Mechanism of competitive development of hemispheric lateralization complementary pattern for word and face recognition

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2023.02063

Abstract

Abstract: The left visual word form area (VWFA) of the brain in adults is more sensitive to orthographic information, whereas the right fusiform face area (FFA) is preferentially involved in the processing of facial information. The cognitive neural processing mechanism of the competitive development of the complementary pattern of hemispheric lateralization in word and face recognition is systematically examined using the neuronal recycling hypothesis and the distributed account of the hemispheric organization, combined with the multidimensional computational model composed of posterior-anterior axis and medial-lateral axis in the fusiform gyrus (FG). The posterior-anterior axis distinguishes regions within a domain and is associated with hierarchical transformation. The medial-lateral axis differentiates regions across domains. Along the posterior-anterior axis in FG, area FG2, which is posterior lateral to FG, receives mainly bottom-up incoming information from the early visual cortex. Additionally, both word and face recognition require fine discrimination between highly similar stimuli, relying on high-acuity visual information from the fovea. Therefore, word and face representation should share processing resources for early perception and compete for neural space in FG2. These areas are sculpted further over development and begin to emerge being labelled the VWFA-1 in the left hemisphere (lateral to the medial-lateral axis) and the FFA-1 in the right hemisphere (medial to the medial-lateral axis). Moreover, as learning to read words and face recognition experience accumulated, the processing of word or face information transformed from VWFA-1 and FFA-1 in FG2 to VWFA-2 (lateral to the medial-lateral axis) and FFA-2 (medial to the medial-lateral axis) in FG4 located in the lateral middle part of FG, respectively. Because learning to read words improves the connectivity between VWFA-2 and the left hemisphere language network, this top-down lateralization modulation strengthens the competitive processing between words and faces, resulting in stronger leftward lateralization of VWFA-2 and accelerating rightward lateralization of FFA-2. At the same time, the face learning experience also improves the right-sided connectivity between FFA-2 and related brain networks, and this top-down modulation results in stronger right-lateralized FFA-2.
Future studies should examine the following five aspects. First, some researchers propose a revised model of the neuronal recycling hypothesis, known as the blocking model, in which they suppose that in literate children, the progressive dedication of an increasing number of neuronal patches to words in the left FG prevents the expansion of the nearby object and face patches, resulting in face recognition being gradually replaced by right FG. Therefore, future studies could use high-resolution (<1mm) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine whether words directly compete with faces or block the development of faces. Second, while cytoarchitectonic similarities between FG2 and FG4 are found, the differences between them may help explain the fine-scale functional heterogeneity of FG. Based on differences in cell types, receptor densities, laminar distribution patterns, synaptic connections, and myelination between FG2 and FG4, further research could provide insight into the functional role of both fusiform areas subserving face and word recognition. Third, research has shown that preschool children's learning to read Chinese characters requires the right hemisphere to distinguish character form, and use the left hemisphere to access orthography and phonological and semantic information, so their early reading experience may compete with faces for processing resources in the right and left hemispheres. It is necessary to adopt the intertemporal study design of preschool and school-age children and use event-related potentials (ERPs) with high temporal resolution and fMRI with high spatial resolution to systematically investigate the unique mechanism of children's early reading experience affecting the competitive processing of Chinese characters and faces. Fourth, the development of right-lateralized face recognition may be influenced by factors other than learning to read words. The development of right-lateralized face recognition will experience a long time delay, which is influenced not only by brain development and learning to read but also by the gradual accumulation of facial experience. Therefore, future studies should not only focus on how learning to read words competes with face representation for processing resources in left FG, but also examine how face perception experience affects the right-lateralized development of FFA and its processing mechanism in competition with other cortical areas for space resources. Finally, visual numbers and musical notations are also cultural inventions, and learning to read them can cause brain plasticity changes similar to words. The brain structures and functional networks of learning to read words, numbers, and musical notations are both separated and overlapped, competing and coordinating with each other. Importantly, children can learn to read these three visual symbols synchronously or asynchronously. Therefore, exploring the temporal dynamics and brain mechanisms of the interaction between children's learning to read words, numbers, and musical notations not only has theoretical significance for deepening the understanding of brain plasticity of cultural learning, but also has practical significance for guiding the early teaching of language, mathematics, and music.

