母亲守门行为与母亲教养投入、母子依恋的关系及发展性差异

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.00816

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于家庭系统理论与依恋理论提出了一个母亲守门行为通过母亲教养投入预测母子依恋的间接效应模型, 同时考察了这一模型在青少年发展阶段上的差异。采用问卷法对597个核心家庭的母亲和青少年进行调查, 结果发现：(1)总体上, 母亲开门行为对母亲教养投入和母子依恋均具有正向预测作用, 母亲教养投入对母子依恋具有正向预测作用, 间接效应模型成立; 母亲关门行为对母亲教养投入的预测作用不显著, 对母子依恋具有负向预测作用, 间接效应模型不成立; (2)从发展阶段来看, 母亲开门行为的间接效应模型在三个发展阶段均成立, 且间接效应大小无差异; 母亲关门行为的间接效应模型只在早期和后期成立, 且两发展阶段的作用性质相反, 早期为正向预测作用, 后期为负向预测作用。结果补充和扩展了母亲守门行为的作用效果研究, 并且强调了青少年发展阶段在其中的作用, 对家庭教育实践具有一定的指导意义。

关键词: 母亲开门行为, 母亲关门行为, 母亲教养投入, 母子依恋, 间接效应模型

Abstract:

Maternal gatekeeping behavior is defined as a collection of behaviors that facilitate or inhibit the collaborative effort of fathers in the family and child-care work, which is an integral part of the coparenting relationship that is essential to family life. Gatekeeping behavior can be further classified into maternal opening behaviors and closing behaviors. The former facilitates, and the latter inhibits father involvement in parenting activities. Research on maternal gatekeeping behavior has mainly focused on its predictive effects on father involvement in the father-child subsystem. Limited research has also been conducted on predictive effects of maternal gatekeeping behaviors on the function of other family subsystems such as mother-adolescent subsystem.
Based on the spillover hypothesis of family system theory, this study explored how maternal opening and closing behavior predicted mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment that respectively represents top-down and bottom-up mother-adolescent interactions. Moreover, the attachment theory assumes that parenting by the mother is the basis of attachment formation and development. As a result, mother involvement might have a positive predictive role on mother-adolescent attachment. Therefore, an indirect effect model of maternal gatekeeping behavior on mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment is proposed. Specifically, it is suggested that mother involvement might mediate the relationship between maternal gatekeeping behavior and mother-adolescent attachment. Furthermore, the associations among these three factors might differ during different stages of adolescence, such as early, middle, and late adolescence.
Families (N = 598) that included mothers and their adolescent children participated in this study. Mothers reported their gatekeeping behaviors using the Maternal Gatekeeping Scale and involvement using the Inventory of Parental Involvement. Adolescents evaluated their attachment to their mothers using the mother attachment sub-scale of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment. Data were analyzed using correlational analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS 21.0 and Mplus 7.11.
Results generally indicated that maternal opening behavior positively predicted mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment. In particular, the effect of maternal opening behavior on mother-adolescent attachment was mediated by mother involvement, indicative of the indirect effect of maternal gatekeeping behavior on mother-adolescent attachment. However, maternal closing behavior negatively predicted mother-adolescent attachment but not mother involvement. Moreover, there was no indirect effect between maternal closing behavior and mother-adolescent attachment. Furthermore, an analysis of group comparisons revealed that the indirect effects model of maternal gate opening was significant in all three developmental stages, and the magnitude of the indirect effect was not significantly different between the three stages. Also, there were group differences in relationships among maternal closing behavior, mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment in the three stages of adolescence. Specifically, in early adolescence, maternal closing behavior had a positive effect on mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment with mother involvement mediating the relationship between maternal closing behavior and mother-adolescent attachment. On the contrary, in late adolescence, maternal closing behavior had an adverse effect on mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment with mother involvement mediating the relationship between maternal closing behavior and mother-adolescent attachment. In middle adolescence, there were no significant predictive effects of maternal closing behavior on mother involvement or mother-adolescent attachment.
This study on the whole indicated that maternal gatekeeping behavior, which is an essential aspect of coparenting, was closely related to the quality of the relationship between mothers and adolescents. Furthermore, the study suggested that developmental stages of adolescence must be considered when exploring the roles of maternal gatekeeping behavior in different family system domains. This new evidences from this study indicate practical family education programs should promote maternal opening behaviors such as facilitating fathers’ participation in child-rearing and decrease maternal closing behavior such as criticism and control for fathers’ participation.

