Role overload in organizations

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.02046

Abstract

Abstract:

Role overload is one type of role stressors that is experienced by employees who lack the necessary competencies, skills or time to successfully perform a variety of role demands. High role overload has negative impact on the organizations, employees’ performance and health. Based on an extensive review of the current definitions of role overload and comparisons among the relevant concepts, we propose an integrated definition for role overload, and review studies on its structural dimension, measurements, antecedents, and consequences. Future research still needs to use more reasonable standards to explore dimension division and measurements, and look into the influencing factors and localization of role overload.

Key words: role overload, role stressor, organizational management

CLC Number:

B849:C93

LI Qinglei, WANG Huaiyong. Role overload in organizations[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2018, 26(11): 2046-2056.

Figures/Tables 3

References 85

[1]	陈笃升, 王重鸣 . ( 2015). 组织变革背景下员工角色超载的影响作用: 一个有调节的中介模型. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 45( 3), 143-157.
[2]	李超平, 张翼 . ( 2009). 角色压力源对教师生理健康与心理健康的影响. 心理发展与教育, 1, 114-119.
[3]	姜兆权, 张会君 . ( 2016). 护理人员心理授权、角色压力源与职业倦怠的关系. 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志, 25( 3), 267-270.
[4]	Adil, M., & Rashid, I.( 2013). Role stress as a barrier to service quality in Indian banks SEM approach. International Journal of Services Sciences, 5( 1), 40-57. doi: 10.1504/IJSSCI.2013.057648 URL
[5]	Ahmad, A.( 2010). Work-family conflict among junior physicians: It's mediating role in the relationship between role overload and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Social Sciences, 6( 2), 265-271. doi: 10.3844/jssp.2010.265.271 URL
[6]	Akgunduz, Y.( 2015). The influence of self-esteem and role stress on job performance in hotel businesses. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27( 6), 1082-1099. doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-09-2013-0421 URL
[7]	Andrews, M.C., & Kacmar, K.M . ( 2014). Easing employee strain: The interactive effects of empowerment and justice on the role overload-strain relationship. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 15( 2), 43-58.
[8]	Avanzi, L., Fraccaroli, F., Castelli, L., Marcionetti, J., Crescentini, A., Balducci, C., & van Dick, R. ( 2018). How to mobilize social support against workload and burnout: The role of organizational identification. Teaching and Teacher Education, 69, 154-167. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2017.10.001 URL
[9]	Barling, J., & Frone, M.R. ( 2016). If only my leader would just do something! Passive leadership undermines employee well-being through role stressors and psychological resource depletion. Stress and Health, 33( 3), 211-222.
[10]	Barling, J., & Macintyre, A.T. ( 1993). Daily work role stressors, mood and emotional exhaustion. Work and Stress, 7( 4), 315-325. doi: 10.1080/02678379308257071 URL
[11]	Barnett, R.C., & Baruch, G.K . ( 1983). Women's involvement in multiple roles and psychological distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49( 1), 135-145.
[12]	Bellizzi, J.A., & Hite, R.E . ( 1986). Convenience consumption and role overload convenience. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 14( 4), 1-9.
[13]	Bolino, M.C., & Turnley, W.H . ( 2005). The personal costs of citizenship behavior: The relationship between individual initiative and role overload, job stress, and work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90( 4), 740-748. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.740 URL
[14]	Bowling, N. A., Alarcon, G. M., Bragg, C. B., & Hartman, M. J. ( 2015). A meta-analytic examination of the potential correlates and consequences of workload. Work and Stress, 29( 2), 95-113. doi: 10.1080/02678373.2015.1033037 URL
[15]	Bowling, N.A., & Kirkendall, C.( 2012). Workload: A review of causes, consequences and potential interventions. Contemporary Occupational Health Psychology: Global Perspectives on Research and Practice, 2, 221-238.
[16]	Brown, S. P., Jones, E., & Leigh, T. W. ( 2005). The attenuating effect of role overload on relationships linking self-efficacy and goal level to work performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90( 5), 972-979. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.972 URL
[17]	Chapela, J.G. ( 2015). Split or straight? Evidence of the effects of work schedules on workers’ well-being, time use, and productivity. Series, 6( 2), 153-177. doi: 10.1007/s13209-015-0125-2 URL
[18]	Chênevert, D., Vandenberghe, C., Doucet, O., & Ayed, A. K. B.( 2013). Passive leadership, role stressors, and affective organizational commitment: A time-lagged study among health care employees. European Review of Applied Psychology, 63( 5), 277-286. doi: 10.1016/j.erap.2013.07.002 URL
[19]	Covermen, S.( 1989). Role overload, role conflict, and stress: Addressing consequences of multiple role demands. Social Forces, 67( 4), 965-982. doi: 10.1093/sf/67.4.965 URL
[20]	Crant, J.M. ( 2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26( 3), 435-462.
[21]	Curran, T.M., & Prottas, D.J . ( 2017). Role stressors, engagement and work behaviors: A study of higher education professional staff. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 39( 6), 642-657. doi: 10.1080/1360080X.2017.1377964 URL
[22]	Dasgupta, P.( 2012). Effect of role ambiguity, conflict and overload in private hospitals’ nurses’ burnout and mediation through self-efficacy. Journal of Health Management, 14( 4), 513-534. doi: 10.1177/0972063412468980 URL
[23]	Daskin, M.( 2016). Linking polychronicity to hotel frontline employees’ job outcomes. EuroMed Journal of Business, 11( 2), 162-180. doi: 10.1108/EMJB-04-2015-0022 URL
[24]	Dubinsky, A. J., & Michaels, R. E., Kotabe, M., Lim C., U., & Moon H., C. ( 1992). Influence of role stress on industrial salespeople's work outcomes in the United States, Japan and Korea. Journal of International Business Studies, 23( 1), 77-99. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490260 URL
[25]	Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C.( 2003). Work-life conflict in Canada in the new millennium: A status report. The Sydney Papers, 15( 1), 78-97.
[26]	Duxbury, L., Higgins, C., & Halinski, M. ( 2015). Identifying the antecedents of work-role overload in police organizations. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42( 4), 361-381. doi: 10.1177/0093854814551017 URL
