The effects of digital media usage on sleep: Mechanisms and interventions

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.00070

Abstract

Abstract:

Sleep problems are more common with the prevalence of digital media devices. Subjective and objective research has shown evidence of negative sleep impacts of digital media usages. The underlying mechanisms involve sleep displacement, hyperarousal and effects of screen light and electromagnetic radiation. Sleep education, restriction of digital media usage and blocking blue light from screen can be promising options to alleviate the undesirable effects of digital media on sleep. More effort should be devoted to the integration of theoretical models, causality establishment between digital media and sleep, objectivization and standardization of measurements, refined classification of digital media user behaviors and local research.

Key words: digital media, sleep, sleep displacement, arousal, screen light, electromagnetic radiation

CLC Number:

B849: R395

CHEN Qingwei, RU Taotao, LUO Xue, DONG Qiaoling, ZHAI Diguo, XIONG Xiao, ZHOU Guofu. The effects of digital media usage on sleep: Mechanisms and interventions[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2019, 27(1): 70-82.

Figures/Tables 6

References 118

1	陈庆伟, 汝涛涛, 周菊燕, 李静华, 熊晓, 李笑然, 周国富 . (2018). 光照对社会心理和行为的影响. 心理科学进展, 26(6), 1083-1095.
2	李宜霖, 周宗奎, 牛更枫 . (2017). 数字技术对个体的影响. 心理科学进展, 25(10), 1799-1810.
3	刘庆奇, 周宗奎, 牛更枫, 范翠英 . (2017). 手机成瘾与青少年睡眠质量: 中介与调节作用分析. 心理学报, 49(12), 1524-1536. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2017.01524 URL
4	刘贤臣, 唐茂芹, 胡蕾, 王爱祯, 吴宏新, 赵贵芳 , .. 李万顺. (1996). 匹兹堡睡眠质量指数的信度和效度研究. 中华精神科杂志, 29(2), 103-107. doi: 10.1007/BF02951625 URL
5	路桃影, 李艳, 夏萍, 张广清, 吴大嵘 . (2014). 匹兹堡睡眠质量指数的信度及效度分析. 重庆医学,43(3), 260-263.
6	毛天欣, 熊晓, 李静华, 姚颖, 杨健, 李笑然, 周国富 . (2018). 光照的警觉性作用. 心理科学进展, 26(7), 1213-1222.
7	任志洪, 谢菲, 余香莲, 苏文亮, 陈丽君, 赵陵波 . (2016). 失眠的自助式认知行为治疗元分析: 疗效,影响因素及证据评价. 心理科学进展, 24(2), 173-195. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2016.00173 URL
8	朱莹莹, 汝涛涛, 周国富 . (2015). 照明的非视觉作用及其脑神经机制. 心理科学进展, 23(8), 1348-1360. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.01348 URL
9	Adam E. K., Snell E. K., & Pendry P . (2007). Sleep timing and quantity in ecological and family context: A nationally representative time-diary study. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(1), 4-19. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.21.1.4 URL pmid: 17371105
10	Andersen L.L., &Garde A.H . (2015). Sleep problems and computer use during work and leisure: Cross-sectional study among 7800 adults. Chronobiology International, 32(10), 1367-1372. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1095202 URL pmid: 26539689
11	Anderson C. A., Shibuya A., Ihori N., Swing E. L., Bushman B. J., Sakamoto A., .. Saleem M . (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151-173.