Key words: maternal opening behavior, maternal closing behavior, mother involvement, mother-adolescent attachment, indirect effect model

中图分类号:

B844

邹盛奇, 伍新春, 黄彬彬, 刘畅. (2019). 母亲守门行为与母亲教养投入、母子依恋的关系及发展性差异. 心理学报, 51(7), 816-828.

ZOU Shengqi, WU Xinchun, HUANG Binbin, LIU Chang. (2019). Maternal gatekeeping behavior, mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment, and differences in their developmental stages. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 51(7), 816-828.

图/表 5

参考文献 47

[1]	Adamsons K. , ( 2010). Using identity theory to develop a midrange model of parental gatekeeping and parenting behavior. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 2( 2), 137-148.
[2]	Allen J. P. (2008). The attachment system in adolescence. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds. ), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 419-435). New York: Guildford Press.
[3]	Allen J. P., McElhaney K. B., Kuperminc G. P., & Jodl K. M . ( 2004). Stability and change in attachment security across adolescence. Child Development, 75( 6), 1792-1805. doi: 10.1111/cdev.2004.75.issue-6 URL
[4]	Allen S. M., & Hawkins A. J . ( 1999). Maternal gatekeeping: Mothers' beliefs and behaviors that inhibit greater father involvement in family work. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61( 1), 199-212. doi: 10.2307/353894 URL
[5]	Armsden G. C., & Greenberg M. T . ( 1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16( 5), 427-454. doi: 10.1007/BF02202939 URL
[6]	Barry A. A., Smith J. Z., Deutsch F. M., & Perry-Jenkins M . ( 2011). Fathers’ involvement in child care and perceptions of parenting skill over the transition to parenthood. Journal of Family Issues, 32( 11), 1500-1521. doi: 10.1177/0192513X11406229 URL
[7]	Brown B. B., & Larson J. , ( 2009). Peer relationships in adolescence. In R. M. Lerner, & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology: Vol.2 (pp. 74-103). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[8]	Brown G. L., Mangelsdorf S. C., & Neff C . ( 2012). Father involvement, paternal sensitivity, and father-child attachment security in the first 3 years. Journal of Family Psychology, 26( 3), 421-430. doi: 10.1037/a0027836 URL
[9]	Cassidy J. , (2008). The nature of the child’s ties. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd) (pp.3-22). New York: The Guilford Press.
[10]	Chen L. L., Wu X. C., & Liu C . ( 2014). The relationship between marital satisfaction and father involvement: The mediation effect of coparenting. Psychological Development and Education, 30( 3), 268-276.
	[ 陈玲玲, 伍新春, 刘畅 . ( 2014). 父母的婚姻满意度对父亲教养投入的影响: 父母协同教养的中介作用. 心理发展与教育, 30( 3), 268-276.]
[11]	de Goede, I. H. A. Branje S. J. T & Meeus, W. H. J. ., ( 2009). Developmental changes in adolescents’ perceptions of relationships with their parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38( 1), 75-88. doi: 10.1007/s10964-008-9286-7 URL
[12]	de Wolff, M. S., & van IJzendoorn, M. H . ( 1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68( 4), 571-591. doi: 10.1111/cdev.1997.68.issue-4 URL
[13]	dErel O. & Burman B. , ( 1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 118( 1), 108-132. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.108 URL
[14]	Fagan J. & Cherson M. ,( 2017). Maternal gatekeeping: The associations among facilitation, encouragement and low incomefathers’ engagement with young children. Journal of Family Issues, 38( 5), 633-653. doi: 10.1177/0192513X15578007 URL
[15]	Fagan J., Day R., Lamb M. E., & Cabrera N. J . ( 2014). Should researchers conceptualize differently the dimensions of parenting for fathers and mothers? Journal of Family Theory & Review, 6( 4), 390-405.
[16]	Han Y. S., & Jun W. P . ( 2013). Parental involvement in child’s development: Father vs. mother. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 2( 4), 1-6.
[17]	Holmes E. K., Dunn K. C., Harper J., Dyer W. J., & Day R. D . ( 2013). Mother knows best? Inhibitory maternal gatekeeping, psychological control, and the mother-adolescent relationship. Journal of Adolescence, 36( 1), 91-101. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.09.010 URL
[18]	Kulik L. & Sadeh I. , ( 2015). Explaining fathers' involvement in childcare: An ecological approach. Community, Work & Family, 18( 1), 19-40.
[19]	Lin Q., Wang Z. Y., Lu S., Liang X., He Q., Wang Z., & Hu R. S . ( 2014). Internal working models of toddlers: A bridge from maternal sensitivity to toddlers’ attachment behaviors. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 46( 3), 353-366.
	[ 林青, 王争艳, 卢珊, 梁熙, 贺琼, 王朝, 胡若时 . ( 2014). 从母亲的敏感性到学步儿的依恋安全性: 内部工作模式的桥梁作用. 心理学报, 46( 3), 353-366.]
[20]	Liu C., Wu X. C., & Zou S. Q . ( 2016). Effect of marital satisfaction and its similarity on coparenting in family with adolescence. Psychological Development and Education, 32( 1), 49-55.
	[ 刘畅, 伍新春, 邹盛奇 . ( 2016). 父母婚姻满意度及其相似性对协同教养的影响: 基于成对数据的分析. 心理发展与教育, 32( 1), 49-55.]
[21]	Makusha T. & Richter L. , ( 2016). Gatekeeping and its impact on father involvement among Black South Africans in rural KwaZulu-Natal. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 18( 3), 308-320.
[22]	McHale J. P., & Rotman T. , ( 2007). Is seeing believing? Expectant parents' outlooks on coparenting and later coparenting solidarity. Infant Behavior and Development, 30( 1), 63-81. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.11.007 URL
[23]	Milkie M. A., Nomaguchi K. M., & Denny K. E . ( 2015). Does the amount of time mothers spend with children or adolescents matter? Journal of Marriage and Family, 77( 2), 355-372. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12170 URL
[24]	Minuchin P. , ( 1985). Families and individual development: Provocations from the field of family therapy. Child Development, 56( 2), 289-302. doi: 10.2307/1129720 URL
