Early identification of autism spectrum disorder in prospective longitudinal studies of high-risk infants

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.00443

Abstract

Abstract:

The early identification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) facilitates early diagnosis and appropriate intervention; that is crucial for ensuring positive developmental outcomes. Evidence from prospective longitudinal studies in high-risk infants (younger siblings of ASD children enrolled before 12 months old) has exhibited the influence of the early identification of ASD by demonstrating developmental trajectories and identifying early manifestations of core symptoms in high-risk ASD infants (who are diagnosed with ASD between 24 and 36 months old). It has been thereby suggested that more subjects, prolonged observation durations, and intensive time points should be adopted in future studies. Additionally, more attention should be paid to ASD-related disorders and early intervention for high-risk infants. In addition, the impact of genetic, environmental, cultural and social factors must also be considered. It is believed that prospective longitudinal studies in high-risk infants in China will assuredly make a distinct difference, both scientifically and clinically.

Key words: autism spectrum disorder, early identification, prospective longitudinal studies, high-risk infants, developmental trajectory

BI Xiaobin, FAN Xiaozhuang, MI Wenli, HE Huizhong. Early identification of autism spectrum disorder in prospective longitudinal studies of high-risk infants[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2020, 28(3): 443-455.

Figures/Tables 1

References 105

[1]	戴琼, 徐海青, 汪鸿, 赵职卫, 张玄, 周爱琴 . (2017). 2000-2016年中国儿童孤独症谱系障碍患病率Meta分析. 中国儿童保健杂志, 25(12), 1243-1246.
[2]	中华医学会儿科学分会发育行为学组, 中国医师协会儿科分会儿童保健专业委员会, 儿童孤独症诊断与防治技术和标准研究项目专家组. (2017). 孤独症谱系障碍儿童早期识别筛查和早期干预专家共识. 中华儿科杂志, 55(12), 890-897.
[3]	American Psychiatric Association .(2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®) (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
[4]	Bahrick L. E., Lickliter R., & Flom R . (2004). Intersensory redundancy guides the development of selective attention, perception, and cognition in infancy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(3), 99-102.
[5]	Baio J., Wiggins L., Christensen D. L., Maenner M. J., Daniels J., Warren Z., ... Dowling N. F . (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. Mmwr Surveill Summ, 67(6), 1-23.
[6]	Bartholomeusz H. H., Courchesne E., & Karns C. M . (2002). Relationship between head circumference and brain volume in healthy normal toddlers, children, and adults. Neuropediatrics, 33(5), 239-241.
[7]	Belmonte M. K., Allen G., Beckel-Mitchener A., Boulanger L. M., Carper R. A., & Webb S. J . (2004). Autism and abnormal development of brain connectivity. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24(42), 9228-9231.
[8]	Bergelson E., & Swingley D . (2012). At 6-9 months, human infants know the meanings of many common nouns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(9), 3253-3258.
[9]	Beuker K. T., Rommelse N. N. J., Donders R., & Buitelaar J. K . (2013). Development of early communication skills in the first two years of life. Infant Behavior & Development, 36(1), 71-83.
[10]	Blasi A., Lloyd-Fox S., Sethna V., Brammer M. J., Mercure E., Murray L., ... Johnson M. H . (2015). Atypical processing of voice sounds in infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder. Cortex, 71, 122-133.
[11]	Bradshaw J., Klaiman C., Gillespie S., Brane N., Lewis M., & Saulnier C . (2018). Walking ability is associated with social communication skills in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder. Infancy, 23(5), 674-691.
[12]	Brandwein A. B., Foxe J. J., Butler J. S., Russo N. N., Altschuler T. S., Gomes H., & Molholm S . (2013). The development of multisensory integration in high-functioning autism: High-density electrical mapping and psychophysical measures reveal impairments in the processing of audiovisual inputs. Cerebral cortex, 23(6), 1329-1341.