[27]	Duxbury, L., Lyonst, S., & Higgins, C. ( 2008). Too much to do, and not enough time: An examination of role overload. Handbook of Work-Family Integration, 125-140. doi: 10.1016/B978-012372574-5.50010-7 URL
[28]	Eatough, E. M., Chang, C. H., Miloslavic, S. A., & Johnson, R. E. ( 2011). Relationships of role stressors with organizational citizenship behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96( 3), 619-632. doi: 10.1037/a0021887 URL
[29]	Ebrahimi, Z. F., Chong, C. W., & Rad, R. H. ( 2014b). TQM practices and employees' role stressors. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 31( 2), 166-183.
[30]	Ebrahimi, Z. F., Wei, C. C., & Rad, R. H. ( 2014a). The impact of the conceptual total quality management model on role stressors. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 26( 7-8), 762-777.
[31]	Fisher, D.M. ( 2014). A multilevel cross-cultural examination of role overload and organizational commitment: Investigating the interactive effects of context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99( 4), 723-736. doi: 10.1037/a0035861 URL
[32]	Foxman, E., & Burns, A.C. ( 1987). Role load in the household. Advances in Consumer Research, 14( 1), 458-462.
[33]	Grant-Vallonea, E.J., & Ensher, E.A . ( 2001). An examination of work and personal life conflict, organizational support, and employee health among international expatriates. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25( 3), 261-278. doi: 10.1016/S0147-1767(01)00003-7 URL
[34]	Gurbuz, S., Turunc, O., & Celik, M. ( 2013). The impact of perceived organizational support on work-family conflict: Does role overload have a mediating role? Economic and Industrial Democracy, 34( 1), 145-160. doi: 10.1177/0143831X12438234 URL
[35]	Haybatollahi, M., & Gyekye, S.A. ( 2014). The moderating effects of locus of control and job level on the relationship between workload and coping behavior among Finnish nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 22( 6), 811-821. doi: 10.1111/jonm.2014.22.issue-6 URL
[36]	Hecht, L.M. ( 2001). Role conflict and role overload: Different concepts, different consequences. Sociological Inquiry, 71( 1), 111-121. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-682X.2001.tb00930.x URL
[37]	Huffman, A. H., Payne, S. C., Koehly, L. M., Culbertson, S. S., & Castro, C. A. ( 2014). Examining time demands and work-family conflict on psychological distress. Military Behavioral Health, 2( 1), 26-32. doi: 10.1080/21635781.2013.844662 URL
[38]	Hung, J.-Y., Fisher, R., Gapp, R., & Carter, G. ( 2015). Work-related stress impacts on the commitment of urban transit drivers. Journal of Management & Organization, 18( 2), 220-230.
[39]	Ismail, A., Hasan, N. A., Chin, Y.-F., Ismail, Y., & Samah, A. J. A.( 2013). Job stress as a predictor of employee health. Studies in Business and Economics, 8( 2), 20-34.
[40]	Jensen, J. M., Patel, P. C., & Messersmith, J. G. ( 2013). High-performance work systems and job control:Consequences for anxiety, role overload, and turnover intentions. Journal of Management, 39( 6), 1699-1724.
[41]	Jha, M.K., & Jha, H.K . ( 2013). An empirical study on work life balance of women entrepreneur in Jharkhand state. Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 3( 4), 18-27.
[42]	Jha, S., Balaji, M. S., Yavas, U., & Babakus, E. ( 2017). Effects of frontline employee role overload on customer responses and sales performance. European Journal of Marketing, 51( 2), 282-303. doi: 10.1108/EJM-01-2015-0009 URL
[43]	Jian, G.W.( 2012). Revisiting the association of LMX quality with perceived role stressors. Communication Research, 41( 1), 52-73.
[44]	Jones, E., Chonko, L., Rangarajan, D., & Roberts, J. ( 2007). The role of overload on job attitudes, turnover intentions, and salesperson performance. Journal of Business Research, 60( 7), 663-671. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.02.014 URL
[45]	Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. ( 1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. Oxford, England: John Wiley. doi: 10.2307/2091375 URL
[46]	Karatepe, O.M. ( 2013). The effects of work overload and work-family conflict on job embeddedness and job performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25( 4), 614-634. doi: 10.1108/09596111311322952 URL
[47]	Kaufman, C. F., Lane, P. M., & Lindquist, J. D. ( 1991). Exploring more than 24 hours a day: A preliminary investigation of polychronic time use. Journal of Consumer Research, 18( 3), 392-401. doi: 10.1086/209268 URL
[48]	Kim, K.S., & Han, Y.H . ( 2013). A study on intention to quit and job overload, role ambiguity, burn out among nurses in general hospital. Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing, 22( 2), 121-129. doi: 10.5807/kjohn.2013.22.2.121 URL
[49]	Kuntz, J. R. C., Näswall, K., & Bockett, A. ( 2013). Keep calm and carry on?An investigation of teacher burnout in a post-disaster context. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 42( 2), 67-68.
[50]	Kuntz, J. R. C., Näswall, K., & Walls, F. ( 2013). Dual-response approach to work stress: An investigation of stressors and wellbeing outcomes. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 7( 6), 1657-1663.
[51]	Macewen, K. E., Barling, J., & Kelloway, E. K. ( 1992). Effects of short-term role overload on marital interactions. Work and Stress, 6( 2), 117-126. doi: 10.1080/02678379208260346 URL
[52]	Mani, K. P., Sritharan, R., & Gayatri, R. ( 2014). Impact of occupational stress on quality work life among railway station masters of trichy division. Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, 4( 4), 165-169. doi: 10.9756/BIJIEMS URL
[53]	Marks, S.R., & MacDermid, S.M . ( 1996). Multiple roles and the self: A theory of role balance. Journal of Marriage and Family, 58( 2), 417-432. doi: 10.2307/353506 URL
[54]	Matthews, R. A., Winkel, D. E., & Wayne, J. H. ( 2014). A longitudinal examination of role overload and work- family conflict: The mediating role of interdomain transitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35( 1), 72-91. doi: 10.1002/job.1855 URL
[55]	Mishra, S.( 2015). Discussion on conflict management with special emphasis on role conflict scope in future study. International Journal of Advanced Research, 3( 10), 772-777.
[56]	Mohamad, N. I., Ismail, A., Mohamad, N. M., Ahmad, S., & Yahya, Z. ( 2016). Role ambiguity and role overload as important predictors of work-family conflict. Humaniora, 7( 4), 473-483. doi: 10.21512/humaniora.v7i4.3600 URL