Key words: visual word form area, fusiform face area, complementary pattern of hemispheric lateralization, mechanism of competitive development, multilevel and bidirectional dynamic processing

CLC Number:

B845

GAO Fei, CAI Houde, QI Xingliang. Mechanism of competitive development of hemispheric lateralization complementary pattern for word and face recognition[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2023, 31(11): 2063-2077.

References

[1] 齐星亮, 蔡厚德. (2019). 文字阅读学习的大脑可塑性机制.心理科学, 42(5), 1127-1133.
[2] 张文芳. (2020). 幼儿文字与面孔专家化加工的关系及其影响因素 (博士论文). 中国科学院大学, 北京.
[3] Abboud S., Maidenbaum S., Dehaene S., & Amedi A. (2015). A number-form area in the blind. Nature Communications, 6(1), Article 6026. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7026
[4] Adibpour P., Dubois J., & Dehaene-Lambertz G. (2018). Right but not left hemispheric discrimination of faces in infancy.Nature Human Behaviour, 2(1), 67-79.
[5] Ayzenberg, V., & Behrmann, M. (2022). Does the brain's ventral visual pathway compute object shape?Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(12), 1119-1132.
[6] Behrmann, M., & Avidan, G. (2022). Face perception: Computational insights from phylogeny.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(4), 350-363.
[7] Behrmann, M., & Plaut, D. C. (2013). Distributed circuits, not circumscribed centers, mediate visual recognition.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(5), 210-219.
[8] Behrmann, M., & Plaut, D. C. (2014). Bilateral hemispheric processing of words and faces: Evidence from word impairments in prosopagnosia and face impairments in pure alexia.Cerebral Cortex, 24(4), 1102-1118.
[9] Behrmann, M., & Plaut, D. C. (2015). A vision of graded hemispheric specialization.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1359, 30-46.
[10] Behrmann, M., & Plaut, D. C. (2020). Hemispheric organization for visual object recognition: A theoretical account and empirical evidence.Perception, 49(4), 373-404.
[11] Bouhali, F., Mongelli, V., de Schotten, M. T., & Cohen, L.(2020). Reading music and words: The anatomical connectivity of musicians' visual cortex. Neuroimage, 212, Article 116666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116666
[12] Cai Q., Paulignan Y., Brysbaert M., Ibarrola D., & Nazir T. A. (2010). The left ventral occipito-temporal response to words depends on language lateralization but not on visual familiarity.Cereb Cortex, 20(5), 1153-1163.
[13] Canário N., Jorge L.,& Castelo-Branco, M.(2020). Distinct mechanisms drive hemispheric lateralization of object recognition in the visual word form and fusiform face areas. Brain and Language, 210, Article 104860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104860
[14] Cantlon J. F., Pinel P., Dehaene S., & Pelphrey K. A. (2011). Cortical representations of symbols, objects, and faces are pruned back during early childhood.Cerebral Cortex, 21(1), 191-199.
[15] Caspers J., Palomero-Gallagher N., Caspers S., Schleicher A., Amunts K., & Zilles K. (2015). Receptor architecture of visual areas in the face and word-form recognition region of the posterior fusiform gyrus.Brain Structure and Function, 220(1), 205-219.
[16] Caspers J., Zilles K., Eickhoff S. B., Schleicher A., Mohlberg H., & Amunts K. (2013). Cytoarchitectonical analysis and probabilistic mapping of two extrastriate areas of the human posterior fusiform gyrus.Brain Structure and Function, 218(2), 511-526.