12	Arora T., Broglia E., Thomas G. N., & Taheri S . (2014). Associations between specific technologies and adolescent sleep quantity, sleep quality, and parasomnias. Sleep Medicine, 15(2), 240-247. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.08.799 URL pmid: 24394730
13	Atkin A. J., Sharp S. J., Corder K ., & van Sluijs, E. M. F. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of screen time in youth: An international perspective. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(6), 803-807. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.043 URL pmid: 25241193
14	Ayaki M., Hattori A., Maruyama Y., Nakano M., Yoshimura M., Kitazawa M., .. Tsubota K . (2016). Protective effect of blue-light shield eyewear for adults against light pollution from self-luminous devices used at night. Chronobiology International, 33(1), 134-139. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1119158 URL pmid: 26730983
15	Barber L.K., &Cucalon M.S . (2017). Modifying the Sleep Treatment Education Program for Students to include technology use (STEPS-TECH): Intervention effects on objective and subjective sleep outcomes. Stress & Health, 33(5), 684-690. doi: 10.1002/smi.2746 URL pmid: 28156049
16	Berson D. M., Dunn F. A., & Takao M . (2002). Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science, 295(5557), 1070-1073.
17	Blood M. L., Sack R. L., Percy D. C., & Pen J. C . (1997). A comparison of sleep detection by wrist actigraphy, behavioral response, and polysomnography. Sleep, 20(6), 388-395. doi: 10.1093/sleep/20.6.388 URL pmid: 9302721
18	Blunden S., & Rigney G. (2015). Lessons learned from sleep education in schools: A review of dos and don'ts. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 11(6), 671-680. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.4782 URL pmid: 25766709
19	Borbély A. A., Daan S., Wirz-Justice A., & Deboer T . (2016). The two-process model of sleep regulation: A reappraisal. Journal of Sleep Research, 25(2), 131-143. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12371 URL pmid: 26762182
20	Bossi A.H., & Hopker J. (2017). Twilight: Filter the blue light of your device and sleep better. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(14), 1103-1104. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096315 URL pmid: 27208069
21	Brainard G. C., Coyle W., Ayers M., Kemp J., Warfield B., Maida J., .. Hanifin J. P . (2013). Solid-state lighting for the International Space Station: Tests of visual performance and melatonin regulation. Acta Astronautica, 92(1), 21-28. doi: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.04.019 URL
22	Brown J. D., L'Engle K. L., Pardun C. J., Guo G., Kenneavy K., Jackson C . (2006). Sexy media matter: Exposure to sexual content in music, movies, television, and magazines predicts black and white adolescents' sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 117(4), 1018-1027. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-1406 URL pmid: 16585295
23	Burkhart K., &Phelps J.R . (2009). Amber lenses to block blue light and improve sleep: A randomized trial. Chronobiology International, 26(8), 1602-1612. doi: 10.3109/07420520903523719 URL pmid: 20030543
24	Buysse D. J., Reynolds C. F., Monk T. H., Berman S. R., & Kupfer D. J . (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 URL pmid: 2748771
25	Cacioppo J. T., Hawkley L. C., Berntson G. G., Ernst J. M., Gibbs A. C., Stickgold R., Hobson J. A . (2002). Do lonely days invade the nights? Potential social modulation of sleep efficiency. Psychological Science, 13(4), 384-387. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00469 URL pmid: 12137144
26	Cain N., & Gradisar M. (2010). Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review. Sleep Medicine, 11(8), 735-742. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.006 URL pmid: 20673649
27	Cajochen C., Frey S., Anders D., Späti J., Bues M., Pross A., .. Stefani O . (2011). Evening exposure to a light- emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(5), 1432-1438. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011 URL pmid: 8980132210002221415172
28	Calamaro C. J., Mason T. B. A., & Ratcliffe S. J . (2009). Adolescents living the 24/7 lifestyle: Effects of caffeine and technology on sleep duration and daytime functioning. Pediatrics, 123(6), e1005-e1010. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-3641 URL pmid: 1948273212
29	Cappuccio F. P., Cooper D., D'Elia L., Strazzullo P., & Miller M. A . (2011). Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. European Heart Journal, 32(12), 1484-1492. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr007 URL pmid: 21300732
30	Carter B. . (2018). Letter to the editor: Is poor sleep, and loneliness linked by increased use of technology? Psychological Medicine, 48(5), 876-877. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717002070 URL
31	Carter B., Rees P., Hale L., Bhattacharjee D., & Paradkar M. S . (2016). Association between portable screen-based media device access or use and sleep outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(12), 1202-1208. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2341 URL pmid: 27802500
32	Chang A. M., Aeschbach D., Duffy J. F., & Czeisler C. A . (2015). Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(4), 1232-1237.
