Abstract: Developmental prosopagnosia is characterized by severely impaired face recognition, which has no intellectual deterioration, affective disorder, difficulty of object recognition, history of brain damage. The cognitive mechanism involving in developmental prosopagnosia includes the face-specific mechanisms, the disorder of configural processing, the face detection, the face memory deficits and the facial identity recognition. The neural network of developmental prosopagnosia involves the core network and the extended network. The core network associates with facial selective responses and memory representation, while the extended network is responsible for the facial knowledge representation and the facial memory. The future research should develop the extended network and cognitive mechanism, focus on the association of face detection with developmental prosopagnosia, inspect the genetic mechanisms of it, and enhance the developmental study and rehabilitation work of it.