[17] Centanni T. M., Norton E. S., Park A., Beach S. D., Halverson K., Ozernov-Palchik O., .. Gabrieli J. (2018). Early development of letter specialization in left fusiform is associated with better word reading and smaller fusiform face area. Developmental Science, 21(5), Article e12658. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12658
[18] Collingridge G. L., Volianskis A., Bannister N., France G., Hanna L., Mercier M., .. Jane D. E. (2013). The NMDA receptor as a target for cognitive enhancement.Neuropharmacology, 64, 13-26.
[19] Collins E., Dundas E., Gabay Y., Plaut D. C., & Behrmann M. (2017). Hemispheric organization in disorders of development.Visual Cognition, 25(4-6), 416-429.
[20] Dai R., Huang Z., Weng X.,& He, S.(2022). Early visual exposure primes future cross-modal specialization of the fusiform face area in tactile face processing in the blind. Neuroimage, 253, Article 119062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119062
[21] Davies-Thompson J., Johnston S., Tashakkor Y., Pancaroglu R., & Barton J. J. (2016). The relationship between visual word and face processing lateralization in the fusiform gyri: A cross-sectional study.Brain Research, 1644, 88-97.
[22] de Heering, A., & Rossion, B. (2015). Rapid categorization of natural face images in the infant right hemisphere. Elife, 4, Article e06564. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06564.001
[23] Dehaene, S. (2005). Evolution of human cortical circuits for reading and arithmetic: The ‘‘neuronal recycling'' hypothesis. In S. Dehaene, J. R. Duhamel, M. Hauser, & G. Rizzolatti (Eds.), From monkey brain to human brain (pp. 133-157). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
[24] Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2007). Cultural recycling of cortical maps.Neuron, 56(2), 384-398.
[25] Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2011). The unique role of the visual word form area in reading.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(6), 254-262.
[26] Dehaene S., Cohen L., Morais J., & Kolinsky R. (2015). Illiterate to literate: Behavioural and cerebral changes induced by reading acquisition.Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 234-244.
[27] Dehaene S., Pegado F., Braga L. W., Ventura P., Nunes Filho G., Jobert A., .. Cohen L. (2010). How learning to read changes the cortical networks for vision and language.Science, 330(6009), 1359-1364.
[28] Dehaene-Lambertz G., Monzalvo K., & Dehaene S. (2018). The emergence of the visual word form: Longitudinal evolution of category-specific ventral visual areas during reading acquisition. PLOS Biology, 16(3), Article e2004103. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004103
[29] Dundas E. M., Plaut D. C., & Behrmann M. (2013). The joint development of hemispheric lateralization for words and faces.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(2), 348-358.
[30] Dundas E. M., Plaut D. C., & Behrmann M. (2014). An ERP investigation of the co-development of hemispheric lateralization of face and word recognition.Neuropsychologia, 61, 315-323.
[31] Dundas E. M., Plaut D. C., & Behrmann M. (2015). Variable left-hemisphere language and orthographic lateralization reduces right-hemisphere face lateralization.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27(5), 913-925.
[32] Eggermann, E., & Feldmeyer, D. (2009). Cholinergic filtering in the recurrent excitatory microcircuit of cortical layer 4.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(28), 11753-11758.
[33] Feng X., Monzalvo K., Dehaene S.,& Dehaene-Lambertz, G.(2022). Evolution of reading and face circuits during the first three years of reading acquisition. Neuroimage, 259, Article 119394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119394
[34] Frässle S., Krach S., Paulus F. M., & Jansen A. (2016). Handedness is related to neural mechanisms underlying hemispheric lateralization of face processing. Scientific Reports, 6, Article 27153. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27153
[35] Gathers A. D., Bhatt R., Corbly C. R., Farley A. B., & Joseph J. E. (2004). Developmental shifts in cortical loci for face and object recognition.NeuroReport, 15(10), 1549-1553.
