The effect of negative workplace gossip on the targets’ behaviors: A meta-analysis based on the cognitive-affective personality system theory

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.02681

Abstract

Abstract:

Negative workplace gossip (NWG) occurs when one organizational member (the gossiper) engages in informal and negative evaluative communication with another member(s) (the gossip recipient) about an absent third member(the target), and in recent years researchers have begun to focus on the effects of NWG on the behaviors of the targets. Despite the burgeoning number of studies that have explored the relationship between NWG and the targets' behaviors and its intermediate mechanisms, the explanatory perspectives of these intermediate mechanisms are fragmented and the relationships among them are not yet clear. At the same time, there are some inconsistencies in the findings on the relationship between NWG and the targets' behaviors, for example, some studies found that NWG led to a decrease in positive behaviors and an increase in negative behaviors among the targets, while others studies found that NWG increased positive behaviors and eliminated potential negative behaviors among them.
To clarify the relationship between NWG and the targets' behaviors, this study constructs a cognitive-emotional explanatory mechanism for NWG affecting the targets' behaviors based on the cognitive-affective personality system theory, and explores the role of the attributes of NWG perception and cultural differences in reconciling the contradictory findings of the relationship between NWG and the targets' behaviors. We assume that NWG can influence the behaviors of the targets through their positive interpersonal perceptions and positive affective experiences, and the differences in the perceived attributes of NWG and cultural differences may moderate the relationship between NWG and the behaviors of the targets. Then, We searched for studies related to NWG and obtained 51 empirical articles(including 61 studies, 198 effect values, 21549 samples) that met the requirements after screening, and validated the above conjectures by a two-stage structural equation modeling meta-analysis approach.
The results of the meta-analysis indicated that NWG was significantly and negatively related to the targets' positive behaviors (ρ = -0.18, p < 0.001). Positive interpersonal perceptions (indirect effect of -0.12, p < 0.001) and positive affective experiences (indirect effect of 0.01, p < 0.05) of the targets mediated the relationship between NWG and positive behaviors respectively. Specifically, NWG can reduce positive behaviors by undermining positive interpersonal perceptions of the targets, while increasing positive behaviors by damaging positive affective experiences of the targets (this is contrary to our previous hypothesis). Further analysis of the moderating effect showed that the attributes of NWG perception of the targets moderated the relationship between NWG and positive behaviors (Q_B = 59.15, p < 0.001), when targets perceived that they have been negatively gossiped, they will show fewer positive behaviors, but when they perceived that they are about to be negatively gossiped, they will show more positive behaviors; Cultural differences also moderated the relationship between NWG and positive behaviors (Q_B = 38.55, p < 0.001), in the context of Eastern culture, NWG has a stronger negative influence on the targets' positive behaviors than in the context of Western culture.
The above findings suggest that NWG has both negative and positive effects on the targets' behaviors, which has certain implications for both research and management of NWG. From a theoretical perspective, this study examined the mediating mechanisms of NWG influencing the targets' behaviors through a structural equation modeling meta-analysis approach, which helps to open the black box of how NWG influences the targets' behaviors. In addition, this study also examines the moderating effects of the attributes of NWG perception and cultural differences on the relationship between NWG and the targets' behaviors, which helps to reconcile the contradictory findings on this relationship. From a practical point of view, by playing the role of a listener, managers can obtain information that is not available through formal channels, and intervene timely to prevent NWG that is dysfunctional and may lead to negative consequences from causing a bigger organizational crisis; At the same time, managers can also use NWG to discipline potential anomie behaviors and guide employees to behave more positively.

Key words: negative workplace gossip, cognitive-affective personality system theory, attributes of negative workplace gossip perception, cultural differences, targets’ behaviors

CLC Number:

B849: C93

LI Lifei, WEI Xuhua, CHENG Dejun. The effect of negative workplace gossip on the targets’ behaviors: A meta-analysis based on the cognitive-affective personality system theory[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2022, 30(12): 2681-2695.

