ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报 ›› 2013, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 523-537.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2013.00523

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

语义相似性与类别大小对图-词干扰范式下语义效应的影响

方燕红;张积家   

  1. (1井冈山大学教育学院, 吉安 343009) (2中国人民大学心理学系, 北京 100873)
  • 收稿日期:2012-08-14 发布日期:2013-05-25 出版日期:2013-05-25
  • 通讯作者: 张积家
  • 基金资助:

    国家自然科学基金项目(31260238)资助。

Roles of Semantic Similarity and Category Size on Semantic Effect in Picture-Word Interference Paradigm

FANG Yanhong;ZHANG Jijia   

  1. (1 Education College, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an 343009, China) (2 Departmemt of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100873, China)
  • Received:2012-08-14 Online:2013-05-25 Published:2013-05-25
  • Contact: ZHANG Jijia

摘要: 采用基本水平命名和类别水平命名任务, 通过2个实验, 考察了图-词之间的语义相似性与类别大小对图-词干扰范式下语义效应的影响。实验1发现, 图片命名时间在语义相似性高的干扰词条件下显著快于在语义相似性低的干扰词条件下, 但这种效应只出现在基本水平命名任务中, 未出现在类别水平命名任务中。图-词之间的语义相似性高低对低熟悉图片命名影响大, 对高熟悉图片命名影响小。实验2显示, 语义关联的干扰词对图片的基本水平命名产生了语义干扰效应, 对图片的类别水平命名产生了语义促进效应。类别大小强化了语义效应:类别大, 图片的基本水平命名的语义干扰效应更大, 图片的类别水平命名的语义促进效应更强。整个研究表明, 图-词之间的语义关联的强度影响语义效应的方向, 图-词之间的语义关联的广度影响语义效应的强弱。需要结合多种理论来解释图-词之间的语义相似性和类别大小对图-词干扰范式下语义效应的影响。

关键词: 语义相似性, 类别大小, 图-词干扰范式, 语义效应

Abstract: One of the workhorses in studying spoken word production is the picture-word interference paradigm (PWI). In this paradigm, speakers are instructed to ignore superimposed written distractor words while fulfilling the picture-naming task. An essential finding in picture - word interference paradigm is that people spend more time in naming pictures when distractor word is of the same semantic category as the picture naming (semantic related word) than when the distractor is unrelated. That effect is often referred to as “semantic interference effect (SIE)”. A reversed finding is that pictures naming latency is shorter in condition of semantic related words than in condition of unrelated words. That effect is referred to as “semantic facilitation effect”. At present, there are several theories about the nature and level of semantic effects in picture - word interference paradigm. Lexical selection by competition hypothesis assumes that SIE is the result of competition between the representations of semantic related distractor word and the target word and then arises at lexical level. Conceptual selection model interprets the semantic effects as the result of competition between the representations of distractor conception and the target conception. As a result, semantic effect should arise at semantic level. Response selection account proposes that there is a single-channel output buffer in word production and the non –target response would occupy the buffer earlier than the target. It will take some time to exclude the non-target response from the buffer and induces SIE. So SIE arises at the post-lexical stage in word production. Each account has its experimental evidence and each has its difficulty in explaining some semantic phenomenon. In the present study, 2 experiments were conducted to investigate the universality of current semantic theories and to explore the roles of semantic similarity and category size on semantic effect in PWI. In Experiment 1, subjects were asked to name pictures accompanied by words with high semantic similarity or words with low semantic similarity at either basic level or at category level. Results showed a shorter picture - naming latency in condition of high semantic similarity distractor words than in condition of low semantic similarity words, leading to significant semantic similarity effect. Nevertheless, semantic similarity effect occurred in basic - level naming rather than in category - level naming and the effect was stronger for low familiar pictures than for high familiar ones. Experiment 1 also showed that latency of category - level naming was shorter than that of basic-level naming and high familiar pictures were named faster than low familiar ones. Combining previous studies, these results suggested that the intensity of semantic relationship between pictures and words would affect the direction of semantic effect in the PWI. Semantic facilitation effect will be found when there is strong semantic relationship between pictures and words. Otherwise, semantic interference will be found. In Experiment 2, subjects were asked to name pictures accompanied by semantic related words or by unrelated words. Thirty pictures from large size of category and another thirty pictures from small size of category were chosen for this experiment. Results showed that semantic related words had rather different influences on pictures naming in different condition. They would promote pictures category-level naming, thus giving rise to semantic facilitation effect. However, they would interference pictures basic-level naming, thus causing semantic interference effect. Category size had a prominent influence on these semantic effects. Semantic interference effect would be stronger for large size of category pictures in basic-level naming and semantic facilitation effect also would be stronger for big size of category pictures in category-level naming. Combining previous studies, the experiment suggested that the range of semantic relationship between pictures and words affects the size of semantic effect. When there is wide range of semantic relationship, the semantic effect will became stronger. Otherwise, the semantic effect will be weaker. Single current theory of semantic effect couldn’t give a proper explanation for the findings in this study. Results in this study were discussed with reference to the equilibrium between conceptual priming and lexical competition. If the conceptual priming overweight the lexical competition, semantic facilitation effect would be found, otherwise semantic interference would be found.

Key words: semantic similarity, category size, picture-word interference paradigm, semantic effect