[36] Gerlach C., Kuhn C. D., Poulsen M., Andersen K. B., Lissau C. H.,& Starrfelt, R.(2022). Lateralization of word and face processing in developmental dyslexia and developmental prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108208
[37] Gerrits R., Van der Haegen L., Brysbaert M., & Vingerhoets G. (2019). Laterality for recognizing written words and faces in the fusiform gyrus covaries with language dominance.Cortex, 117, 196-204.
[38] Golarai G., Ghahremani D. G., Whitfield-Gabrieli S., Reiss A., Eberhardt J. L., Gabrieli J. D., & Grill-Spector K. (2007). Differential development of high-level visual cortex correlates with category-specific recognition memory.Nature Neuroscience, 10(4), 512-522.
[39] Golarai G., Liberman A., & Grill-Spector K. (2017). Experience shapes the development of neural substrates of face processing in human ventral temporal cortex.Cereb Cortex, 27(2), 1229-1244.
[40] Gomez J., Barnett M., & Grill-Spector K. (2019). Extensive childhood experience with Pokemon suggests eccentricity drives organization of visual cortex.Nature Human Behaviour, 3(6), 611-624.
[41] Gomez J., Barnett M. A., Natu V., Mezer A., Palomero- Gallagher N., Weiner K. S., .. Grill-Spector K. (2017). Microstructural proliferation in human cortex is coupled with the development of face processing.Science, 355(6320), 68-71.
[42] Gomez J., Natu V., Jeska B., Barnett M., & Grill-Spector K. (2018). Development differentially sculpts receptive fields across early and high-level human visual cortex. Nature Communications, 9(1), Article 788. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03166-3
[43] Gomez J., Pestilli F., Witthoft N., Golarai G., Liberman A., Poltoratski S., .. Grill-Spector K. (2015). Functionally defined white matter reveals segregated pathways in human ventral temporal cortex associated with category-specific processing.Neuron, 85(1), 216-227.
[44] Grand R. L., Mondloch C. J., Maurer D., & Brent H. P. (2003). Expert face processing requires visual input to the right hemisphere during infancy.Nature Neuroscience, 6(10), 1108-1112.
[45] Grill-Spector, K., & Malach, R. (2004). The human visual cortex.Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 649-677.
[46] Grill-Spector, K., & Weiner, K. S. (2014). The functional architecture of the ventral temporal cortex and its role in categorization.Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(8), 536-548.
[47] Grossi D., Soricelli A., Ponari M., Salvatore E., Quarantelli M., Prinster A., & Trojano L. (2014). Structural connectivity in a single case of progressive prosopagnosia: The role of the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus.Cortex, 56, 111-120.
[48] Grotheer M., Herrmann K.-H., & Kovács G. (2016). Neuroimaging evidence of a bilateral representation for visually presented numbers.Journal of Neuroscience, 36(1), 88-97.
[49] Hadders-Algra, M. (2022). Human face and gaze perception is highly context specific and involves bottom-up and top-down neural processing.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 132, 304-323.
[50] Hannagan T., Amedi A., Cohen L., Dehaene-Lambertz G., & Dehaene S. (2015). Origins of the specialization for letters and numbers in ventral occipitotemporal cortex.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(7), 374-382.
[51] Hasson U., Levy I., Behrmann M., Hendler T., & Malach R. (2002). Eccentricity bias as an organizing principle for human high-order object areas. Neuron, 34(3), 479-490.
[52] Hernandez A. E., Claussenius-Kalman H. L., Ronderos J., Castilla-Earls A. P., Sun L., Weiss S. D., & Young D. R. (2019). Neuroemergentism: A framework for studying cognition and the brain.Journal of Neurolinguistics, 49, 214-223.
[53] Inamizu S., Yamada E., Ogata K., Uehara T., Kira J.-I., & Tobimatsu S. (2020). Neuromagnetic correlates of hemispheric specialization for face and word recognition.Neuroscience Research, 156, 108-116.
[54] Johnson, M. H. (2005). Subcortical face processing.Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(10), 766-774.
