向的重要成分, 然而, 吸烟者对吸烟相关线索解释偏向的特征及其诱发机制还未探明。研究通过3个子研究分别考察吸烟者吸烟相关解释偏向的特征, 吸烟者身份认同对吸烟相关解释偏向的影响, 以及认知负荷在吸烟者身份认同影响吸烟相关解释偏向中的作用。研究采用模糊情境测验吸烟者解释偏向, 结果显示：(1)吸烟者的吸烟相关解释偏向显著高于非吸烟者; (2)高吸烟者身份认同吸烟者的吸烟相关解释偏向显著高于低吸烟者身份认同吸烟者; (3)随着认知负荷增加, 吸烟者身份认同对吸烟者吸烟相关解释偏向的影响减小。结果说明充足的认知资源促进了吸烟者身份认同对吸烟者吸烟相关解释偏向的诱发作用。研究扩充了对吸烟者认知偏向成分及其诱发机制的认识。

关键词: 吸烟者, 解释偏向, 身份认同, 认知负荷

Abstract:

Cognitive biases have been widely recognized as significant impediments to successful smoking cessation. Although a growing body of studies has examined attentional biases in smokers, potential interpretive biases towards smoking-related cues remain underexplored. According to the incentive sensitization theory of addiction, the dual-process model, and the cognitive mechanisms of addiction, cognitive bias towards drugs originates from associations between addiction-related cues and associated cognitive responses. On the basis of schema theory and the self-reference effect, a smoker identity, which refers to an association between smoking and self-concept, may act as a trigger for interpretive bias towards smoke-related cues. Additionally, it remains unclear whether cognitive load modulates the formation of smoking-related interpretive bias. Given these issues, the present study aimed to explore the characteristics of smoking-related interpretive bias and to examine the roles of a smoker identity and cognitive load on this bias.
The present study included three experiments. Experiment 1 compared discrepancies in interpretive bias between smokers and nonsmokers. Interpretive bias was measured with open-ended scenarios that contained smoking-related and neutral target sentences. Thirty-six smokers and thirty-nine nonsmokers were recruited and completed the experimental task. Experiment 2 examined the effect of a smoker identity on smoking-related interpretive bias. Sixty-two smokers were recruited and were randomly assigned to either the high-smoker- identity group or the low-smoker-identity group. A smoker identity was manipulated by the social identity salience paradigm. Experiment 3 examined the role of cognitive load in the process by which a smoker identity influences smoking-related interpretive bias. Sixty smokers were recruited and were randomly assigned to two groups according to their degree of smoker identity. Cognitive load was manipulated by a digit memorization task.
Experiment 1 revealed that the score for smoking-related interpretive bias in smokers was significantly greater than the score for nonsmokers. Experiment 2 revealed that the score for smoking-related interpretive bias in smokers with a higher smoker identity was significantly greater than the score for smokers with a lower smoker identity. Experiment 3 revealed that the interactive effect of smoker identity and cognitive load on interpretive bias was marginally significant. Simple effects analyses revealed that the impact of smoker identity on smoking-related interpretive bias under the low cognitive load condition was stronger than the impact under the high cognitive load condition.
The present study demonstrates notable theoretical relevance and practical implications. First, the findings concerning the characteristics of smoking-related interpretive bias expand understanding of the components of smokers’ cognitive bias. Second, the findings concerning the role of smoker identity in smoking-related interpretive bias provide a novel perspective for understanding the psychosocial mechanisms of this bias. Finally, the findings of the effect of cognitive load on smoking-related interpretive bias suggest that the potential pathways and conditions of cognitive resources should be considered to understand the process of smoking- related interpretive bias. The results enrich the theoretical framework of a cognitive perspective on smoking- related research and provide insight on the promotion of tobacco control in China.

Key words: smoker, interpretive bias, smoker identity, cognitive load

中图分类号:

R395

陈海德, 章横, 王佳, 高崚峰. (2025). 身份认同对吸烟者解释偏向的影响：认知负荷的作用. 心理学报, 57(12), 2165-2176.

CHEN Haide, ZHANG Heng, WANG Jia, GAO Lingfeng. (2025). The effect of smoker identity on interpretive bias among smokers: The role of cognitive load. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(12), 2165-2176.

图/表 4

图1 实验流程图

图2 研究1被试吸烟相关和吸烟无关解释偏向

注：* p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, 下同。

图3 研究2被试吸烟相关和吸烟无关解释偏向

图4 研究3被试吸烟相关和吸烟无关的解释偏向

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