[57]	Nixon, A. E., Mazzola, J. J., Bauer, J., Krueger, J. R., & Spector, P. E. ( 2011). Can work make you sick? A meta-analysis of the relationships between job stressors and physical symptoms. Work and Stress, 25( 1), 1-22. doi: 10.1080/02678373.2011.569175 URL
[58]	Noblet, A., Maharee-Lawler, S., & Rodwell, J. ( 2012). Using job strain and organizational justice models to predict multiple forms of employee performance behaviors among Australian policing personnel. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23( 14), 3009-3026. doi: 10.1080/09585192.2012.656989 URL
[59]	Örtqvist, D., & Wincent, J.( 2006). Prominent consequences of role stress: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Stress Management, 13( 4), 399-422. doi: 10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.399 URL
[60]	Park, R., & Jang, S.J. ( 2017). Family role overload’s relationship with stress and satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 32( 1), 61-74. doi: 10.1108/JMP-01-2016-0020 URL
[61]	Parker, S. K., Axtell, C. M., & Turner, N. ( 2001). Designing a safer workplace: Importance of job autonomy, communication quality, and supportive supervisors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6( 3), 211-228. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.6.3.211 URL
[62]	Peterson, M. F., Smith, P. B., Akande, A., Ayestaran, S., Bochner, S., Callan, V., ... Setiadi, B. ( 1995). Role conflict, ambiguity, and overload: A 21-nation study. Academy of Management Journal, 38( 2), 429-452. doi: 10.2307/256687 URL
[63]	Purohit, B., & Vasava, P.( 2017). Role stress among auxiliary nurses midwives in Gujarat, India. BMC Health Services Research, 17( 1), 69. doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2033-6 URL
[64]	Quah, S.( 2014). Caring for persons with schizophrenia at home: Examining the link between family caregivers' role distress and quality of life. Sociology of Health and Illness, 36( 4), 596-612. doi: 10.1111/1467-9566.12091 URL
[65]	Reilly, M.D. ( 1982). Working wives and convenience consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 8( 4), 407-418. doi: 10.1086/jcr.1982.8.issue-4 URL
[66]	Rizwan, M., Tariq, M. A., & Hussain, S. ( 2013). Antecedents of job stress and its impact on job satisfaction. Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 3( 2), 175-190.
[67]	Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. ( 1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15( 2), 150-163. doi: 10.2307/2391486 URL
[68]	Schaubroeck, J., Cotton, J. L., & Jennings, K. R. ( 1989). Antecedents and consequences of role stress: A covariance structure analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10( 1), 35-58. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379 URL
[69]	Seashore, S. E., Lawler, E. E., Mirvis, P., & Cammann, C. C. ( 1982). Observing and measuring organizational change: A guide to field practice. New York: Wiley.
[70]	Shin, S.K. ( 2015). Relationship between burnout and role stressors experienced by professions at centers for independent living in the United States. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 15( 1), 366-378.
[71]	Smit, N. W. H., de Beer, L. T., & Pienaar, J. ( 2016). Work stressors, job insecurity, union support, job satisfaction and safety outcomes within the iron ore mining environment. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 14( 1), 1-13.
[72]	Solberg, E., & Wong, S.( 2016). Crafting one's job to take charge of role overload: When proactivity requires adaptability across levels. The Leadership Quarterly, 27( 5), 713-725. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.03.001 URL
[73]	Suarthana, J. H.P., & Riana, I.G . ( 2016). The effect of psychological contract breach and workload on intention to leave: Mediating role of job stress. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219, 717-723. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.056 URL
[74]	Surana, S.J., & Singh, A.K . ( 2013). The impact of role stressors and work overload on job burnout. International Journal of Intelligent Enterprise, 2( 1), 64-83. doi: 10.1504/IJIE.2013.057339 URL
[75]	Taştan, S.B. ( 2014). Predicting psychological strain with job demands and organizational injustice through the implications of job demand-control model and fairness theory. Postmodern Openings, 5( 4), 111-143. doi: 10.18662/po URL
[76]	Thiagarajan, P., Chakrabarty, S., & Taylor, R. D. ( 2006). A confirmatory factor analysis of Reilly’s role overload scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66( 4), 657-666. doi: 10.1177/0013164405282452 URL
[77]	Tordera, N.( 2008). The moderator effect of psychological climate on the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) quality and role overload. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17( 1), 56-72.
[78]	Twumasi, E., & Gyensare, M.A. ( 2016). Antecedents of employee job stress: Evidence from the insurance industry in Ghana. Management Science Letters, 6( 9), 609-616.
[79]	Ugwu, F. O., Amazue, L. O., Onyedire, N. G., & Hackett, J. ( 2017). Work-family life balance in a Nigerian banking sector setting. Cogent Psychology, 4( 1):1290402.
[80]	Van der Doef, M., & Maes, S.( 1999). The Job Demand- Control (-Support) Model and psychological well-being: A review of 20 years of empirical research. Work and Stress, 13( 2), 87-114. doi: 10.1080/026783799296084 URL
[81]	Voydanoff, P.( 2002). Linkages between the work-family interface and work, family, and individual outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 23( 1), 138-164. doi: 10.1177/0192513X02023001007 URL
[82]	Williams, C.( 2008). Work-life balance of shift workers. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 20( 3), 15-26.
[83]	Wu, H., Sun, W., & Wang, L. ( 2012). Factors associated with occupational stress among Chinese female emergency nurses. Engineering Management Journal, 29( 7), 554-558.
[84]	Yousef, D.A. ( 2002). Job satisfaction as a mediator of the relationship between job stressors and affective, continuance, and normative commitment: A path analytical approach. International Journal of Stress Management, 9( 2), 99-112. doi: 10.1023/A:1014954703735 URL
[85]	Zhou, Y. K., Zeng, W. X., Hu, Y. L., Xi, Y. P., & Tan, L. ( 2014). The relationship among role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload and job stress of Chinese middle-level cadres. Chinese Studies, 3( 1), 8-11. doi: 10.4236/chnstd.2014.31003 URL

