刺激前alpha振荡对视知觉的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.00945

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

人类对感觉阈限附近的视觉刺激的知觉不总是一致的。为探究这种视知觉不一致的现象及其神经机制, 一些研究者关注刺激前脑内自发alpha神经振荡(8~13 Hz)对视知觉的影响。近年来的研究发现, 刺激前alpha振荡能量的降低能提高被试的探测击中率, 但不能提高知觉精确度; 而刺激前alpha振荡的相位能预测被试能否成功探测刺激。刺激前alpha能量被认为调控了视皮层的基础活动强度; alpha能量的降低反映了皮层基础活动的增强, 进而提高了对较弱刺激的探测率。刺激前alpha相位则被认为调控了皮层兴奋和抑制的时间; 大脑在刺激呈现时的不同状态(兴奋/抑制)决定了最终的知觉结果。

关键词: 刺激前, 神经振荡, alpha能量, alpha相位, 视知觉

Abstract:

Human perception to near-threshold visual stimuli is not always reliable. To investigate variability of visual perception and its neural mechanism, some researchers focus on the influences of prestimulus ongoing alpha oscillations (8~13 Hz) on visual perception. Recently, studies found that decrease of prestimulus alpha power associated with improvement of observers’ detection rate, but no such effect on perception accuracy was found. In addition, phase of prestimulus alpha was reported to predict whether an observer can detect the following visual stimulus or not. Thus, power of prestimulus alpha is considered to reflect the excitability of visual cortex; decrease of alpha power indicates increase of cortical excitability, which results in higher detection rate of near-threshold stimuli. Nevertheless, phase of prestimulus alpha might play a role in regulating the time of excitation and inhibition of the cortex, and the different brain states (excitation or inhibition) at stimulus onset would lead to different perceptions of the stimulus.

Key words: prestimulus, neural oscillation, alpha power, alpha phase, visual perception

中图分类号:

B842

钟楚鹏, 曲折, 丁玉珑. (2020). 刺激前alpha振荡对视知觉的影响. 心理科学进展 , 28(6), 945-958.

ZHONG Chupeng, QU Zhe, DING Yulong. (2020). The influences of prestimulus alpha oscillation on visual perception. Advances in Psychological Science, 28(6), 945-958.

图/表 5

图1 余弦曲线的一个周期及余弦振荡的相位与圆周运动的关系

图2 信号检测论对探测任务的神经机制的解释 A:信号(即目标刺激出现)及噪音(即目标刺激未出现或无意义的随机噪音刺激)诱发的神经活动强度的概率分布。c为反应标准, 当神经活动大于c时, 个体会做出“是”的判断, 无论该神经活动是信号还是噪音诱发的。d’为分辨力, 即区分信号与噪音的能力, 在信号检测论模型中以信号和噪音的概率分布的差距表示。击中率和漏报率分别可用c右侧和左侧的、信号概率分布曲线下的面积所表示; 虚报率和正确拒绝率分别可用c右侧和左侧的、噪音概率分布曲线下的面积所表示。B:击中率提高的两种可能, 知觉精确度提高的机制为信号与噪音的概率分布之间的差距扩大(从d’1到d’2), 导致c右侧的、信号概率曲线以下的面积扩大, 击中率提高; 反应偏好的机制是信号与噪音的概率分布和c的位置关系(即图中的x)发生变化(从x1到x2), 导致c右侧的、信号概率曲线和噪音概率曲线以下的面积扩大, 即击中率和虚报率同时提高, 但不伴随d’的变化。图中灰色线为变化前的基线状态, 黑色线为变化后的状态。

图3 在探测任务中, 决策偏差和知觉偏差两种假说对刺激前alpha振荡能量降低造成的影响的解释 A:决策偏差的假说认为, 刺激前alpha振荡的降低会导致个体采用更激进的反应标准进行判断(即c的降低, 从c1到c2), 神经活动强度超过一个更低的标准即可使个体作出“是”判断。B:知觉偏差假说认为, 刺激前alpha振荡的降低会导致视皮层的基础活动强度提高, 体现为信号和噪音诱发的神经活动强度均被同等增强(从灰色曲线到黑色曲线), 两个概率分布之间的差距(即d’)不发生变化。两种假说都会导致个体作出“是”判断的频率提高, 表现为击中率和虚报率同时提高。

图4 “两区间迫选”探测任务的研究逻辑完成“两区间迫选”探测任务最有效的方法是比较两个区间之间神经活动的强弱, 并报告刺激出现在神经活动较强的区间。被试判断的正确率与目标呈现区间的神经活动强度大于目标缺失区间强度的概率呈正相关, 在信号检测论模型中, 这一概率与目标呈现区间和目标缺失区间的神经活动的概率分布曲线之间的距离(即图中的x)呈正相关。A, B:目标缺失区间和目标呈现区间前的alpha振荡能量完全相等时, 两个区间的神经活动强度的概率分布, 用于与其他状态进行比较。C:如果目标呈现区间前的alpha振荡能量更低, 根据知觉偏差假说, 与A情况相比, 目标刺激诱发的神经活动将会增强(即目标呈现区间的神经活动强度概率分布曲线从灰线处移动到黑线处), 导致x增大, 被试的判断正确率提高。D:如果目标呈现区间前的alpha振荡能量更低, 根据决策偏差假说, 与B情况相比, 此时被改变的只有反应标准(即目标呈现区间的反应标准从c1移动到c2), x不变, 被试的判断正确率不会发生明显变化。E:如果目标缺失区间前的alpha振荡能量更低, 根据知觉偏差假说, 与A情况相比, 此时目标缺失区间的神经活动增强(即目标缺失区间的神经活动强度概率分布曲线从灰色虚线处移动到黑色虚线处), 导致x变小, 被试的判断正确率降低。F:如果目标缺失区间前的alpha振荡能量更低, 根据决策偏差假说, 与B情况相比, 此时目标呈现区间的反应标准从c1移动到c2, x仍然没有改变, 被试的判断正确率依然不会发生明显变化。

图5 抑制定时理论上:抑制功能与神经元兴奋性的关系。Alpha振荡反映了抑制作用随着时间的强弱变化(余弦曲线), 在某些时段抑制作用的强度高于神经元的兴奋性(两条水平线分别代表两个神经元的兴奋性)。下:抑制作用和神经元兴奋性的强弱关系导致了神经元周期性交替处于兴奋和抑制状态。当抑制作用弱于神经元兴奋性时, 神经元能够发放神经冲动; 而当抑制作用强于神经元兴奋性时, 神经元无法发放神经冲动。图中一条竖线代表一次神经冲动的发放。[图引用并修改自Klimesch等(2007)]

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