33	Chellappa S. L., Steiner R., Oelhafen P., Lang D., Götz T., Krebs J., Cajochen C . (2013). Acute exposure to evening blue-enriched light impacts on human sleep. Journal of Sleep Research, 22(5), 573-580. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12050 URL pmid: 23509952
34	Chen Y.L., &Gau S. S.F . (2016). Sleep problems and internet addiction among children and adolescents: A longitudinal study. Journal of Sleep Research, 25(4), 458-465. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12388 URL pmid: 26854132
35	Cheung C. H. M., Bedford R., Saez De Urabain, I. R. S., Karmiloff-Smith A., & Smith T. J . (2017). Daily touchscreen use in infants and toddlers is associated with reduced sleep and delayed sleep onset. Scientific Reports, 7, 46104. doi: 10.1038/srep46104 URL pmid: 28406474
36	Council On Media Communications., & Brown A. (2011). Media use by children younger than 2 years. Pediatrics, 128(5), 1040-1045. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-1753 URL pmid: 22007002
37	Custers K., & van den Bulck J. (2012). Television viewing, internet use, and self-reported bedtime and rise time in adults: Implications for sleep hygiene recommendations from an exploratory cross-sectional study. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 10(2), 96-105. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2011.596599 URL pmid: 22468928
38	Dill K.E., &Dill J.C . (1999). Video game violence: A review of the empirical literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3(4), 407-428. doi: 10.1016/S1359-1789(97)00001-3 URL
39	Escofet J., & Bará S. (2017). Reducing the circadian input from self-luminous devices using hardware filters and software applications. Lighting Research and Technology, 49(4), 481-496.
40	Exelmans L., & van den Bulck J. (2015). Sleep quality is negatively related to video gaming volume in adults. Journal of Sleep Research, 24(2), 189-196. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12255 URL pmid: 25358428
41	Exelmans L., & van den Bulck J. (2016). Bedtime mobile phone use and sleep in adults. Social Science & Medicine, 148, 93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.037 URL pmid: 26688552
42	Exelmans L., & van den Bulck J. (2017). Bedtime, shuteye time and electronic media: Sleep displacement is a two- step process. Journal of Sleep Research, 26(3), 364-370. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12510 URL pmid: 28271575
43	Exelmans L ., & van den Bulck, J.
	(in press). Sleep research: A primer for media scholars.Health Communication.
44	Ferraro F. R., Holfeld B., Frankl S. N., Frye N., & Halvorson N. J . (2015). Texting/iPod dependence, executive function and sleep quality in college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 44-49. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.043 URL
45	Gallicchio L., & Kalesan B. (2009). Sleep duration and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sleep Research, 18(2), 148-158. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00732.x URL pmid: 19645960
46	Gradisar M., Wolfson A. R., Harvey A. G., Hale L., Rosenberg R., Czeisler C. A . (2013). The sleep and technology use of Americans: Findings from the National Sleep Foundation's 2011 sleep in America poll. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 9(12), 1291-1299. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.3272 URL pmid: 24340291
47	Green A., Cohen-Zion M., Haim A., & Dagan Y . (2017). Evening light exposure to computer screens disrupts human sleep, biological rhythms, and attention abilities. Chronobiology International, 34(7), 855-865. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1324878 URL pmid: 28548897
48	Green A., Cohen-Zion M., Haim A., & Dagan Y . (2018). Comparing the response to acute and chronic exposure to short wavelength lighting emitted from computer screens. Chronobiology International, 35(1), 90-100. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1387555 URL pmid: 29111816
49	Gringras P., Middleton B., Skene D. J., & Revell V. L . (2015). Bigger, Brighter, Bluer-Better? Current light-emitting devices——Adverse sleep properties and preventative strategies. Frontiers in Public Health, 3, 233. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00233 URL pmid: 4602096