[55] Johnson M. H., Senju A., & Tomalski P. (2015). The two-process theory of face processing: Modifications based on two decades of data from infants and adults.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 50, 169-179.
[56] Kanjlia S., Lane C., Feigenson L., & Bedny M. (2016). Absence of visual experience modifies the neural basis of numerical thinking.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(40), 11172-11177.
[57] Kim H., Kim G.,& Lee, S.-H.(2019). Effects of individuation and categorization on face representations in the visual cortex. Neuroscience Letters, 708, Article 134344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134344
[58] Klein E., Suchan J., Moeller K., Karnath H.-O., Knops A., Wood G., .. Willmes K. (2016). Considering structural connectivity in the triple code model of numerical cognition: Differential connectivity for magnitude processing and arithmetic facts.Brain Structure and Function, 221(2), 979-995.
[59] Leleu A., Rekow D., Poncet F., Schaal B., Durand K., Rossion B., & Baudouin J.-Y. (2020). Maternal odor shapes rapid face categorization in the infant brain. Developmental Science, 23(2), Article e12877. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12877
[60] Lerma-Usabiaga G., Carreiras M., & Paz-Alonso P. M. (2018). Converging evidence for functional and structural segregation within the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex in reading.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(42), E9981-E9990.
[61] Li H., Liang Y., Yue Q., Zhang L., Ying K.,& Mei, L.(2021). The contributions of the left fusiform subregions to successful encoding of novel words. Brain and Cognition, 148, Article 105690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105690
[62] Li S., Lee K., Zhao J., Yang Z., He S., & Weng X. (2013). Neural competition as a developmental process: Early hemispheric specialization for word processing delays specialization for face processing.Neuropsychologia, 51(5), 950-959.
[63] Liu T. T., Nestor A., Vida M. D., Pyles J. A., Patterson C., Yang Y., .. Behrmann M. (2018). Successful reorganization of category-selective visual cortex following occipito- temporal lobectomy in childhood.Cell Reports, 24(5), 1113-1122.
[64] Lochy A., de Heering A., & Rossion B. (2019). The non- linear development of the right hemispheric specialization for human face perception.Neuropsychologia, 126, 10-19.
[65] Lochy A., Schiltz C., & Rossion B. (2020). The right hemispheric dominance for face perception in preschool children depends on the visual discrimination level. Developmental Science, 23(3), Article e12914. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12914
[66] Lorenz S., Weiner K. S., Caspers J., Mohlberg H., Schleicher A., Bludau S., .. Amunts K. (2017). Two new cytoarchitectonic areas on the human mid-fusiform gyrus.Cerebral Cortex, 27(1), 373-385.
[67] Mongelli V., Dehaene S., Vinckier F., Peretz I., Bartolomeo P., & Cohen L. (2017). Music and words in the visual cortex: The impact of musical expertise.Cortex, 86, 260-274.
[68] Monzalvo K., Fluss J., Billard C., Dehaene S., & Dehaene-Lambertz G. (2012). Cortical networks for vision and language in dyslexic and normal children of variable socio-economic status.Neuroimage, 61(1), 258-274.
[69] Moret-Tatay,C., Baixauli Fortea, I., & Grau Sevilla, M. D.(2020). Challenges and insights for the visual system: Are face and word recognition two sides of the same coin? Journal of Neurolinguistics, 56, Article 100941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2020.100941
[70] Nordt M., Gomez J., Natu V., Jeska B., Barnett M., & Grill-Spector K. (2019). Learning to read increases the informativeness of distributed ventral temporal responses.Cerebral Cortex, 29(7), 3124-3139.
[71] Nordt M., Gomez J., Natu V. S., Rezai A. A., Finzi D., Kular H., & Grill-Spector K. (2021). Cortical recycling in high-level visual cortex during childhood development.Nature Human Behavior, 5(12), 1686-1697.
[72] O'Hearn K., Schroer E., Minshew N., & Luna B. (2010). Lack of developmental improvement on a face memory task during adolescence in autism.Neuropsychologia, 48(13), 3955-3960.
