错误再认的特征

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 错误再认是指在再认测验中被试对“新的”识记材料做出“旧的”反应。它是目前国内外记忆研究中的热点。通过文字和非文字再认测验,本文用实验方法对错误再认的几个主要侧面作了定义性描述。自变量共有二个：一个为实验材料,由被试内设计处理（包括二个水平：文字材料和非文字材料）;另一个为奖励情况,由被试间设计处理（包括二个水平：一为答对“旧的”重奖,一为答对“新的”重奖）。研究结果表明：1、在记忆测验中,被试错误再认的典型特征是把“新的”说成“旧的”,与把“旧的”说成“新的”这一遗忘现象,是不同的。2、错误再认是一个概率不低的事件。本实验条件下人人都会发生。3、主观因素（例如利害得失）影响错误记忆的发生率。4、客观因素（例如识记材料难度）也影响错误记忆的发生率。

关键词: 错误再认, 启动, 非文字材料

Abstract: False recognition often happens, when subjects blend the new items with the old ones. It is now the hot point of research on memory inside and outside. The present authors investigated several main aspects of false recognition using experiments through letter and non-letter materials recognition testing, which described its characteristics from the point of definition. There were two independent variables: experimental materials and rewards. For experimental materials, we adopted within-subjects design, which included two levels of letter and non-letter. For rewards, we adopted between-subjects design, which included two levels of awarding right “old” answer and awarding right “new” answer. The results are as follows. (a) In recognition testing, false recognition is blending the new items with the old ones, and its rate is not low. Under the present experiments, false recognition occurs at large. (b) The rate of false recognition can be influenced by subjective factors (personal benefits). (c) The rate of false recognition can also be influenced by objective factors (experimental material property).

Key words: false recognition, priming, non-letter materials

中图分类号:

B842.2

郭秀艳, 杨治良, 周梅花. (2003). 错误再认的特征. 心理学报, 35(增刊), 64-69.

Guo Xiuyan, Yang Zhiliang, Zhou Meihua. (2003). Research on Characteristics of False Recognition. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 35(增刊), 64-69.

参考文献

1 Barlett F C.Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1932
2 Deese J.On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1959, 58: 17~22
3 McDermott K B. The persistence of false memories in list recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 1996, 35: 212~230
4 Johnson M K, Nolde S F, Mather M, Kounios J, Schacter D L, Curran T.The similarity of brain activity associated with true and false recognition memory depends on test format. Psychological Science, 1997, 8: 250~257
5 Miller M B, Gazzaniga M S.Creating false memories for visual scenes. Neuropsychologia, 1998, 36: 513~520
6 Payne D G, Elie C J, Blackwell J M, Neuschatz J S.Memory illusions: recalling, recognizing, and recollecting events that never occurred. Journal of Memory and Language, 1996, 35: 261~285
7 Roediger H L, McDermott K B. False alarms about false memories. Psychological Review, 1999, 106: 406~410
8 Jacoby L J, Whitehouse K.An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1989, 118: 126~135
9 Reyna V F.Fuzzy-trace theory and source monitoring: An evaluation of theory and false-memory data. Learning and Individual Differences, 2001, 12: 163~175
10 McEvoy C L, Nelson D L, Takako K. What Is the Connection Between True and False Memories? The Differential Roles of Inter-item Associations in Recall and Recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1999, 25: 1177~1194
11 Brainerd C J, Reyna V F.Recollection Rejection: How Children Edit Their False Memories. Developmental Psychology, 2002, 38: 156~172
12 Yang Z, Guo L, Wang P, Chen N.Memory Psychology (in Chinese). Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, 1999. 207~209
(杨治良,郭力平,王沛等.记忆心理学. 上海:华东师范大学出版社,1999. 207~209)
13 Geng H, Zhu Y, Li Y.False recognition: consciousness, attention, and stimulus quality (in Chinese). Acta Psychologica Sinica, 2001, 33: 104~110
(耿海燕, 朱滢, 李云峰. 错误再认:意识、注意和刺激特性.心理学报, 2001, 33: 104~110)
14 Bigand E, Madurell F, Tillman B, Pineau M.Effect of global and temporal organization on chord processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human perception and Performance, 1999, 1: 184~197
15 Vaidya C J, Gabrieli D E, Keane M M, Gutierrezrinas H, Zarella M M, Monti L A.Evidence for multiple mechanisms of conceptual priming on implicit memory test. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1997, 23: 1324~1343
16 Roediger H L, McDermott K B. Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1995, 4: 803~814
17 Kantowitz B H, Roediger H L, Elmes D G.Experimental Psychology----Understanding Psychological Research (6 ed.). Minneapolis: West Publishing Company, 1997, 132~149
18 Israel L, Schacter D L.Pictorial encoding reduces false recognition of semantic associates. Psychonomic Bulletin &Review, 1997, 4: 577~581
19 Gallo D A, Roberts M J, Seamon J G.Remembering words not presented in lists: Can we avoid creating false memories? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1997, 4: 271~276
20 Pesta B J, Murphy M D, Sanders R E.Are emotionally charged lures immune to false memory? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2001, 27: 328~338
21 Wickens T D, Hirshman E.False memories and Statistical Decision Theory: Comment on Miller and Wolford (1999) and Roediger and McDermott (1999). Psychological Review, 2000, 2: 377~383
22 Bransford J D, Franks J J.The abstraction of linguistic ideas. Cognitive Psychology, 1971, 3: 193~209
23 Johnson M K, Hashtroudi S, Lindsay D S.Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 1993, 114: 3~28
24 Miller M B, Wolford G L.Theoretical Commentary: the Role of Criterion Shift in False Memory. Psychological Review, 1999, 106: 398~405