50	Grønli J., Byrkjedal K. I., Bjorvatn B., Nødtvedt Ø., Hamre B., Pallesen S . (2016). Reading from an iPad or from a book in bed: The impact on human sleep. A randomized controlled crossover trial. Sleep Medicine, 21, 86-92. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.02.006 URL pmid: 27448477
51	Hale L., & Guan S. (2015). Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 21, 50-58. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.007 URL pmid: 25193149
52	Hamblin D.L., &Wood A.W . (2002). Effects of mobile phone emissions on human brain activity and sleep variables. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 78(8), 659-669. doi: 10.1080/09553000210132298 URL pmid: 12194749
53	Harris A., Gundersen H., Mørk-Andreassen P., Thun E., Bjorvatn B., .. Pallesen S . (2015). Restricted use of electronic media, sleep, performance, and mood in high school athletes——A randomized trial. Sleep Health, 1(4), 314-321. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2015.09.011 URL pmid: 29073407
54	Harrison K., & Cantor J. (1999). Tales from the screen: Enduring fright reactions to scary media. Media Psychology, 1(2), 97-116. doi: 10.1207/s1532785xmep0102_1 URL
55	Hart C. N., Hawley N., Davey A., Carskadon M., Raynor H., Jelalian E., .. Wing R. R . (2017). Effect of experimental change in children's sleep duration on television viewing and physical activity. Pediatric Obesity, 12(6), 462-467. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12166 URL pmid: 27417142
56	Heath M., Sutherland C., Bartel K., Gradisar M., Williamson P., Lovato N., Micic G . (2014). Does one hour of bright or short-wavelength filtered tablet screenlight have a meaningful effect on adolescents’ pre-bedtime alertness, sleep, and daytime functioning? Chronobiology International, 31(4), 496-505. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2013.872121 URL pmid: 24397302
57	Huss A., van Eijsden M., Guxens M., Beekhuizen J., van Strien R., Kromhout H., .. Vermeulen R . (2015). Environmental radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure at home, mobile and cordless phone use, and sleep problems in 7-year-old children. PLoS ONE, 10(10), e139869. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139869 URL pmid: 4625083
58	Hysing M., Pallesen S., Stormark K. M., Jakobsen R., Lundervold A. J., .. Sivertsen B . (2015). Sleep and use of electronic devices in adolescence: Results from a large population-based study. BMJ Open, 5(1), e6748. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006748 URL pmid: 25643702
59	Ji X., & Liu J. (2016). Subjective sleep measures for adolescents: A systematic review. Child: Care, Health and Development, 42(6), 825-839. doi: 10.1111/cch.12376 URL pmid: 27495828
60	Johansson A. E. E., Petrisko M. A., & Chasens E. R . (2016). Adolescent sleep and the impact of technology use before sleep on daytime function. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 31(5), 498-504. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2016.04.004 URL pmid: 27184356
61	Johnson J. G., Cohen P., Kasen S., First M. B., & Brook J. S . (2004). Association between television viewing and sleep problems during adolescence and early adulthood. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158(6), 562-568. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.158.6.562 URL pmid: 15184220
62	Jones M. J., Peeling P., Dawson B., Halson S., Miller J., Dunican I., .. Eastwood P . (2018). Evening electronic device use: The effects on alertness, sleep and next-day physical performance in athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(2), 162-170. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1287936 URL pmid: 28282750
63	Jou J. H., Hsieh C. Y., Tseng J. R., Peng S. H., Jou Y. C., Hong J. H., .. Lin C. H . (2013). Candle Light-Style Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Advanced Functional Materials, 23(21), 2750-2757. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201203209 URL
64	Kato T., Yorifuji T., Yamakawa M., & Inoue S . (2018). National data showed that delayed sleep in six-year-old children was associated with excessive use of electronic devices at 12 years. Acta Paediatrica, 107(8), 1439-1448. doi: 10.1111/apa.14255 URL
65	King D. L., Gradisar M., Drummond A., Lovato N., Wessel J., Micic G., .. Delfabbro P . (2013). The impact of prolonged violent video-gaming on adolescent sleep: An experimental study. Journal of Sleep Research, 22(2), 137-143. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01060.x URL pmid: 23137332