定义内涵	侧重点	研究
角色发送者间冲突与个人角色冲突的结合。	角色冲突的一种	Kahn et al., 1964
相对于需要满足的多种角色期待来说缺乏必要的时间。	时间维度	Barnett & Baruch,1983; Duxbury, Higgins, & Halinski, 2015; Hecht, 2001; Jones et al., 2007; Mishra, 2015; Reilly, 1982; Seashore, Lawler, Mirvis, & Cammann, 1982; Williams, 2008
相对需要满足的多种角色期待来说缺乏必要的训练与技能。	资源维度	Van der Doef & Maes, 1999; Rizwan et al., 2013; Surana & Singh, 2013
相对需要满足的多种角色期待来说缺乏必要的时间与资源。	时间维度与资源维度	Covermen, 1989; Duxbury, Lyonst, & Higgins, 2008; Mohamad, Ismail, Mohamad, Ahmad, & Yahya, 2016; Rizzo et al., 1970; ?rtqvist & Wincent, 2006; Voydanoff, 2002
个体所拥有的个人资源不足以完成定性或定量的工作要求。	时间维度与资源维度	Dubinsky, Michaels, Kotabe, Lim, & Moon, 1992; Ismail, Hasan, Chin, Ismail, & Samah, 2013; Peterson et al., 1995; Yousef, 2002