[13]	Bushnell I. W. R . (2001). Mother's face recognition in newborn infants: Learning and memory. Infant and Child Development, 10(1-2), 67-74.
[14]	Campbell D. J., Chang J., & Chawarska K . (2014). Early generalized overgrowth in autism spectrum disorder: Prevalence rates, gender effects, and clinical outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(10), 1063-1073.
[15]	Chevallier C., Kohls G., Troiani V., Brodkin E. S., & Schultz R. T . (2012). The social motivation theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(4), 231-239.
[16]	Courchesne E., Carper R., & Akshoomoff N . (2003). Evidence of brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism. JAMA, 290(3), 337-344.
[17]	Courchesne E., Pierce K., Schumann C. M., Redcay E., Buckwalter J. A., Kennedy D. P., & Morgan J . (2007). Mapping early brain development in autism. Neuron, 56(2), 399-413.
[18]	Daluwatte C., Miles J. H., Sun J., & Yao G . (2015). Association between pupillary light reflex and sensory behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 37, 209-215.
[19]	Dawson G., Munson J., Webb S. J., Nalty T., Abbott R., & Toth K . (2007). Rate of head growth decelerates and symptoms worsen in the second year of life in autism. Biological Psychiatry, 61(4), 458-464.
[20]	Dawson G., Osterling J., Meltzoff A. N., & Kuhl P . (2000). Case study of the development of an infant with autism from birth to two years of age. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 21(3), 299-313.
[21]	de Giacomo A., & Fombonne E . (1998). Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities in autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(3), 131-136.
[22]	del Rosario M., Gillespie-Lynch K., Johnson S., Sigman M., & Hutman T . (2014). Parent-reported temperament trajectories among infant siblings of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(2), 381-393.
[23]	Dinstein I., Haar S., Atsmon S., & Schtaerman H . (2017). No evidence of early head circumference enlargements in children later diagnosed with autism in Israel. Molecular Autism, 8, 15.
[24]	Elison J. T., Wolff J. J., Reznick J. S., Botteron K. N., Estes A. M., Gu H. B., ... Piven J . (2014). Repetitive behavior in 12-month-olds later classified with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(11), 1216-1224.
[25]	Esposito G., del Carmen Rostagno M., Venuti P., Haltigan J. D., & Messinger D. S . (2014). Brief Report: Atypical expression of distress during the separation phase of the strange situation procedure in infant siblings at high risk for ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(4), 975-980.
[26]	Falck-Ytter T., Nyström P., Gredebäck G., Gliga T., & Bölte S . (2018). Reduced orienting to audiovisual synchrony in infancy predicts autism diagnosis at 3 years of age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(8), 872-880.
[27]	Filipe M. G., Watson L., Vicente S. G., & Frota S . (2018). Atypical preference for infant-directed speech as an early marker of autism spectrum disorders? A literature review and directions for further research. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 32(3), 213-231.
[28]	Filliter J. H., Longard J., Lawrence M. A., Zwaigenbaum L., Brian J., Garon N., ... Bryson S. E . (2015). Positive affect in infant siblings of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(3), 567-575.
[29]	Garon N., Zwaigenbaum L., Bryson S., Smith I. M., Brian J., Roncadin C., ... Roberts W . (2016). Temperament and its association with autism symptoms in a high-risk population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(4), 757-769.
[30]	Gliga T., Bedford R., Charman T., Johnson M. H., Baron- Cohen S., Bolton P., ... Tucker L . (2015). Enhanced visual search in infancy predicts emerging autism symptoms. Current Biology, 25(13), 1727-1730.
[31]	Haar S., Berman S., Behrmann M., & Dinstein I . (2016). Anatomical abnormalities in autism? Cerebral Cortex, 26(4), 1440-1452.
[32]	Hadders-Algra M . (2011). Challenges and limitations in early intervention. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 53(Suppl. 4), 52-55.