66	Kira G., Maddison R., Hull M., Blunden S., & Olds T . (2014). Sleep education improves the sleep duration of adolescents: A randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 10(7), 787-792. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.3874 URL pmid: 25024657
67	Kubey R.W . (1986). Television use in everyday life: Coping with unstructured time. Journal of Communication, 36(3), 108-123. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1986.tb01441.x URL
68	Kubiszewski V., Fontaine R., Rusch E., & Hazouard E . (2014). Association between electronic media use and sleep habits: An eight-day follow-up study. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 19(3), 395-407. doi: 10.1080/02673843.2012.751039 URL
69	Leech J.A . (2017). Changes in sleep duration and recreational screen time among Canadians, 1998-2010. Journal of Sleep Research, 26(2), 202-209. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12479 URL pmid: 27995665
70	Li L., Wang Y. Y., Wang S. B., Zhang L., Li L., Xu D. D., .. Xiang Y. T . (2018). Prevalence of sleep disturbances in Chinese university students: A comprehensive meta- analysis. Journal of Sleep Research, 27(3), e12648. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12648 URL pmid: 29383787
71	Li S. H., Jin X. M., Wu S. G., Jiang F., Yan C. H., Shen X. M . (2007). The impact of media use on sleep patterns and sleep disorders among school-aged children in China. Sleep, 30(3), 361-367. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2006.11.001 URL pmid: 17425233
72	Li S. H., Zhu S. K., Jin X. M., Yan C. H., Wu S. H., Jiang F., .. Shen X. M . (2010). Risk factors associated with short sleep duration among Chinese school-aged children. Sleep Medicine, 11(9), 907-916. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.03.018 URL pmid: 20817554
73	Liu J. H., Wang G. H., Ji X. P., Cui N. X., & Liu X. C . (2018). Agreement between parent-reports and child self-reports of sleep problems in Chinese children. Sleep & Biological Rhythms, 16(3), 283-291. doi: 10.1007/s41105-018-0152-z URL
74	Liu J. Z., Zhang A. L., & Li L. D . (2012). Sleep duration and overweight/obesity in children: Review and implications for pediatric nursing. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 17(3), 193-204. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.2012.00332.x URL pmid: 22734873
75	Liu Z. J., Wang G. H., Tang H., Wen F. M., & Li N. X . (2014). Reliability and validity of the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire in preschool-aged Chinese children. Sleep & Biological Rhythms, 12(3), 187-193. doi: 10.1111/sbr.12061 URL
76	Loughran S. P., Wood A. W., Barton J. M., Croft R. J., Thompson B., Stough C . (2005). The effect of electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones on human sleep. Neuroreport, 16(17), 1973-1976.
77	Lu L., Wang S. B., Rao W. W., Ungvari G. S., Ng C. H., Chiu H. F. K., .. Xiang Y. T . (2017). Sleep duration and patterns in Chinese older adults: A comprehensive meta- analysis. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 13(6), 682-689. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.19695 URL pmid: 5485624
78	Magee C. A., Lee J. K., & Vella S. A . (2014). Bidirectional relationships between sleep duration and screen time in early childhood. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(5), 465-470. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4183 URL pmid: 24589672
79	Matricciani L., Olds T., & Petkov J . (2012). In search of lost sleep: Secular trends in the sleep time of school-aged children and adolescents. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 16(3), 203-211. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.005 URL pmid: 21612957
80	Montgomery P., & Dennis J. (2004). A systematic review of non-pharmacological therapies for sleep problems in later life. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 8(1), 47-62. doi: 10.1016/S1087-0792(03)00026-1 URL pmid: 15062210
81	Murawski B., Wade L., Plotnikoff R. C., Lubans D. R., & Duncan M. J . (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive and behavioral interventions to improve sleep health in adults without sleep disorders. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 40, 160-169.