[25]	Minuchin S. , (1974). Families and family therapy. Oxford: Harvard University Press.
[26]	Puhlman D. J., & Pasley K. , ( 2013). Rethinking maternal gatekeeping. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 5( 3), 176-193.
[27]	Puhlman D. J., & Pasley K. , ( 2017). The maternal gatekeeping scale: Constructing a measure. Family Relations, 66( 5), 824-838. doi: 10.1111/fare.2017.66.issue-5 URL
[28]	Riina E. M., & McHale S. . ( 2014). Bidirectional influences between dimensions of coparenting and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43( 2), 257-269 doi: 10.1007/s10964-013-9940-6 URL
[29]	Saini M. A., Drozd L. M., & Olesen N. W . ( 2017). Adaptive and maladaptive gatekeeping behaviors and attitudes: Implications for child outcomes after separation and divorce. Family Court Review, 55( 2), 260-272. doi: 10.1111/fcre.2017.55.issue-2 URL
[30]	Shek D. T. L., & Law M. Y . ( 2014). Parental behavioral control, parental psychological control and parent-child relational qualities: Relationships to Chinese adolescent risk behavior. In Shek, D. T., Sun, R. C., & Ma, C. M.(Eds) Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong
[31]	Steinberg L. , ( 2001). We know some things: Parent-adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11( 1), 1-19. doi: 10.1111/1532-7795.00001 URL
[32]	Stevenson M. M., Fabricius W. V., Cookston J. T., Parke R. D., Coltrane S., Braver S. L., & Saenz D. S . ( 2014). Marital problems, maternal gatekeeping attitudes, and father-child relationships in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 50( 4), 1208-1218. doi: 10.1037/a0035327 URL
[33]	Tian L. M., Zhang W. X., & Chen G. H . ( 2014). Effects of parental support, friendship quality on loneliness and depression: To test an indirect effect model. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 46( 2), 238-251.
	[ 田录梅, 张文新, 陈光辉 . ( 2014). 父母支持、友谊质量对孤独感和抑郁的影响: 检验一个间接效应模型. 心理学报, 46( 2), 238-251.]
[34]	Tu Y. C . ( 2015). Maternal gatekeeping, behavioral control, and the mother-adolescent relationship: The mediating role of psychological control. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 8, 449-467.
[35]	van der Giessen D., Branje S. J. T., Frijns T., & Meeus, W. H. J. ., ( 2013). Dyadic variability in mother-adolescent interactions: Developmental trajectories and associations with psychosocial functioning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42( 1), 96-108. doi: 10.1007/s10964-012-9790-7 URL
[36]	Wang H. & Cai T. , ( 2017). Parental involvement, adolescents' self-determined learning and academic achievement in Urban China. International Journal of Psychology, 52( 1), 58-66. doi: 10.1002/ijop.2017.52.issue-1 URL
[37]	Wang J. C, Wang X. Q.& Jiang, B. F.. , ( 2011). Structural equation modeling: Methods and applications Beijing: Higher Education Press Methods and applications. Beijing: Higher Education Press.
	[ 王济川, 王小倩, 姜宝法 . (2011). 结构方程模型: 方法与应用. 北京: 高等教育出版社.]
[38]	Wen Z. L., & Ye B. J . ( 2014). Analyses of mediating effects: The development of methods and models. Advances in Psychological Science, 22( 5), 731-745.
	[ 温忠麟, 叶宝娟 . ( 2014). 中介效应分析: 方法和模型发展. 心理科学进展, 22( 5), 731-745.]
[39]	Wu B., & Fang X. Y. ( 2006). The characteristics of adolescents autonomy development. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 4( 1), 22-27.
	[ 吴波, 方晓义 . ( 2006). 青少年自主性发展的特点. 心理与行为研究, 4( 1), 22-27.]
[40]	Wu X. C., Chen L. L., Liu C., & Xing X. W . ( 2014). The characteristics of father involvement and its related influencing factors. Journal of South China Normal University (Social Science Edition), ( 6), 88-95.
	[ 伍新春, 陈玲玲, 刘畅, 邢学玮 . ( 2014). 中国父亲教养投入的特点及其相关影响因素. 华南师范大学学报(社会科学版), ( 6), 88-95.]
[41]	Wu X. C., Guo S. R., Liu C., Chen L. L., & Guo Y. C . ( 2012). The emphasis of fatherhood in social change: Analysis based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system theory. Journal of South China Normal University (Social Science Edition),( 6), 56-62.
	[ 伍新春, 郭素然, 刘畅, 陈玲玲, 郭幽圻 . ( 2012). 社会变迁中父亲职能的凸显: 基于生态系统理论的分析. 华南师范大学学报(社会科学版), ( 6), 56-62.]
[42]	Wu X. C., Liu C., Hu Y. R., Guo S. R., Chen L. L., & Guo Y. C . ( 2015). Development and validation of father involvement questionnaire. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23( 4), 576-579.
	[ 伍新春, 刘畅, 胡艳蕊, 郭素然, 陈玲玲, 郭幽圻 . ( 2015). 父亲教养投入问卷的编制及其信效度检验. 中国临床心理学杂志, 23( 4), 576-579.]
[43]	Wu X. C., Liu C., Zou S. Q., & Hou F . ( 2018). Psychometric properties of the adolescence revision of parental involvement behavior questionnaire. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26(4), 647-651.
	[ 伍新春, 刘畅, 邹盛奇, 侯芬 . ( 2018). 青少年评价父母教养投入行为问卷的修订及其信效度检验. 中国临床心理学杂志, 26(4), 647-651.]
[44]	Zhou H., & Long L. R. ( 2004). Statistical remedies for common method biases. Advances in Psychological Science, 12( 6), 942-950.
	[ 周浩, 龙立荣 . ( 2004). 共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法. 心理科学进展, 12( 6), 942-950.]
[45]	Zvara B. J., Schoppe-Sullivan S. J & Dush, C. M. K. .,( 2013). Fathers' involvement in child health care: Associations with prenatal involvement, parents' beliefs, and maternal gatekeeping. Family Relations, 62( 2), 649-661. doi: 10.1111/fare.2013.62.issue-4 URL
[46]	Zou S. Q . ( 2016). The influence of maternal gatekeeping behavior on peer attachment in adolescence: The mediating role of father involvement and adolescent interpersonal skills (Unpublished master dissertation). Beijing Normal University.
	[ 邹盛奇 . ( 2016). 母亲守门行为对青少年同伴依恋的影响:父亲教养投入与青少年人际技能的中介作用(硕士学位论文). 北京师范大学.]
[47]	Zou S. Q., Wu X. C., & Liu C . ( 2016). The effect of maternal gatekeeping: Concept, theory and prospective. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Science Edition),( 6), 41-49.
	[ 邹盛奇, 伍新春, 刘畅 . ( 2016). 母亲守门员效应——概念结构, 理论解释与研究展望. 北京师范大学学报: 社会科学版, ( 6), 41-49.]