Figures/Tables 9

References 91

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变量名称	包含内容
积极人际认知	地位感知、竞争力感知、核心自我评价、自我效能感知、独立性感知、情绪能力认知、去人性化知觉^、自我损耗认知^、面子威胁感知^、自尊威胁感知^、心理压力认知^、工作自主性感知、工作压力感知^、角色负荷^、领导包容性认知、领导成员交换感知、与上级心理相似性认知、宽容氛围感知、关系亲密度、人际关系压力^、社会亲密度、同事关系认知、情感信任、人际信任、认知信任、人际依附感知、工作社会支持感知、人际公平感知、排斥感知^、人际虐待感知^、团队冲突感知^、团队观点重要性、团队授权感知、组织不公平^
积极情感体验	担忧情绪^、负面情感^、负面情绪^、负面心情^、和谐激情、活力、恐惧情绪^、情绪耗竭^、情绪稳定性、声誉担忧^、心理困扰^、幸福感、忧虑^*、自尊
员工行为	遵从规范行为、创新行为、角色内行为、帮助行为、亲社会行为、主动行为、组织公民行为、建言行为、前瞻性工作行为、减少偏离行为、贡献行为、合作行为、慷慨行为、知识分享行为、知识隐藏行为^、工作家庭冲突^、沉默行为^、退缩行为^、政治行为^、不道德工作行为^、辱虐管理^、阻抑行为^

变量名称	包含内容
积极人际认知	地位感知、竞争力感知、核心自我评价、自我效能感知、独立性感知、情绪能力认知、去人性化知觉^、自我损耗认知^、面子威胁感知^、自尊威胁感知^、心理压力认知^、工作自主性感知、工作压力感知^、角色负荷^、领导包容性认知、领导成员交换感知、与上级心理相似性认知、宽容氛围感知、关系亲密度、人际关系压力^、社会亲密度、同事关系认知、情感信任、人际信任、认知信任、人际依附感知、工作社会支持感知、人际公平感知、排斥感知^、人际虐待感知^、团队冲突感知^、团队观点重要性、团队授权感知、组织不公平^
积极情感体验	担忧情绪^、负面情感^、负面情绪^、负面心情^、和谐激情、活力、恐惧情绪^、情绪耗竭^、情绪稳定性、声誉担忧^、心理困扰^、幸福感、忧虑^*、自尊
员工行为	遵从规范行为、创新行为、角色内行为、帮助行为、亲社会行为、主动行为、组织公民行为、建言行为、前瞻性工作行为、减少偏离行为、贡献行为、合作行为、慷慨行为、知识分享行为、知识隐藏行为^、工作家庭冲突^、沉默行为^、退缩行为^、政治行为^、不道德工作行为^、辱虐管理^、阻抑行为^

变量1	变量2	k	N	r	ρ	SDρ	95% CI	80%CV	Q	I²	Nfs	Egger’s intercept	p
NWG	COG	44	9443	-0.25	-0.30	0.02	[-0.37, -0.22]	[-0.56, 0.03]	936.07^***	95.41%	4637	3.50	0.39
	AFF	30	7254	-0.29	-0.34	0.01	[-0.39, -0.28]	[-0.51, -0.14]	285.15^***	89.83%	8747	-3.16	0.27
	BEH^a	61	19925	-0.15	-0.18	0.02	[-0.26, -0.10]	[-0.55, 0.25]	2673.27^***	97.68%	960	-5.20	0.15
	BEH1	10	3956	-0.28	-0.33	0.02	[-0.44, -0.21]	[-0.54, -0.08]	153.50^***	94.14%	1063	-5.03	0.39
	BEH2	14	6082	0.21	0.25	0.01	[0.18, 0.32]	[0.08, 0.41]	117.77 ^***	88.96%	1296	1.02	0.73
	BEH3	6	1981	-0.29	-0.35	0.04	[-0.52, -0.16]	[-0.60, -0.05]	106.44^***	95.30%	378	-22.89	0.23
	BEH4	3	1009	-0.31	-0.39	0.13	[-0.67, -0.02]	[-0.69, 0.03]	79.72^***	97.49%	132	4.05	0.94
	BEH5	3	568	0.30	0.33	0.01	[0.22, 0.44]	[0.24, 0.42]	4.36	54.15%	48	-9.99	0.04
	BEH6	4	1606	0.30	0.35	0.02	[0.20, 0.48]	[0.16, 0.52]	33.29^***	90.99%	212	4.37	0.85
	BEH7	4	1149	0.35	0.42	0.09	[0.14, 0.65]	[0.05, 0.69]	81.74^***	96.33%	227	-2.47	0.87
	BEH8	11	3987	-0.24	-0.28	0.03	[-0.40, -0.14]	[-0.52, 0.01]	197.51^***	94.94%	784	-6.35	0.33
	BEH9	6	1936	0.36	0.42	0.03	[0.28, 0.55]	[0.20, 0.60]	65.85^***	92.41%	566	22.82	0.13
COG	AFF	11	2405	0.24	0.29	0.03	[0.15, 0.41]	[-0.02, 0.54]	222.29^***	95.50%	1075	-17.50	0.08
COG	BEH	33	6793	0.32	0.41	0.06	[0.26, 0.54]	[-0.19, 0.79]	2616.46^***	98.78%	6658	7.32	0.40
AFF	BEH	18	4476	0.10	0.11	0.05	[-0.05, 0.27]	[-0.33, 0.51]	691.64^***	97.54%	331	-0.10	0.99