定义内涵	侧重点	研究
角色发送者间冲突与个人角色冲突的结合。	角色冲突的一种	Kahn et al., 1964
相对于需要满足的多种角色期待来说缺乏必要的时间。	时间维度	Barnett & Baruch,1983; Duxbury, Higgins, & Halinski, 2015; Hecht, 2001; Jones et al., 2007; Mishra, 2015; Reilly, 1982; Seashore, Lawler, Mirvis, & Cammann, 1982; Williams, 2008
相对需要满足的多种角色期待来说缺乏必要的训练与技能。	资源维度	Van der Doef & Maes, 1999; Rizwan et al., 2013; Surana & Singh, 2013
相对需要满足的多种角色期待来说缺乏必要的时间与资源。	时间维度与资源维度	Covermen, 1989; Duxbury, Lyonst, & Higgins, 2008; Mohamad, Ismail, Mohamad, Ahmad, & Yahya, 2016; Rizzo et al., 1970; ?rtqvist & Wincent, 2006; Voydanoff, 2002
个体所拥有的个人资源不足以完成定性或定量的工作要求。	时间维度与资源维度	Dubinsky, Michaels, Kotabe, Lim, & Moon, 1992; Ismail, Hasan, Chin, Ismail, & Samah, 2013; Peterson et al., 1995; Yousef, 2002