[73] Op de Beeck, H. P., Pillet I., & Ritchie J. B. (2019). Factors determining where category-selective areas emerge in visual cortex.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(9), 784-797.
[74] Pegado F., Comerlato E., Ventura F., Jobert A., Nakamura K., Buiatti M., .. Dehaene S. (2014). Timing the impact of literacy on visual processing.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(49), E5233-E5242.
[75] Powell L. J., Kosakowski H. L., & Saxe R. (2018). Social origins of cortical face areas.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(9), 752-763.
[76] Pyles J. A., Verstynen T. D., Schneider W., & Tarr M. J. (2013). Explicating the face perception network with white matter connectivity. PLoS ONE, 8(4), Article e61611. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061611
[77] Rekow D., Baudouin J.-Y., Poncet F., Damon F., Durand K., Schaal B., .. Leleu A. (2021). Odor-driven face-like categorization in the human infant brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(21), Article e2014979118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014979118
[78] Rekow D., Leleu A., Poncet F., Damon F., Rossion B., Durand K., .. Baudouin, J.-Y.(2020). Categorization of objects and faces in the infant brain and its sensitivity to maternal odor: Further evidence for the role of intersensory congruency in perceptual development. Cognitive Development, 55, Article 100930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100930
[79] Roberts D. J., Ralph M. A. L., Kim E., Tainturier M.-J., Beeson P. M., Rapcsak S. Z., & Woollams A. M. (2015). Processing deficits for familiar and novel faces in patients with left posterior fusiform lesions.Cortex, 72, 79-96.
[80] Roberts D. J., Woollams A. M., Kim E., Beeson P. M., Rapcsak S. Z., & Ralph, M. A. L. (2013). Efficient visual object and word recognition relies on high spatial frequency coding in the left posterior fusiform gyrus: Evidence from a case-series of patients with ventral occipito-temporal cortex damage.Cerebral Cortex, 23(11), 2568-2580.
[81] Sabsevitz D. S., Middlebrooks E. H., Tatum W., Grewal S. S., Wharen R., & Ritaccio A. L. (2020). Examining the function of the visual word form area with stereo EEG electrical stimulation: A case report of pure alexia.Cortex, 129, 112-118.
[82] Saygin Z. M., Osher D. E., Norton E. S., Youssoufian D. A., Beach S. D., Feather J., .. Kanwisher N. (2016). Connectivity precedes function in the development of the visual word form area.Nature Neuroscience, 19(9), 1250-1255.
[83] Sehyr Z. S., Midgley K. J., Holcomb P. J., Emmorey K., Plaut D. C.,& Behrmann, M.(2020). Unique N170 signatures to words and faces in deaf ASL signers reflect experience-specific adaptations during early visual processing. Neuropsychologia, 141, Article 107414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107414
[84] Shum J., Hermes D., Foster B. L., Dastjerdi M., Rangarajan V., Winawer J., .. Parvizi J. (2013). A brain area for visual numerals.The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(16), 6709-6715.
[85] Skagenholt M., Skagerlund K.,& Traff, U.(2021). Neurodevelopmental differences in child and adult number processing: An fMRI-based validation of the triple code model. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 48, Article 100933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100933
[86] Skagenholt M., Skagerlund K.,& Träff, U.(2022). Neurodevelopmental differences in task-evoked number network connectivity: Comparing symbolic and nonsymbolic number discrimination in children and adults. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 58, Article 101159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101159
[87] Skagenholt M., Träff U., Västfjäll D., & Skagerlund K. (2018). Examining the triple code model in numerical cognition: An fMRI study. PLoS ONE, 13(6), Article e0199247. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199247
[88] Stewart L., Henson R., Kampe K., Walsh V., Turner R., & Frith U. (2003). Brain changes after learning to read and play music.Neuroimage, 20(1), 71-83.