[33]	Hazlett H. C., Gu H., Munsell B. C., Kim S. H., Styner M., Wolff J. J., ... Piven J . (2017). Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder. Nature, 542(7641), 348-351.
[34]	Hertzig M. E . (2012). Temperament: Then and now. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200(8), 659-663.
[35]	Ibañez L. V., Grantz C. J., & Messinger D. S . (2013). The development of referential communication and autism symptomatology in high-risk infants. Infancy, 18(5), 687-707.
[36]	Imafuku M., Hakuno Y., Uchida-Ota M., Yamamoto J.-I., & Minagawa Y . (2014). "Mom called me!" Behavioral and prefrontal responses of infants to self-names spoken by their mothers. Neuroimage, 103, 476-484.
[37]	Itier R. J., & Batty M . (2009). Neural bases of eye and gaze processing: The core of social cognition. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(6), 843-863.
[38]	Iverson J. M., Shic F., Wall C. A., Chawarska K., Curtin S., Estes A., ... Young G. S . (2019). Early motor abilities in infants at heightened versus low risk for ASD: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(1), 69-80.
[39]	Ji N. Y., & Findling R. L . (2015). An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28(2), 91-101.
[40]	Jin Y., Wee C.-Y., Shi F., Thung K.-H., Yap P.-T., & Shen D . (2015). Identification of infants at risk for autism using multi-parameter hierarchical white matter connectomes. Machine Learning in Medical Imaging, 9352, 170-177.
[41]	Jones E. J. H., Gliga T., Bedford R., Charman T., & Johnson M. H . (2014). Developmental pathways to autism: A review of prospective studies of infants at risk. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 39, 1-33.
[42]	Jones E. J. H., Venema K., Earl R., Lowy R., Barnes K., Estes A., ... Webb S. J . (2016). Reduced engagement with social stimuli in 6-month-old infants with later autism spectrum disorder: A longitudinal prospective study of infants at high familial risk. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 8, 7.
[43]	Jones W., & Klin A . (2013). Attention to eyes is present but in decline in 2-6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism. Nature, 504(7480), 427-431.
[44]	Kim S. H., Macari S., Koller J., & Chawarska K . (2016). Examining the phenotypic heterogeneity of early autism spectrum disorder: Subtypes and short‐term outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(1), 93-102.
[45]	Klein J. T., Shepherd S. V., & Platt M. L . (2009). Social attention and the brain. Current Biology, 19(20), R958-R962.
[46]	Kretch K. S., Franchak J. M., & Adolph K. E . (2014). Crawling and walking infants see the world differently. Child Development, 85(4), 1503-1518.
[47]	Kwon M.-K., Moore A., Barnes C. C., Cha D., & Pierce K . (2019). Typical levels of eye-region fixation in toddlers with ASD across multiple contexts. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(10), 1004-1015.
[48]	Landa R. J . (2018). Efficacy of early interventions for infants and young children with, and at risk for, autism spectrum disorders. International Review of Psychiatry, 30(1), 25-39.
[49]	Levin A. R., Varcin K. J., O'Leary H. M., Tager-Flusberg H., & Nelson C. A . (2017). EEG power at 3 months in infants at high familial risk for autism. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 9(1), 34.
[50]	Lewis J. D., Evans A. C., Pruett J. R., Botteron K. N., McKinstry R. C., Zwaigenbaum L., ... Piven J . (2017). The emergence of network inefficiencies in infants with autism spectrum disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 82(3), 176-185.
[51]	Lewis J. D., Evans A. C., Pruett J. R., Botteron K., Zwaigenbaum L., Estes A., ... Piven J . (2014). Network inefficiencies in autism spectrum disorder at 24 months. Translational Psychiatry, 4(5), e388.
[52]	Liang S., Wang X.-L., Zou M.Y., Wang H., Zhou X., Sun C.-H., ... Tomoda A . (2014). Family-based association study of ZNF533, DOCK4 and IMMP2L gene polymorphisms linked to autism in a northeastern Chinese Han population. Journal of Zhejiang University (Science B), 15(3), 264-271.