[1]	姜路遥, 李兵兵. 汉语听觉阈下启动效应：来自听觉掩蔽启动范式的证据[J]. 心理学报, 2023, 55(4): 529-541.
[2]	高可翔, 张岳瑶, 李思瑾, 袁加锦, 李红, 张丹丹. 腹内侧前额叶在内隐认知重评中的因果作用[J]. 心理学报, 2023, 55(2): 210-223.
[3]	王阳, 张琳爽, 崔楠楠, 吴岩. 4~6岁幼儿口语产生中句法结构和动词重复的作用：来自句法启动的证据[J]. 心理学报, 2023, 55(10): 1608-1619.
[4]	陈晓宇, 杜媛媛, 刘强. 积极情绪提高背景线索学习的适应性[J]. 心理学报, 2022, 54(12): 1481-1490.
[5]	黄健, 杨子瑜, 洪丹萍, 刘喜琴, 王穗苹. 中心词和非中心词在句法启动的词汇增强效应中存在不同的机制[J]. 心理学报, 2022, 54(11): 1354-1365.
[6]	杨集梅, 柴洁余, 邱天龙, 全小山, 郑茂平. 共情与中国民族音乐情绪识别的关系：来自ERP的证据[J]. 心理学报, 2022, 54(10): 1181-1192.
[7]	佐斌, 戴月娥, 温芳芳, 高佳, 谢志杰, 何赛飞. 人如其食：食物性别刻板印象及对人物评价的影响[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(3): 259-272.
[8]	黄发杰, 孟迎芳, 严颖. 提取干扰对不同类型内隐记忆的影响[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(5): 572-583.
[9]	于宙, 张清芳. 句法结构和动词重复对汉语句子口语产生中句法启动效应的影响[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(3): 283-293.
[10]	王丹, 王婷, 秦松, 张积家. 部件启动范式下可成字部件的位置效应[J]. 心理学报, 2019, 51(2): 163-176.
[11]	高志华, 鲁忠义. “没有”为什么隐含着“消极情绪”?——否定加工中的情绪表征[J]. 心理学报, 2019, 51(2): 177-187.
[12]	章玉祉, 张积家. 任务性质、家族大小和词类一致性对义符语法信息激活的影响 ^*[J]. 心理学报, 2019, 51(10): 1091-1101.
[13]	崔诣晨, 王沛, 崔亚娟. 知觉冲突印象形成的认知控制策略：以刻板化信息与反刻板化信息为例 ^*[J]. 心理学报, 2019, 51(10): 1157-1170.
[14]	耿晓伟, 张峰, 王艳净, 范琳琳, 姚艳. 健康目标启动降低高热量食物消费[J]. 心理学报, 2018, 50(8): 840-847.
[15]	章玉祉, 张积家. 义符启动范式下家族大小和类别一致性对义符语义激活的影响[J]. 心理学报, 2017, 49(8): 1041-1052.