[89] Susilo T., Wright V., Tree J. J., & Duchaine B. (2015). Acquired prosopagnosia without word recognition deficits.Cognitive Neuropsychology, 32(6), 321-339.
[90] Thiebaut de Schotten M., Cohen L., Amemiya E., Braga L. W., & Dehaene S. (2014). Learning to read improves the structure of the arcuate fasciculus.Cerebral Cortex, 24(4), 989-995.
[91] Thomas C., Avidan G., Humphreys K., Jung K.-J., Gao F., & Behrmann M. (2009). Reduced structural connectivity in ventral visual cortex in congenital prosopagnosia.Nature Neuroscience, 12(1), 29-31.
[92] van Vugt, F. T., Hartmann, K., Altenmüller, E., Mohammadi, B., & Margulies, D. S.(2021). The impact of early musical training on striatal functional connectivity. Neuroimage, 238, Article 118251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118251
[93] Vuontela V., Jiang P., Tokariev M., Savolainen P., Ma Y., Aronen E. T., .. Carlson S. (2013). Regulation of brain activity in the fusiform face and parahippocampal place areas in 7-11-year-old children.Brain and Cognition, 81(2), 203-214.
[94] Weiner, K. S. (2019). The mid-fusiform sulcus (sulcus sagittalis gyri fusiformis).Anatomical Record, 302(9), 1491-1503.
[95] Weiner K. S., Barnett M. A., Lorenz S., Caspers J., Stigliani A., Amunts K., .. Grill-Spector K. (2017). The cytoarchitecture of domain-specific regions in human high-level visual cortex.Cerebral Cortex, 27(1), 146-161.
[96] Weiner K. S., Barnett M. A., Witthoft N., Golarai G., Stigliani A., Kay K. N., .. Grill-Spector K. (2018). Defining the most probable location of the parahippocampal place area using cortex-based alignment and cross-validation.Neuroimage, 170, 373-384.
[97] Weiner K. S., Golarai G., Caspers J., Chuapoco M. R., Mohlberg H., Zilles K., .. Grill-Spector K. (2014). The mid-fusiform sulcus: A landmark identifying both cytoarchitectonic and functional divisions of human ventral temporal cortex.Neuroimage, 84, 453-465.
[98] Weiner K. S., Natu V. S., & Grill-Spector K. (2018). On object selectivity and the anatomy of the human fusiform gyrus.Neuroimage, 173, 604-609.
[99] Weiner K. S., Yeatman J. D., & Wandell B. A. (2017). The posterior arcuate fasciculus and the vertical occipital fasciculus.Cortex, 97, 274-276.
[100] Weiner, K. S., & Zilles, K. (2016). The anatomical and functional specialization of the fusiform gyrus.Neuropsychologia, 83, 48-62.
[101] Wong, Y. K., & Gauthier, I. (2010). A multimodal neural network recruited by expertise with musical notation.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(4), 695-713.
[102] Woodhead Z. V., Wise R. J., Sereno M., & Leech R. (2011). Dissociation of sensitivity to spatial frequency in word and face preferential areas of the fusiform gyrus.Cerebral Cortex, 21(10), 2307-2312.
[103] Yakovlev, P. I., & Lecours, A. R. (1967). The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In A. Minkowski (Eds.), Regional development of the brain in early life (pp. 3-70). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
[104] Yeatman J. D., Dougherty R. F., Ben-Shachar M., & Wandell B. A. (2012). Development of white matter and reading skills.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(44), E3045-E3053.
[105] Yeatman, J. D., & White, A. L. (2021). Reading: The confluence of vision and language.Annual Review of Vision Science, 7, 487-517.
[106] Yeo D. J., Wilkey E. D., & Price G. R. (2017). The search for the number form area: A functional neuroimaging meta-analysis.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 78, 145-160.
[107] Zhao P., Li S., Zhao J., Gaspar C. M., & Weng X. (2015). Training by visual identification and writing leads to different visual word expertise N170 effects in preliterate Chinese children.Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 106-116.