82	Nagare R., Plitnick B ., & Figueiro, M. G.
	(in press). Does the iPad Night Shift mode reduce melatonin suppression?Lighting Research and Technology.
83	Nathanson A.I., & Beyens I. (2018). The relation between use of mobile electronic devices and bedtime resistance, sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness among preschoolers. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 16(2), 202-219.
84	Nuutinen T., Ray C., & Roos E . (2013). Do computer use, TV viewing, and the presence of the media in the bedroom predict school-aged children's sleep habits in a longitudinal study? BMC Public Health, 13, 684.
85	Oh J. H., Yoo H., Park H. K., & Do Y. R . (2015). Analysis of circadian properties and healthy levels of blue light from smartphones at night. Scientific Reports, 5, 11325. doi: 10.1038/srep11325 URL pmid: 26085126
86	Orzech K. M., Grandner M. A., Roane B. M., & Carskadon M. A . (2016). Digital media use in the 2 h before bedtime is associated with sleep variables in university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.049 URL pmid: 28163362
87	Owens J. A., Spirito A., & Mcguinn M . (2000). The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): Psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. Sleep, 23(8), 1043-1051.
88	Qin Y. Y., Zhou Y. H., Zhang X., Wei X., & He J . (2014). Sleep duration and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of observational studies. International Journal of Cancer, 134(5), 1166-1173. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28452 URL pmid: 24037973
89	Rångtell F. H., Ekstrand E., Rapp L., Lagermalm A., Liethof L., Búcaro M. O., .. Benedict C . (2016). Two hours of evening reading on a self-luminous tablet vs. reading a physical book does not alter sleep after daytime bright light exposure. Sleep Medicine, 23, 111-118. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.016 URL pmid: 27539026
90	Reynolds C. M., Gradisar M., Kar K., Perry A., Wolfe J., Short M. A . (2015). Adolescents who perceive fewer consequences of risk-taking choose to switch off games later at night. Acta Paediatrica, 104(5), e222-e227. doi: 10.1111/apa.12935 URL pmid: 25603718
91	Riemann D., Berger M., & Voderholzer U . (2001). Sleep and depression — Results from psychobiological studies: An overview. Biological Psychology, 57(1-3), 67-103. doi: 10.1016/S0301-0511(01)00090-4 URL pmid: 11454435
92	Riley W. T., Mihm P., Behar A., & Morin C. M . (2010). A computer device to deliver behavioral interventions for insomnia. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 8(1), 2-15. doi: 10.1080/15402000903425314 URL pmid: 20043245
93	Robinson T. N., Banda J. A., Hale L., Lu A. S., Fleming-Milici F., Calvert S. L., .. Wartella E . (2017). Screen media exposure and obesity in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 140, S97-S101. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1758K URL pmid: 5769928
94	Sampasa-Kanyinga H., Hamilton H. A., & Chaput J. P . (2018). Use of social media is associated with short sleep duration in a dose-response manner in students aged 11 to 20 years. Acta Paediatrica, 107(4), 694-700. doi: 10.1111/apa.14210 URL pmid: 29363166
95	Sasseville A., Paquet N., Sévigny J., & Hébert M . (2006). Blue blocker glasses impede the capacity of bright light to suppress melatonin production. Journal of Pineal Research, 41(1), 73-78. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2006.00332.x URL pmid: 16842544
96	Short M. A., Arora T., Gradisar M., Taheri S., & Carskadon M. A . (2017). How many sleep diary entries are needed to reliably estimate adolescent sleep? Sleep, 40(3), zsx006. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsx006 URL pmid: 28199718
97	Short M. A., Gradisar M., Lack L. C., Wright H. R., & Chatburn A . (2013). Estimating adolescent sleep patterns: Parent reports versus adolescent self-report surveys, sleep diaries, and actigraphy. Nature and Science of Sleep, 5, 23-26. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S38369 URL pmid: 3630985
98	Shui L. L., Hayes R. A., Jin M. L., Zhang X., Bai P. F., van den Berg A., .. Zhou G. F . (2014). Microfluidics for electronic paper-like displays. Lab on a Chip, 14, 2374-2384. doi: 10.1039/c4lc00020j URL pmid: 24872144