员工个体因素	领导者因素	情境因素
人口统计学变量(Chapela, 2015; Daskin, 2016; Thiagarajan et al., 2006; Williams, 2008; Haybatollahi & Gyekye, 2014)	领导风格(Chênevert,Vandenberghe, Doucet, & Ayed, 2013; Barling & Frone, 2016; Bowling, Alarcon, Bragg, & Hartman, 2015)	组织支持(Gurbuz, Turunc, & Celik, 2013; Grant-Vallonea & Ensher, 2001; Purohit & Vasava, 2017; Smit, de Beer, & Pienaar, 2016)
时间人格(Daskin, 2016; Thiagarajan et al., 2006)	领导成员交换(Tordera, 2008; Jian, 2012)	全面质量管理(Ebrahimi, Wei, & Rad, 2014a, 2014b)
人格特质(个人/集体主义、权力距离) (Peterson et al., 1995)		组织公民行为(Bolino & Turnley, 2005; Eatough et al., 2011; Gurbuz et al., 2013)
自我效能感(Dasgupta, 2012)		工作量/时间(Hecht, 2001)

员工个体因素	领导者因素	情境因素
人口统计学变量(Chapela, 2015; Daskin, 2016; Thiagarajan et al., 2006; Williams, 2008; Haybatollahi & Gyekye, 2014)	领导风格(Chênevert,Vandenberghe, Doucet, & Ayed, 2013; Barling & Frone, 2016; Bowling, Alarcon, Bragg, & Hartman, 2015)	组织支持(Gurbuz, Turunc, & Celik, 2013; Grant-Vallonea & Ensher, 2001; Purohit & Vasava, 2017; Smit, de Beer, & Pienaar, 2016)
时间人格(Daskin, 2016; Thiagarajan et al., 2006)	领导成员交换(Tordera, 2008; Jian, 2012)	全面质量管理(Ebrahimi, Wei, & Rad, 2014a, 2014b)
人格特质(个人/集体主义、权力距离) (Peterson et al., 1995)		组织公民行为(Bolino & Turnley, 2005; Eatough et al., 2011; Gurbuz et al., 2013)
自我效能感(Dasgupta, 2012)		工作量/时间(Hecht, 2001)

		影响效应	研究
工作态度	离职意向	正向	Hung et al., 2015; Jensen, Patel, & Messersmith, 2013; Jones et al., 2007; Kim & Han, 2013; ?rtqvist & Wincent, 2006; Kuntz, N?swall, & Bockett, 2013; Bowling et al., 2015
	工作倦怠		Andrews & Kacmar, 2014; Dasgupta, 2012; Surana & Singh, 2013; Shin, 2015; 姜兆权, 张会君, 2016; Karatepe, 2013
	组织承诺(情感承诺)	负向	Fisher, 2014; ?rtqvist & Wincent, 2006; Yousef, 2002; Jones et al., 2007; 陈笃升, 王重鸣, 2015; Bowling et al., 2015
	工作满意感		Andrews & Kacmar, 2014; Covermen, 1989; Rizwan et al., 2013; Jones et al., 2007; Yousef, 2002
	工作压力		Hung et al., 2015; Rizwan et al., 2013; Twumasi & Gyensare, 2016; Wu, Sun, & Wang, 2012; Zhou et al., 2014
	工作嵌入		Karatepe, 2013
工作行为	角色内绩效/任务绩效	负(正)向	陈笃升, 王重鸣, 2015; Adil & Rashid, 2013; Jones et al., 2007; ?rtqvist & Wincent, 2006; Akgunduz, 2015; Noblet, Maharee-Lawler, & Rodwell, 2012; Jha, Balaji, Yavas, & Babakus, 2017; Karatepe, 2013
	角色外绩效/组织公民行为	负向	陈笃升, 王重鸣, 2015; Curran & Prottas, 2017; Noblet et al., 2012
	工作重塑行为		Solberg & Wong, 2016
	旷工行为	正向	Duxbury et al., 2008; Duxbury & Higgins, 2003; Bowling et al., 2015
工作场所溢出	工作家庭冲突	正向	Gurbuz et al., 2013; Huffman, Payne, Koehly, Culbertson, & Castro, 2014; Matthews et al., 2014; Mohamad et al., 2016; Ugwu, Amazue, Onyedire, & Hackett, 2017
	工作家庭平衡	负向	Jha & Jha, 2013; Mani, Sritharan, & Gayatri, 2014; Quah, 2014; Covermen, 1989
	身心健康(紧张、焦虑、抑郁)		Macewen, Barling, & Kelloway, 1992; ?rtqvist & Wincent, 2006; Ta?tan, 2014; Hecht, 2001; Kuntz, et al., 2013; Nixon, Mazzola, Bauer, Krueger, & Spector, 2011