[53]	Libertus K., & Violi D. A . (2016). Sit to talk: Relation between motor skills and language development in infancy. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 475.
[54]	Lord C., Elsabbagh M., Baird G., & Veenstra-Vanderweele J . (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. Lancet, 392(10146), 508-520.
[55]	Lucker J. R., & Doman A . (2015). Neural mechanisms involved in hypersensitive hearing: Helping children with ASD who are overly sensitive to sounds. Autism Research and Treatment, 369035-369038.
[56]	Mars A. E., Mauk J. E., & Dowrick P. W . (1998). Symptoms of pervasive developmental disorders as observed in prediagnostic home videos of infants and toddlers. The Journal of Pediatrics, 132(3), 500-504.
[57]	Merrick J., Kandel I., & Morad M . (2004). Trends in autism. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 16(1), 75-78.
[58]	Micali N., Chakrabarti S., & Fombonne E . (2004). The broad autism phenotype: Findings from an epidemiological survey. Autism, 8(1), 21-37.
[59]	Miller M., Iosif A.-M., Hill M., Young G. S., Schwichtenberg A. J., & Ozonoff S . (2017). Response to name in infants developing autism spectrum disorder: A prospective study. The Journal of Pediatrics, 183, 141-146.
[60]	Miller M., Musser E. D., Young G. S., Olson B., Steiner R. D., & Nigg J. T . (2019). Sibling recurrence risk and cross-aggregation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(2), 147-152.
[61]	Moore A., Wozniak M., Yousef A., Barnes C. C., Cha D., Courchesne E., & Pierce K . (2018). The geometric preference subtype in ASD: Identifying a consistent, early- emerging phenomenon through eye tracking. Molecular Autism, 9(1), 13-19.
[62]	Mosconi M. W., & Sweeney J. A . (2015). Sensorimotor dysfunctions as primary features of autism spectrum disorders. Science China-Life Sciences, 58(10), 1016-1023.
[63]	Nichols C. M., Ibañez L. V., Foss-Feig J. H., & Stone W. L . (2014). Social smiling and its components in high-risk infant siblings without later ASD symptomatology. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(4), 894-902.
[64]	Norbury C. F., & Sparks A . (2013). Difference or disorder? Cultural issues in understanding neurodevelopmental disorders. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 45-58.
[65]	Nyström P., Gliga T., Nilsson Jobs E., Gredebäck G., Charman T., Johnson M. H., ... Falck-Ytter T . (2018). Enhanced pupillary light reflex in infancy is associated with autism diagnosis in toddlerhood. Nature Communications, 9(1), 1678.
[66]	Nyström P., Gredebäck G., Bölte S., & Falck-Ytter T . (2015). Hypersensitive pupillary light reflex in infants at risk for autism. Molecular Autism, 6, 10.
[67]	Ozonoff S., Young G. S., Belding A., Hill M., Hill A., Hutman T., ... Iosif A. M . (2014). The broader autism phenotype in infancy: When does it emerge? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(4), 398-407.
[68]	Ozonoff S., Young G. S., Carter A., Messinger D., Yirmiya N., Zwaigenbaum L., ... Stone W. L . (2011). Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: A baby siblings research consortium study. Pediatrics, 128(3), e488-e495.
[69]	Ozonoff S., Young G. S., Landa R. J., Brian J., Bryson S., Charman T., ... Iosif A. M . (2015). Diagnostic stability in young children at risk for autism spectrum disorder: A baby siblings research consortium study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(9), 988-998.
[70]	Pérez-Edgar K., & Fox N. A . (2005). Temperament and anxiety disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14(4), 681-706.
[71]	Perra O., & Gattis M . (2010). The control of social attention from 1 to 4 months. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 891-908.