99	Singh M.M., &Pati A.K . (2016). Effects of radiation emanating from base transceiver station and mobile phone on sleep, circadian rhythm and cognition in humans-A review. Biological Rhythm Research, 47(3), 353-388. doi: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1116741 URL
100	Tavernier R., & Willoughby T. (2014). Sleep problems: Predictor or outcome of media use among emerging adults at university? Journal of Sleep Research, 23(4), 389-396. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12132 URL pmid: 24552437
101	Tso W., Rao N., Jiang F., Li A. M., Lee S. L., Ho F. K., .. Ip P . (2016). Sleep duration and school readiness of Chinese preschool children. Journal of Pediatrics, 169, 266-271. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.064 URL pmid: 26608085
102	Twenge J. M., Krizan Z., & Hisler G . (2017). Decreases in self-reported sleep duration among U.S. adolescents 2009-2015 and association with new media screen time. Sleep Medicine, 39, 47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.08.013 URL pmid: 29157587
103	van den Bulck J. (2000). Is television bad for your health? Behavior and body image of the adolescent “couch potato”. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(3), 273-288. doi: 10.1023/A:1005102523848 URL
104	van den Bulck J. (2004). Television viewing, computer game playing, and Internet use and self-reported time to bed and time out of bed in secondary-school children. Sleep, 27(1), 101-104. doi: 10.1007/s00213-003-1623-7 URL pmid: 14998244
105	van der Lely S., Frey S., Garbazza C., Wirz-Justice A., Jenni O. G., Steiner R., .. Schmidt C . (2015). Blue blocker glasses as a countermeasure for alerting effects of evening light-emitting diode screen exposure in male teenagers. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(1), 113-119. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.002 URL pmid: 25287985
106	van derMolen J. H.W., &Bushman B.J . (2008). Children's direct fright and worry reactions to violence in fiction and news television programs. The Journal of Pediatrics, 153(3), 420-424. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.03.036 URL pmid: 18534207
107	van de Water, A. T. M. HolmesA., & Hurley D. A . (2011). Objective measurements of sleep for non-laboratory settings as alternatives to polysomnography-A systematic review. Journal of Sleep Research, 20(1), 183-200.
108	van Straten A., Emmelkamp J., de Wit J., Lancee J., Andersson G., van Someren, E. J. W., Cuijpers P . (2014). Guided Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural treatment for insomnia: A randomized trial. Psychological Medicine, 44(7), 1521-1532. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713002249 URL pmid: 24001364
109	Wahi G., Parkin P. C., Beyene J., Uleryk E. M., & Birken C. S . (2011). Effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing screen time in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 165(11), 979-986.
110	Werth J., Atallah L., Andriessen P., Long X., Zwartkruis- Pelgrim E., Aarts R. M . (2017). Unobtrusive sleep state measurements in preterm infants - A review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 32, 109-122. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.03.005 URL pmid: 27318520
111	Westerik H., Renckstorf K., Wester F., & Lammers J . (2005). The situational and time-varying context of routines in television viewing: An event history analysis. Communications, 30(2), 155-182.
112	Wood A. W., Loughran S. P., & Stough C . (2006). Does evening exposure to mobile phone radiation affect subsequent melatonin production? International Journal of Radiation Biology, 82(2), 69-76. doi: 10.1080/09553000600599775 URL pmid: 16546905
113	Wood B., Rea M. S., Plitnick B., & Figueiro M. G . (2013). Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression. Applied Ergonomics, 44(2), 237-240. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2012.07.008 URL pmid: 22850476
114	Wu X. Y., Tao S. M., Zhang Y. K., Zhang S. C., & Tao F. B . (2015). Low physical activity and high screen time can increase the risks of mental health problems and poor sleep quality among Chinese college students. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e119607. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119607 URL pmid: 4364939
115	Xu X. L., Zhu R. Z., Sharma M., & Zhao Y . (2015). The influence of social media on sleep quality: A study of undergraduate students in Chongqing, China. Journal of Nursing & Care, 4(3), 253.