组别	变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	M ± SD	组别
全样本	1.年龄	—	-0.07	0.04	-0.08	0.02	0.02	0.01	-0.07	0.03	11.20 ± 0.43	早期
	2.性别	0.04	—	0.12^*	0.18^**	0.14^*	-0.06	-0.04	0.01	0.01	—
	3.独生	0.12^**	0.12^**	—	-0.19^**	-0.18^**	0.00	-0.02	-0.11^?	-0.17^**	—
	4. SSS_省市	-0.25^***	0.06	-0.12^**	—	0.47	0.15^*	-0.07	0.13^*	0.08	6.59 ± 1.55
	5. SSS_学校	-0.17^**	-0.04	-0.12^**	0.47^***	—	0.08	-0.01	0.11^?	0.09	7.01 ± 1.73
	6. MGOB	-0.08	-0.04	-0.03	0.12^**	0.05	—	-0.28^***	0.49^***	0.06	3.70 ± 1.11
	7. MGCB	0.07	-0.01	0.03	-0.14^***	-0.04	-0.28^***	—	-0.03	-0.09	1.06 ± 0.79
	8. MI	-0.20^***	0.01	-0.16^***	0.15^***	0.07^?	0.48^***	-0.15^***	—	0.19^**	2.87 ± 0.51
	9. MA	-0.15^***	0.07^?	-0.10^*	0.18^***	0.10^*	0.13^**	-0.15^***	0.29^***	—	4.09 ± 0.59
	M	13.56	—	—	6.21	6.84	3.62	1.12	2.77	3.94	—
	SD	2.54	—	—	1.53	1.65	1.11	0.84	0.52	0.62	—
中期	1.年龄	—	-0.19^*	0.17^*	0.04	-0.01	-0.05	0.03	-0.05	0.01	17.28 ± 0.57	后期
	2.性别	-0.08	—	0.12	-0.01	-0.10	0.001	-0.05	0.03	-0.02	—
	3.独生	0.12	0.11	—	-0.08	-0.09	-0.06	0.07	-0.18^*	-0.11	—
	4. SSS_省市	-0.02	-0.03	0.08	—	0.47^***	0.20^*	-0.30^***	0.16^?	0.14	5.67 ± 1.41
	5. SSS_学校	-0.01	-0.29^***	0.02	0.38^****	—	0.07	-0.15^?	0.08	0.04	6.41 ± 1.48
	6. MGOB	0.19^*	-0.03	-0.01	-0.06	-0.10	—	-0.25^**	0.43^***	0.34^***	3.45 ± 1.14
	7. MGCB	-0.17^*	0.06	0.05	-0.09	0.01	-0.30^***	—	-0.28^**	-0.36^***	1.22 ± 0.86
	8. MI	0.01	0.06	-0.19^*	0.00	-0.14^?	0.49^***	-0.18^*	—	0.45^***	2.61 ± 0.57
	9. MA	-0.02	-0.28^***	0.06	0.26^**	0.07	0.03	-0.06	0.24^**	—	3.89 ± 0.56
	M	14.24	—	—	6.04	6.76	3.62	1.12	2.74	3.74	—
	SD	0.48	—	—	1.41	1.56	1.07	0.91	0.46	0.66	—