变量1	变量2	k	N	r	ρ	SDρ	95% CI	80%CV	Q	I²	Nfs	Egger’s intercept	p
NWG	COG	44	9443	-0.25	-0.30	0.02	[-0.37, -0.22]	[-0.56, 0.03]	936.07^***	95.41%	4637	3.50	0.39
	AFF	30	7254	-0.29	-0.34	0.01	[-0.39, -0.28]	[-0.51, -0.14]	285.15^***	89.83%	8747	-3.16	0.27
	BEH^a	61	19925	-0.15	-0.18	0.02	[-0.26, -0.10]	[-0.55, 0.25]	2673.27^***	97.68%	960	-5.20	0.15
	BEH1	10	3956	-0.28	-0.33	0.02	[-0.44, -0.21]	[-0.54, -0.08]	153.50^***	94.14%	1063	-5.03	0.39
	BEH2	14	6082	0.21	0.25	0.01	[0.18, 0.32]	[0.08, 0.41]	117.77 ^***	88.96%	1296	1.02	0.73
	BEH3	6	1981	-0.29	-0.35	0.04	[-0.52, -0.16]	[-0.60, -0.05]	106.44^***	95.30%	378	-22.89	0.23
	BEH4	3	1009	-0.31	-0.39	0.13	[-0.67, -0.02]	[-0.69, 0.03]	79.72^***	97.49%	132	4.05	0.94
	BEH5	3	568	0.30	0.33	0.01	[0.22, 0.44]	[0.24, 0.42]	4.36	54.15%	48	-9.99	0.04
	BEH6	4	1606	0.30	0.35	0.02	[0.20, 0.48]	[0.16, 0.52]	33.29^***	90.99%	212	4.37	0.85
	BEH7	4	1149	0.35	0.42	0.09	[0.14, 0.65]	[0.05, 0.69]	81.74^***	96.33%	227	-2.47	0.87
	BEH8	11	3987	-0.24	-0.28	0.03	[-0.40, -0.14]	[-0.52, 0.01]	197.51^***	94.94%	784	-6.35	0.33
	BEH9	6	1936	0.36	0.42	0.03	[0.28, 0.55]	[0.20, 0.60]	65.85^***	92.41%	566	22.82	0.13
COG	AFF	11	2405	0.24	0.29	0.03	[0.15, 0.41]	[-0.02, 0.54]	222.29^***	95.50%	1075	-17.50	0.08
COG	BEH	33	6793	0.32	0.41	0.06	[0.26, 0.54]	[-0.19, 0.79]	2616.46^***	98.78%	6658	7.32	0.40
AFF	BEH	18	4476	0.10	0.11	0.05	[-0.05, 0.27]	[-0.33, 0.51]	691.64^***	97.54%	331	-0.10	0.99

变量	NWG	COG	AFF	BEH
NWG	1.00
COG	-0.30^***	1.00
AFF	-0.34^***	0.29^***	1.00
BEH	-0.18^***	0.41^***	0.11	1.00