116	Yi Z. C., Shui L. L., Wang L., Jin M. L., Hayes R. A., Zhou G . (2015). A novel driver for active matrix electrowetting displays. Displays, 37, 86-93. doi: 10.1016/j.displa.2014.09.004 URL
117	Zhou H. Q., Shi W. B., Wang X. F., Yao M., Cheng G. Y., Chen P. Y., Li D. G . (2012). An epidemiological study of sleep quality in adolescents in South China: A school- based study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 38(4), 581-587.
118	Žukauskas A., Vaicekauskas R., & Vitta P . (2012). Optimization of solid-state lamps for photobiologically friendly mesopic lighting. Applied Optics, 51(35), 8423-8432. doi: 10.1364/AO.51.008423 URL pmid: 23262538

[1]	PENG Zhilin, ZHENG Ruoying, HU Xiaoqing, ZHANG Dandan. The role of sleep in consolidating memory of learning in infants and toddlers [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2024, 32(2): 287-299.
[2]	Chengyong Jiang, Xinrong Tan, Qingshuo Meng, Er Chen, Liyuan Cui, Yanyu Xiong, Zixuan Yan, Biao Yan, Jiayi Zhang. Controlling Eye Movements and REM Sleep by Distinct Cholinergic Neurons in Oculomotor Nucleus [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2023, 31(suppl.): 143-143.
[3]	HE Meiheng, RU Taotao, LI Le, LI Siyu, ZHANG Chenze, ZHOU Guofu. The optimization effects of daytime light exposure on sleep and its mechanisms [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2023, 31(9): 1698-1713.
[4]	YE Shuqi, YIN Junting, LI Zhaoxian, LUO Junlong. The influence mechanism of emotion on intuitive and analytical processing [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2023, 31(5): 736-746.
[5]	ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Huoyin, LI Hong, LEI Yi. The effect of sleep on fear learning and its cognitive neural mechanisms [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2023, 31(4): 631-640.
[6]	ZOU Di, LI Hong, WANG Fushun. An investigation into the definition of arousal and its cognitive neurophysiological basis [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2022, 30(9): 2020-2033.
[7]	KANG Dan, LI Jiajia, CAI Shu. Preschool children’s sleep problem and language disorder [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2022, 30(6): 1270-1281.
[8]	WANG Zhengyu, HU Jinsheng. How does sleep affect creative problem-solving: An interpretation based on memory reorganization [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2021, 29(7): 1251-1263.
[9]	QIAN Liu, Ru Taotao, LUO Xue, Niu Jiaxing, Ma Yongjun, ZHOU Guofu. Effect of sleep restriction on cognitive function and its underlying mechanism [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2020, 28(9): 1493-1507.
[10]	PENG Jiaxi, ZHAO Lumimg, FANG Peng, CAO Yunfei, MIAO Danmin, XIAO Wei. The effect mechanism of sleep deprivation on risky decision making [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2020, 28(11): 1789-1799.
[11]	LI Caiwen, ZANG Fenying, XUAN Yuming, FU Xiaolan. Estimating the time-to-collision with a threatening object [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2020, 28(10): 1650-1661.
[12]	WANG Xia, LU Jiamei, CHEN Wuying. The processing of emotional words and its emotional effect characteristics: Evidence from ERP studies [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2019, 27(11): 1842-1852.
[13]	LIU Xiaoting, ZHANG Lijin, ZHANG Ning. The effects of sleep quality on risk-taking behavior: Evidence and explanation [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2019, 27(11): 1875-1886.
[14]	LIN Mengdi, YE Maolin, PENG Jian, YIN Kui, WANG Zhen. The employees’ sleep quality: A perspective of organizational behavior [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2018, 26(6): 1096-1110.
[15]	SHI Jian, LONG Lirong. The depletion effects of sleep deprivation among employees: A new topic in organization and management research [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2018, 26(5): 896-909.