组别	变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	M ± SD	组别
全样本	1.年龄	—	-0.07	0.04	-0.08	0.02	0.02	0.01	-0.07	0.03	11.20 ± 0.43	早期
	2.性别	0.04	—	0.12^*	0.18^**	0.14^*	-0.06	-0.04	0.01	0.01	—
	3.独生	0.12^**	0.12^**	—	-0.19^**	-0.18^**	0.00	-0.02	-0.11^?	-0.17^**	—
	4. SSS_省市	-0.25^***	0.06	-0.12^**	—	0.47	0.15^*	-0.07	0.13^*	0.08	6.59 ± 1.55
	5. SSS_学校	-0.17^**	-0.04	-0.12^**	0.47^***	—	0.08	-0.01	0.11^?	0.09	7.01 ± 1.73
	6. MGOB	-0.08	-0.04	-0.03	0.12^**	0.05	—	-0.28^***	0.49^***	0.06	3.70 ± 1.11
	7. MGCB	0.07	-0.01	0.03	-0.14^***	-0.04	-0.28^***	—	-0.03	-0.09	1.06 ± 0.79
	8. MI	-0.20^***	0.01	-0.16^***	0.15^***	0.07^?	0.48^***	-0.15^***	—	0.19^**	2.87 ± 0.51
	9. MA	-0.15^***	0.07^?	-0.10^*	0.18^***	0.10^*	0.13^**	-0.15^***	0.29^***	—	4.09 ± 0.59
	M	13.56	—	—	6.21	6.84	3.62	1.12	2.77	3.94	—
	SD	2.54	—	—	1.53	1.65	1.11	0.84	0.52	0.62	—
中期	1.年龄	—	-0.19^*	0.17^*	0.04	-0.01	-0.05	0.03	-0.05	0.01	17.28 ± 0.57	后期
	2.性别	-0.08	—	0.12	-0.01	-0.10	0.001	-0.05	0.03	-0.02	—
	3.独生	0.12	0.11	—	-0.08	-0.09	-0.06	0.07	-0.18^*	-0.11	—
	4. SSS_省市	-0.02	-0.03	0.08	—	0.47^***	0.20^*	-0.30^***	0.16^?	0.14	5.67 ± 1.41
	5. SSS_学校	-0.01	-0.29^***	0.02	0.38^****	—	0.07	-0.15^?	0.08	0.04	6.41 ± 1.48
	6. MGOB	0.19^*	-0.03	-0.01	-0.06	-0.10	—	-0.25^**	0.43^***	0.34^***	3.45 ± 1.14
	7. MGCB	-0.17^*	0.06	0.05	-0.09	0.01	-0.30^***	—	-0.28^**	-0.36^***	1.22 ± 0.86
	8. MI	0.01	0.06	-0.19^*	0.00	-0.14^?	0.49^***	-0.18^*	—	0.45^***	2.61 ± 0.57
	9. MA	-0.02	-0.28^***	0.06	0.26^**	0.07	0.03	-0.06	0.24^**	—	3.89 ± 0.56
	M	14.24	—	—	6.04	6.76	3.62	1.12	2.74	3.74	—
	SD	0.48	—	—	1.41	1.56	1.07	0.91	0.46	0.66	—