[72]	Pierce K., Conant D., Hazin R., Stoner R., & Desmond J . (2011). Preference for geometric patterns early in life as a risk factor for autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(1), 101-109.
[73]	Pierce K., Marinero S., Hazin R., McKenna B., Barnes C. C., & Malige A . (2015). Eye tracking reveals abnormal visual preference for geometric images as an early biomarker of an autism spectrum disorder subtype associated with increased symptom severity. Biological Psychiatry, 79(8), 657-666.
[74]	Pijl M. K. J., Bussu G., Charman T., Johnson M. H., Jones E. J. H., Pasco G., ... The B. T . (2019). Temperament as an early risk marker for autism spectrum disorders? A longitudinal study of high-risk and low-risk infants. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1825-1836.
[75]	Richler J., Bishop S. L., Kleinke J. R., & Lord C . (2007). Restricted and repetitive behaviors in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(1), 73-85.
[76]	Riva V., Cantiani C., Mornati G., Gallo M., Villa L., Mani E., ... Molteni M . (2018). Distinct ERP profiles for auditory processing in infants at-risk for autism and language impairment. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 711-715.
[77]	Sacrey L.-A. R., Bryson S., Zwaigenbaum L., Brian J., Smith I. M., Roberts W., ... Garon N . (2018). The autism parent screen for infants: Predicting risk of autism spectrum disorder based on parent-reported behavior observed at 6-24 months of age. Autism, 22(3), 322-334.
[78]	Schreibman L., Dawson G., Stahmer A. C., Landa R., Rogers S. J., McGee G. G., ... Halladay A . (2015). Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions: Empirically validated treatments for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2411-2428.
[79]	Shattuck P. T., & Grosse S. D . (2007). Issues related to the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13(2), 129-135.
[80]	Sheinkopf S. J., Iverson J. M., Rinaldi M. L., & Lester B. M . (2012). Atypical cry acoustics in 6-month-old infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 5(5), 331-339.
[81]	Shen M. D., Kim S. H., McKinstry R. C., Gu H., Hazlett H. C., Nordahl C. W., ... Gu H . (2017). Increased extra- axial cerebrospinal fluid in high-risk infants who later develop autism. Biological Psychiatry, 82(3), 186-193.
[82]	Shen M. D., Nordahl C. W., Young G. S., Wootton-Gorges S. L., Lee A., Liston S. E., ... Amaral D. G . (2013). Early brain enlargement and elevated extra-axial fluid in infants who develop autism spectrum disorder. Brain, 136(Pt 9), 2825-2835.
[83]	Soto T., Kiss I. G., & Carter A. S . (2016). Symptom presentations and classification of autism spectrum disorder in early childhood: Application to the diagnostic classification of mental health and developmental disorders of infancy and early childhood (dc:0-5). Infant Mental Health Journal, 37(5), 486-497.
[84]	Surén P., Stoltenberg C., Bresnahan M., Hirtz D., Lie K. K., Lipkin W. I., ... Hornig M . (2013). Early growth patterns in children with autism. Epidemiology, 24(5), 660-670.
[85]	Swettenham J., Baron-Cohen S., Charman T., Cox A., Baird G., Drew A., ... Wheelwright S . (1998). The frequency and distribution of spontaneous attention shifts between social and nonsocial stimuli in autistic, typically developing, and nonautistic developmentally delayed infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(5), 747-753.
[86]	Szatmari P., Chawarska K., Dawson G., Georgiades S., Landa R., Lord C., ... Halladay A . (2016). Prospective longitudinal studies of infant siblings of children with autism: Lessons learned and future directions. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(3), 179-187.
[87]	Thorup E., Nyström P., Gredebäck G., Bölte S., & Falck-Ytter T . (2018). Reduced alternating gaze during social interaction in infancy is associated with elevated symptoms of autism in toddlerhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(7), 1547-1561.
[88]	Tick B., Bolton P., Happé F., Rutter M., & Rijsdijk F . (2016). Heritability of autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of twin studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(5), 585-595.