发展阶段	χ²/df	RMSEA	RMSEA 90% CI	CFI	TLI	SRMR
青少年早期	1.84	0.05	0.03~0.08	0.97	0.95	0.02
青少年中期	1.05	0.02	0.00~0.06	1.00	1.00	0.03
青少年后期	1.62	0.06	0.03~0.09	0.97	0.95	0.03
限制模型(模型1)	2.54	0.09	0.08~0.10	0.91	0.89	0.10
自由估计模型(模型2)	1.56	0.05	0.04~0.07	0.97	0.96	0.04

发展阶段	χ²/df	RMSEA	RMSEA 90% CI	CFI	TLI	SRMR
青少年早期	1.84	0.05	0.03~0.08	0.97	0.95	0.02
青少年中期	1.05	0.02	0.00~0.06	1.00	1.00	0.03
青少年后期	1.62	0.06	0.03~0.09	0.97	0.95	0.03
限制模型(模型1)	2.54	0.09	0.08~0.10	0.91	0.89	0.10
自由估计模型(模型2)	1.56	0.05	0.04~0.07	0.97	0.96	0.04

发展阶段	母亲开门行为→母亲教养投入→母子依恋				母亲关门行为→母亲教养投入→母子依恋
发展阶段	B (SE)	95%CI	效应量	检验力	B (SE)	95%CI	效应量	检验力
全样本	0.07 (0.02)	[0.03, 0.10]	0.12	1.00	0.00 (0.01)	[-0.02, 0.01]	-0.01	0.06
早期	0.05 (0.03)	[0.00, 0.10]	0.09	0.68	0.01 (0.01)	[0.00, 0.05]	0.02	0.37
中期	0.08 (0.03)	[0.02, 0.16]	0.14	0.92	0.01 (0.02)	[-0.03, 0.04]	0.01	0.07
后期	0.07 (0.03)	[0.03, 0.12]	0.16	1.00	-0.05 (0.03)	[-0.11, -0.01]	-0.08	0.64