[89]	Unwin L. M., Bruz I., Maybery M. T., Reynolds V., Ciccone N., Dissanayake C., ... Whitehouse A . (2017). Acoustic properties of cries in 12-month old infants at high-risk of autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(7), 2108-2119.
[90]	Varcin K. J., & Jeste S. S . (2017). The emergence of autism spectrum disorder: Insights gained from studies of brain and behaviour in high-risk infants. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(2), 85-91.
[91]	Veness C., Prior M., Eadie P., Bavin E., & Reilly S . (2014). Predicting autism diagnosis by 7 years of age using parent report of infant social communication skills. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 50(9), 693-700.
[92]	Venezia M., Messinger D. S., Thorp D., & Mundy P . (2004). The development of anticipatory smiling. Infancy, 6(3), 397-406.
[93]	Vissers M. E., Cohen M. X., & Geurts H. M . (2012). Brain connectivity and high functioning autism: A promising path of research that needs refined models, methodological convergence, and stronger behavioral links. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 604-625.
[94]	Vlaskamp C., Oranje B., Madsen G. F., Møllegaard Jepsen J. R., Durston S., Cantio C., ... Bilenberg N . (2017). Auditory processing in autism spectrum disorder: Mismatch negativity deficits. Autism Research, 10(11), 1857-1865.
[95]	Wang T. Y., Guo H., Xiong B., Stessman H. A. F., Wu H. D., Coe B. P., ... Eichler E. E . (2016). De novo genic mutations among a Chinese autism spectrum disorder cohort. Nature Communications, 7(1), 13316.
[96]	Werner E., Dawson G., Osterling J., & Dinno N . (2000). Brief report: Recognition of autism spectrum disorder before one year of age: A retrospective study based on home videotapes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(2), 157-162.
[97]	Wolff J. J., Botteron K. N., Dager S. R., Elison J. T., Estes A. M., Gu H., ... Piven J . (2014). Longitudinal patterns of repetitive behavior in toddlers with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(8), 945-953.
[98]	Wolff J. J., Dimian A. F., Botteron K. N., Dager S. R., Elison J. T., Estes A. M., ... The I. N . (2019). A longitudinal study of parent-reported sensory responsiveness in toddlers at-risk for autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(3), 314-324.
[99]	Wolff J. J., Swanson M. R., Elison J. T., Gerig G., Pruett J. J., Styner M. A., ... Piven J . (2017). Neural circuitry at age 6 months associated with later repetitive behavior and sensory responsiveness in autism. Molecular Autism, 8, 8.
[100]	Yale M. E., Messinger D. S., Cobo-Lewis A. B., & Delgado C. F . (2003). The temporal coordination of early infant communication. Developmental Psychology, 39(5), 815-824.
[101]	Yirmiya N., & Ozonoff S . (2007). The very early autism phenotype. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(1), 1-11.
[102]	Yuen R. K. C., Thiruvahindrapuram B., Merico D., Walker S., Tammimies K., Hoang N., ... Scherer S. W . (2015). Whole-genome sequencing of quartet families with autism spectrum disorder. Nature Medicine, 21(2), 185-191.
[103]	Zhang D. J., Roche L., Bartl-Pokorny K. D., Krieber M., McLay L., Bölte S., ... Marschik P. B . (2018). Response to name and its value for the early detection of developmental disorders: Insights from autism spectrum disorder, Rett syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. A perspectives paper. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 82, 95-108.
[104]	Zwaigenbaum L., Bryson S., Rogers T., Roberts W., Brian J., & Szatmari P . (2005). Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23(2-3), 143-152.
[105]	Zwaigenbaum L., Young G. S., Stone W. L., Dobkins K., Ozonoff S., Brian J., ... Messinger D . (2014). Early head growth in infants at risk of autism: A baby siblings research consortium study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(10), 1053-1062.